The Big Bang Theory

Vedic cosmology which gives rational theories on creation that are found to concur with the findings of modern science, has some clues on what the Universe looked like before Big Bang. This article discusses whether this is the same as a research finding that a mirror image of our Universe existed before Big Bang.

Indians had a highly rich heritage of culture, science and education. In order to colonise India, it was necessary for them to make Indians mentally broke and turn them against the glorious past of India and be the perpetrator of British strategy.

From antiquity to our present day, scientists specifically cosmologists and physicists, are still on their relentless pursuit to understand the nature and structure of universe with all it’s components. We all know of  or at leat have heard of brilliant minds such as Albert Einstein, Max Planck and others who have contributed to our present conception of the nature of reality. One of those brilliant minds of the 20th and 21st century upon whose work I am going to give an overview is Stephen Hawking. Professor Stephen Hawking who studied at both Oxford and Cambridge University, held the Chair Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge England, a chair that was once held by Isaac Newton. He is without a doubt the leading cosmologist of our time. He is to the 20th and 21st century what Charles Darwin was to the 19th century with his mechanism for the theory of evolution. Even though Professor Hawking is bound physically by ALS or Motor Neurone Disease, yet this did not cause an impediment to his cognitive faculties. That’s why we have several books to which he is the author of and it my aim to give an overview of one of his most iconic books which was a bestseller for 237 weeks. This book is  entitled ‘A Brief History of Time - From the Big Bang to Black Holes.’

Los postulados expuestos por los científicos han ocasionado ciertos inconvenientes con los que defienden el creacionismo, reivindicando como la “verdadera” y única forma de entender el principio elemental del universo, de manera que las contradicciones entre ciencia y religión han tenido una pelea larga y desgastante para determinar quién tiene
la razón. Esas contradicciones no solo se han dado entre científicos y religiosos, también han trastocado otros espacios sociales y el aula de clase no ha sido la excepción para mantener acaloradas discusiones sobre quién tiene la razón, la ciencia o la religión.

Cosmologists claim that they have found black holes all over the Cosmos.  The black hole is however entirely a product of mathematics. The simplest case is the ‘Schwarzschild’ black hole, from the solution to Einstein’s field equations in the absence of matter, for a static, uncharged, non-rotating mass. “In the absence of matter” involves linguistic legerdemain, but in any event all types of black holes reduce, mathematically speaking, to a very simple question: Can a squared real number take values less than zero? Symbolically this is restated as follows. Let r be any real number. Is r2 < 0 possible? No, it’s not possible. Thus, the black hole is not possible. Anybody who can square a real number is capable of understanding why the black hole is a fantasy of mathematical physicists and cosmologists, illustrating once again why it can be very dangerous to put trust in the word of an Authority.

This article is the transcript of the audio-visual presentation titled ‘Wormholes: Science Fiction or Pure Fantasy?’ [7] prior to Hollywood’s release of the movie ‘Interstellar’, the plot of which involves astronauts travelling through a wormhole to save the Human Race. It is explained in simply terms why the wormhole has no relation to reality, just as the black hole has no relation to reality.

This article is the transcript of the audio-visual presentation titled ‘Wormholes: Science Fiction or Pure Fantasy?’ [7] prior to Hollywood’s release of the movie ‘Interstellar’, the plot of which involves astronauts travelling through a wormhole to save the Human Race. It is explained in simply terms why the wormhole has no relation to reality, just as the black hole has no relation to reality.

All alleged black hole solutions pertain to a universe that is spatially infinite, is eternal, contains only one mass, is not expanding, and is asymptotically flat or asymptotically curved. But the alleged big bang cosmology pertains to a universe that is spatially finite (one case) or spatially infinite (two different cases), is of finite age, contains radiation and many masses including multiple black holes (some of which are primordial), is expanding, and is not asymptotically anything. Thus the black hole and the big bang contradict one another – they are mutually exclusive. The black hole is almost universally claimed to be predicted by General Relativity. It is surprisingly easy to prove that this is not true. Similarly it is very often claimed that Newton’s theory of gravitation also predicts the black hole, but this too is very easily proven to be erroneous. Despite numerous claims for discovery of black holes in their millions, nobody has ever actually found one.  In addition it is not very difficult to prove that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum, with only a little use of mathematics. The simple proofs also demonstrate that all ‘singularity theorems’ related to General Relativity are invalid. Fundamentally there are contradictions contained in the very physical principles of General Relativity, combined with invalid mathematics, which render the theory untenable. It is the object of this paper to provide the proofs without the complicated mathematics usually associated with the subject.

Se suele considerar que la teoría cosmológica de la Gran Explosión o Big Bang fue formulada por Lemaître en la primera mitad del siglo XX, y que fue gradualmente aceptada como explicación científica del universo a lo largo de la segunda mitad de siglo. Este artículo examina algunas ideas y textos de un trío de cosmólogos heterodoxos de los siglos XVIII y XIX (Erasmus Darwin, Edgar Allan Poe y Herbert Spencer) y muestra cómo anticipan algunos de los elementos definitorios de la teoría del Big Bang. Aunque estas nociones perspicaces no las formulasen en términos de física matermática, no por ello habrían de ser ignorados en tanto que cosmólogos, ya que la construcción de modelos mentales y narrativos es un aspecto importante de la ciencia evolucionista. Fueron intuiciones como éstas las que han permitido reconceptualizar la cosmología y la física como ciencias evolucionistas, un cambio de paradigma que hoy sigue en curso.

English abstract: According to received opinion, the Big Bang theory of cosmology was formulated by Lemaître in the first half of the 20th century, and became gradually accepted as a scientific account of the Universe in the later 20th century. This paper examines some ideas and passages by a trio of unorthodox cosmologists from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Erasmus Darwin, Edgar Allan Poe and Herbert Spencer) and shows how they anticipate some of the the major outlines of the Big Bang theory. Although their insights were not formulated within the discipline of mathematical physics, they should not be disregarded in their role as cosmologists, as the construction of mental and narrative models is an important aspect of evolutionary science. It was such insights that allowed to conceive of cosmology and physics as evolutionary sciences, a paradigm change that is still under way.

Urmăresc în materialul de față, câteva chestiuni-limită din câmpul cercetării științifice, care în ultimele decenii au generat dezbateri aprinse, menționând poziții care sugerează că ele ar ascunde discontinuități de fond, ce fragmentează tabloul științific al lumii, descrierea micro- și macro-cosmosului, abordarea lumi vii și a omul. În legătură cu acestea, propun câteva înțelesuri provenite din reflecția teologiei ortodoxe, care aduc în discuție legătura dintre cunoașterea științifică și viața omului.

'An innovative examination and defence of the cosmological and teleological arguments – accessible to the non-expert but pushing the debate into new territory with great originality and verve.’
- T. J. Mawson, Oxford University, UK

‘Andrew Loke's book provides an up-to-date assessment of the Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments, including a thorough response to contemporary objections. It advances the discussion concerning the ultimate origin of the universe and makes a significant contribution to the field of philosophy of religion and the dialogue between science and religion.’
- William Lane Craig, Biola University, USA

‘This book provides an engaging guide to two important features of our universe – it seems to have had a beginning, and its ability to support life is remarkably rare – and their deeper implications. Up-to-date, wide-ranging and highly recommended.’
- Luke Barnes, Western Sydney University, Australia.

List of typographical errors:

(The following errors have been identified so far, and they have been amended on the pdf copy on this website)

On page 3, para 5:
‘Concerning the KCA, the development of the Big Bang theory, which seem, to indicate..’

The last comma should not be there. It should be

‘Concerning the KCA, the development of the Big Bang theory, which seem to indicate…’

On page 23, last para
‘To respond to this objection, it the distinction…’

The ‘it’ should not be there. It should be

‘To respond to this objection, the distinction…’

On page 30, the numbering of the premises are wrong; it should be 11, 12,…

Page 103
‘Now it has been explained in Section 4 that (I), (II), and (III)…’

There is no Section 4. This should be deleted.

Page 147
.90000000000000000 time

There should be no decimal point before 9.

Page 151
Tegmark 2008 should be Ladyman et al 2007

Page 210

Finite + infinite + = infinite

There should be no plus sign before the equation.


Page 347

‘but are what theists traditionally meant by ‘God’,, who..’

There should not be two commas.

This is a parody I wrote after reading Lawrence Krauss’s book entitled A Universe from Nothing.  This parody is meant to be both comical and serious, but it is not a refutation of the Big Bang as such.  The best evidence for the Big Bang is the red shift, but figuring out the origin of the universe may be outside the scientific domain.  The parody is meant to point out many of the fallacies in logic that Big Bangers make in stretching not only the boundaries of the universe but the boundaries of believability and logic.  Much of what is taught by modern physicists takes the form of Zen koans such as: What is the sound of one hand clapping?  Or I exist and non-exist at the same time.  Compare those illogical Zen Buddhist koans to the following:  space is something and nothing at the same time, space is expanding faster than light but is not violating the universal speed limit of light, space is nothing and nothing can go faster than light.  Furthermore, my parody is not meant to side with theism or atheism. Krauss takes the atheistic view and proclaims that the creation of the universe did not need a supernatural finger in the pie.  I concur with Michio Kaku who says that the question of whether the origin of the universe was random or non-random, created or evolved on its own, is “undecidable”.  I hope you will enjoy my poking a little good-natured fun at the way physicists take indecent liberties with language and logic

Peer reviewd paper presented at the Student Research Conference 2014, TU Delft, The Netherlands. Published in 'Student Research Conference 2014', Delft, TU Delft, p. 31-33

Georges Lemaître (1894-1966), both priest and physicist, is the founding father of the big bang theory. In 1951, pope Pius XII saw in Lemaître’s theory a confirmation of the Christian doctrine of creation. Surprisingly enough, Lemaître opposed this official statement of the pope. According to him, a cosmological theory cannot be used as a proof nor as a refutation of an article of faith. In my research I investigate which vision Lemaître had on the relation between religion and science. This research puts the current-day discussion about religion and science in a surprisingly new light.

The so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ is not Schwarzschild’s solution, but a corruption, due to David Hilbert (December 1916), of the Schwarzschild/Droste solution, wherein m is allegedly the mass of the source of an associated gravitational field and the quantity r is said to be able to go down to zero (although no proof of this claim has ever been advanced), so that there are two alleged ‘singularities’, one at r = 2m and another at r = 0. It is routinely claimed that r = 2m is a ‘coordinate’ or ‘removable’ singularity which denotes the so-called ‘Schwarzschild radius’ (event horizon) and that a ‘physical’ singularity is at r = 0. The quantity r in the so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ has never been rightly identified by the physicists, who, although proposing many and varied concepts for what r denotes, effectively treat it as a radial distance from a source of the gravitational field at the origin of coordinates. The consequence of this is that the intrinsic geometry of the metric manifold has been violated. It is easily proven that the said quantity r is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the ‘Schwarzschild solution’ and so does not in itself define any distance whatsoever in the that manifold. With the correct identification of the associated Gaussian curvature it is also easily proven that there is only one singularity associated with all Schwarzschild metrics, of which there is an infinite number that are equivalent. Thus, the standard removal of the singularity at r = 2m is, in a very real sense, removal of the wrong singularity, very simply demonstrated herein. In addition, the ‘field equations’ Rμν = 0 define a spacetime that contains no matter, and since the ‘Principle of Superposition’ does not apply in General Relativity, it is impossible for Schwarzschild black holes to persist and mutually interact in a mutual spacetime that by construction contains no matter. Consequently, there are no black holes associated with the equations Rμν = 0 and therefore no related gravitational waves.

The empirical study of the universe in the 20th and 21st centuries has revealed key areas of both consonance and dissonance between core concepts in scientific understandings of cosmology and central affirmations of classic Christian theology. The discovery of the Big Bang in the mid-20th century has suggested that the universe is not infinitely old and that both space and time had a distinct beginning. More recent developments related to the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin (BGV) theorem have shown that even if the universe did not begin in the type of singularity that Standard Big Bang theory predicts, it still must have had a beginning. These findings in cosmology related to the beginning of the universe are highly consonant with traditional Christian theological affirmations of creatio ex nihilo. Another area of consonance between Christian theology and the natural sciences is the shared belief that this cosmos is ideally suited for life. Cosmologists in the late 20th and early 21st centuries discovered that the values of the physical constants, fundamental laws, and initial conditions of the cosmos are such that the slightest variation from their actual values would result in a universe entirely inhospitable to life. In this manner, the structure of the universe appears to be balanced on a razor’s edge for the existence of intelligent life. While these areas of consonance have been the focus of much fruitful dialogue between Christian theology and the natural sciences, one area of dissonance between cosmology and Christianity is with regard to the ultimate fate of the cosmos. While scientific understandings of cosmology predict that the cosmos will wind down allowing no possible future for life, Christian eschatology affirms that the entire physical cosmos will be renewed and transformed in a way that is prefigured by the physical resurrection of Jesus.

«Sempre per le uscite librarie, segnalo la bella monografia di Angelo Iermano, La scienza e il comico. La comicità di The Big Bang Theory alla luce delle teorie del riso (Edizioni Sinestesie). Il titolo è molto chiaro, e il giovane studioso ci accompagna dentro la serie forse più seguita e importante degli ultimi anni attraverso un apparato teorico di primo livello. Tra i temi affrontati, anche quello del nerd. Come spiega l’autore, “il nerd, figura che è sempre stata messa in disparte nelle produzioni cinematografiche e televisive americane, trova adesso inaspettati spazi da protagonista, portando a termine un processo che ha radici lontane e che ne ha fatto una figura di spicco non solo dell’industria dell’audiovisivo ma anche del nostro tempo”.»
Roy Menarini, "Corpi di attrici e attori, (fanta)scienze e comicità", 15 febbraio 2018 (https://roymenarini.com/2018/02/15/corpi-di-attrici-e-attori-fantascienze-e-comicita/)

«La scienza e il comico» ripercorre la storia delle teorie del riso per spiegare le ragioni comiche della sitcom «The Big Bang Theory». I protagonisti della serie sono dei «nerd», personaggi molto strani e diversi da noi. Lo studio vuole spiegare perché questi suscitino il nostro riso, analizzando non solo i meccanismi delle forme comiche e umoristiche dello show, ma anche la comicità intrinseca dei personaggi, autentiche «maschere nerd». La serie inoltre ha stabilito uno stretto legame con la scienza, riuscendo anche a sfruttarne il rigido e astruso linguaggio per rivelarne il potenziale comico. Il longevo successo del programma si incarna in forme comiche e umoristiche inedite che, da ultimo, dimostrano quanto sia ben avviato il percorso verso la definita «rivincita» del nerd. Questi si è liberato dalle catene dello stereotipo dello studente secchione e bullizzato per divenire adulto e svelare la sua portata rivoluzionaria. Il suo essere naturalmente anticonformista e avverso alla normalità ha conquistato il mondo e ha imposto a tutti noi presunti normali il suo panorama culturale ed estetico. «The Big Bang Theory» è in tal senso uno dei contributi più decisivi di questo processo di «nerdizzazione del mondo».

En el siguiente artículo quiero referirme a aquello por lo cual Stephen Hawking es mundialmente conocido: el Big Bang, la teoría que explica el origen del universo, y que, por lo tanto, dejaría a Dios de lado. Al menos según Hawking ya no sería necesario el establecer que hace falta un Dios causante.

The conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model proposed by Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan. CCC is a cyclic Universe theory in which a Universe consists of a infinite succession of aeons where each aeon originates with its own Big Bang and has an exponentially expanding future, consistent with a positive cosmological constant Λ. In the basic CCC scheme the conformal infinity of the previous cycle is joined to the Big Bang origin of present cycle resulting in endless cycles of aeons. These cycles are said to be unending in both past and in the future denying any role to the "external teleological agency". This theory is juxtaposed against the cyclic Universes and Kalpa theology of Advaita School of Hindu-Vedic tradition.

Keywords: CCC, Conformal Cosmology, Entropy, Non-Dualism, Advaita, Experiential Consciousnes

Desde los albores de la civilización, al observar la bóveda celeste, los hombres se han interrogado sobre los astros y sobre el inmenso espacio que los rodea. Babilonios, egipcios y griegos en la antigüedad y la humanidad toda han inventado mitologías e imaginado el cosmos de muy diversas maneras. Este libro cuenta la evolución de esas ideas, recorriendo las distintas épocas y modelos de explicación, hasta llegar al surgimiento de la cosmología relativista en el siglo XX, la hipótesis de un universo en expansión y los modelos del Big Bang. En esta obra se unen antiguos pensadores árabes y europeos, poetas de la talla e Dante Alighieri y Edgar A. Poe, místicos como Giordano Bruno y Emanuel Swedenborg, junto a expediciones científicas al Río de la Plata del siglo XVIII y viajes a la caza de eclipses para confirmar las teorías de Einstein: elementos aparentemente dispares que han incidido fuertemente en el curso de los acontecimientos y que embellecen esta historia de la "historia de nuestro universo". Se describe en detalle, además, la síntesis de los elementos básicos para la vida y la dinámica pasada y futura de nuestro universo. Aquí descubriremos los indicios que sugieren la posible existencia de materia y energía cósmicas oscuras, y la época de la formación de las primeras estrellas. También aprenderemos cómo explorar el cosmos con lentes gravitacionales y viajaremos hacia el pasado, empleando un vestigio lejano del Big Bang, un frío baño de radiación que inunda todo el universo y al que llamamos la radiación cósmica de fondo. La obra va acompañada de un exhaustivo glosario de términos quizás nuevos para quien se inicia en la ciencia de la cosmología. Este libro está pensado para todos los lectores con inquietudes científicas, curiosidad histórica y deseos de conocer los últimos avances en la cosmología moderna.

http://cms.iafe.uba.ar/gangui/bigbang

Contiene: 1) La cosmología en la antigüedad. 2) El despertar de la ciencia griega. 3) Un largo período de oscuridad. 4) La primera revolución cosmológica. 5) La reencarnación del aither platónico. 6) Un universo en expansión. 7) Los pilares del Big Bang. 8) Observaciones actuales: nuestra imagen del universo. 9) Teorías rivales.

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the physical and cosmological understanding of the Universe.

Gravity, Space-Time and Origin of the Universe are all redefined. The “Hot Big Bang” concept is denied while giving room for the exponential growth of the Universe from a single (infinitesimal) speck of energy that rose out of a vacuum fluctuation, which finally ended up in a sustained and “Steady State” evolution of the cosmological bodies. The origin is stretched back to an infinitely past-point in time and the end to an infinitely future-point in time with respect to a given (finite) rate of time-flow of the Universe.

It resolves the issues around the prevailing theories of Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation/ Accelerated Expansion, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Mass Defect and other observed properties of the Universe, like, Isotropy, Flatness and Homogeneity.

It better explains the Quantum weirdness like Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality, Entanglement, etc. The new theory once again claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, that accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” and upon which the Universe is fully built. Perhaps, human intellect, which can dwell only in finite and discrete domains can never reach out to this new (hypothetical) entity.

It replaces Einstein’s Space-time with Energy-space-time. It explains the geometrical curvature of space-time around energy bodies as a characteristic of the energy-space-time continuum around them. It reviews the speed of EM Waves and justifies its constancy more practically.

In the present scheme of things, most of the physical (that includes both quantum-physics and astrophysics) phenomena were initially conjectured, hypothesized, mathematised and then experimentally verified. So, the new “Theory of Grand Settlement” gives a new set of conjectures and hypotheses, keeping almost the same mathematics and the experimental observations, Surprisingly, it resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

El presente trabajo de fin de máster plantea una aproximación a la recepción de las denominadas sitcom o comedias de situación a través de sus versiones dobladas al castellano. El estudio que aquí se ha realizado tiene como objeto la reflexión sobre el tratamiento de las identidades culturales mediante el análisis comparativo del doblaje al castellano de la sitcom norteamericana The Big Bang Theory. Sentando las bases teóricas sobre distintos estudios de traducción, hemos intentado analizar las diferentes técnicas de traducción empleadas para trasladar, de una cultura a otra, dichas identidades culturales con el fin de comprender de qué forma llegan representadas en la realidad cultural del espectador meta.

Many scientists believe that any true unification theory of physics must include a concept of consciousness as well as a model for the mind that interprets our three-dimensionally biased and limited sensations of the external physical/material world. And, that number is growing. The single field theory goes even further than that, in fact, well beyond the simple notion of mind and consciousness as mere human bound perceivers and interpreters of the external material/physical world by placing the physical origin of consciousness within every geometrical point in the universe itself. Some higher level permanent ‘pattern’ structure must be at work in the background of mind to lend more than temporary stability and even ‘permanence’ to the electrical field patterns that constitute the action of mind, since mind, as such, is ephemeral and would disappear (decohere or destabilize) after a few moments as individual electrical potentials neutralized or canceled each other out, positive for ...

The purpose of this study is to analyse both the English and the Italian version of The Big Bang Theory sitcom and deepen the translation behaviour adopted during the transposition of the stereotypes detected, in order to show that these latter underwent changes during the adaptation process. After examining the entire first season, comprised of a total of 17 episodes, the identified stereotypes were grouped in the following three macro categories: nerd/geek, sexist and ethnical/cultural. On a first level, the study focuses on the translation strategies adopted, namely, whether the stereotype has been maintained, reinforced, or reduced. On a second level, it aims at identifying the translation techniques used for the achievement of each strategy. A heterogeneous collection of data made it possible to achieve the initial objectives. The results of the analysis show that even though in 48.53% of the total cases the stereotype has been maintained in the Italian version, two categories have been significantly affected: the nerd/geek stereotypes have been reduced – through omission – in 57.58% of the cases, while the sexist ones have been reinforced in 85.71% of the cases, through amplification. On this basis, it can be said that these stereotypes have undergone negative modifications. The former considerably affects the original intention of the author and the series itself, the main genre of which is, in fact, nerd/geek. On the other hand, the latter contributes to fostering a deeply rooted stereotype that has no scientific basis and portrays women, and more specifically blondes, in a negative, derogatory way.

Keywords: Audiovisual Translation, Dubbing, Stereotypes, The Big Bang Theory, Translation strategies.

BIG BANG AND CREATION
In this book, the issue that if the Big Bang theory supports the idea that crea-tion from nothing is discussed in terms of hudūth evidence (Kalām cosmologi-cal argument). In the first part of the study, the history of cosmology and scien-ce prior to the Big Bang theory, the basic premise of the theory, and the anti-Big Bang universe models have been studied in detail. Accordingly, the universe be-gan to form approximately 13,7 billion years ago from an endless dense, small and hot (singularity) state that with a sudden burst (opening = expansion). Eins-tein’s theory of relativity, the continuing expansion of the universe (Hubble’s Law), the discovery of the cosmic background microwave radiation, and deter-mine quantities of substances in space are presented for this theory as the most powerful evidence. In the second part, the mutakallimūn’s (Muslim theologians) hudūth evidence has been examined and described in detail. This evidence not only endeavors to prove the existence of God; but also is a product of mutakal-limūn’s efforts to understand and interpret the universe as a whole. The uni-verse which is set forth via hudūth evidence with all parts; including move-ment, time, and space, is hādith, that is were created from nothing and af-terward. Consisting of finite units the universe has a beginning and an end. The universe consists of essence (jawhar) and attribute (a‛rādh) has lived a process of constant change and transformation (formed-disruption). In the last part of the work, the Big Bang theory is compared with the hudūth evidence. Finally, I have reached the following conclusions: Proving that the universe is expanding along with The Big Bang theory has precisely refuted the constant, eternal, and unchanging universe concept of materialist and atheist philosophies. In addi-tion, with the relativity theory has been expired the absolute time concept; be-sides it has been proven the relativity the time and has been started with the universe. However, in our opinion, the Big Bang theory has demonstrated conc-lusively that the universe had a beginning point (singularity), although it can not be considered as proof of creation from nothing. Only it can be assessed “a scientific initial” that is compatible with the theories we now have. Already there is not expected the science track down the existence to absolute absence, and then to reach God. Because the absolute absence can not be subject to sci-ence and human knowledge. Even at a scientific point of this summit, humanity has reached, the most consistent explanation of the existence of the universe is shaped by religious explanations that the universe was created by God out of absolute nothing and afterward.
Keywords: Kalām, Creation, Big Bang Theory, Hudūth, Kalām Cosmological Ar-gument.

ÖZET
BİG BANG VE YARATILIŞ
Bu çalışmada, Big Bang teorisinin yoktan yaratılış düşüncesini destekleyip des-teklemediği hususu hudûs delili açısından ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bö-lümünde Big Bang teorisinden önceki kozmoloji ve bilim tarihi, teorinin temel dayanakları ve Big Bang karşıtı evren modelleri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş-tir. Buna göre evren yaklaşık olarak 14,7 milyar yıl önce sonsuz yoğun, küçük ve sıcak bir durumdan (tekillik) ani bir patlamayla (açılma=genişleme) oluşmaya başlamıştır. Einstein'ın izafiyet teorisi, evrenin hala genişlemeye devam etmesi (Hubble Yasası), kozmik mikrodalga arkaalan ışımasının keşfedilmesi ve uzay-daki maddelerin tespit edilen miktarları bu teorinin en güçlü kanıtları olarak sunulmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ise kelâmcıların hudûs delili incelenmiş ve de-taylı bir şekilde izah edilmiştir. Kelâmcıların geliştirdiği bu delil sadece Al-lah'ın varlığını ispat etmeye yönelik çabanın değil; aynı zamanda kelâmcıların bir bütün olarak evreni anlama ve anlamlandırma çabasının bir ürünüdür. Bu şekilde ortaya konan evren bütün parçalarıyla birlikte; hareket, zaman ve mekân dâhil olmak üzere hâdistir, yani sonradan ve yoktan yaratılmıştır. Sonlu birimlerden oluşan evrenin bir başlangıcı ve sonu vardır. Cevher ve arazlardan oluşan evren sürekli bir değişim ve dönüşüm (oluş-bozuluş) süreci yaşamakta-dır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde Big Bang teorisi ile hudûs delili karşılaştırılmış ve şu sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır: Big Bang teorisi ile birlikte evrenin genişlediğinin kanıtlanması materyalist ve ateist felsefenin sabit, sonsuz ve değişmeyen evren tasavvurunu kesin olarak çürütmüştür. Ayrıca izafiyet teorisi ile birlikte mutlak zaman anlayışı geçerliliğini yitirmiş; zamanın göreliliği ve evrenle birlikte baş-ladığı kanıtlanmıştır. Ancak kanaatimizce Big Bang teorisi, evrenin bir başlangıç noktası (tekillik) olduğunu kesin olarak ortaya koymakla birlikte bu, yoktan ya-ratılışın bir ispatı olarak değerlendirilemez. Sadece şu an sahip olduğumuz teo-rilerle uyumlu “bilimsel bir başlangıç” olarak değerlendirilebilir. Zaten bilimin, varlığın izini sürüp mutlak yokluğa, oradan da Tanrı'ya ulaşması beklenemez. Çünkü mutlak yokluk bilime insan bilgisine konu olamaz. İnsanlığın bilimsel olarak ulaştığı en son noktada bile evrenin varlığının en tutarlı açıklaması, ev-renin sonradan ve mutlak yokluktan Allah tarafından yaratıldığı şeklindeki dini açıklamadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kelâm, Yaratılış, Big Bang, Büyük Patlama, Hudûs Delili.

We show how removing faith-based beliefs in current philosophies of classical and constructive mathematics admits formal, evidence-based, definitions of constructive mathematics; of a constructively well-defined logic of a formal mathematical language; and of a constructively well-defined model of such a language.

We argue that, from an evidence-based perspective, classical approaches which follow Hilbert's formal definitions of quantification can be labelled `theistic'; whilst constructive approaches based on Brouwer's philosophy of Intuitionism can be labelled `atheistic'.

We then adopt what may be labelled a finitary, evidence-based, `agnostic' perspective and argue that Brouwerian atheism is merely a restricted perspective within the finitary agnostic perspective, whilst Hilbertian theism contradicts the finitary agnostic perspective.

We then consider the argument that Tarski's classic definitions permit an intelligence---whether human or mechanistic---to admit finitary, evidence-based, definitions of the satisfaction and truth of the atomic formulas of the first-order Peano Arithmetic PA over the domain N of the natural numbers in two, hitherto unsuspected and essentially different, ways.

We show that the two definitions correspond to two distinctly different---not necessarily evidence-based but complementary---assignments of satisfaction and truth to the compound formulas of PA over N.

We further show that the PA axioms are true over N, and that the PA rules of inference preserve truth over N, under both the complementary interpretations; and conclude some unsuspected constructive consequences of such complementarity for the foundations of mathematics, logic, philosophy, and the physical sciences.

Questo libro adotta il principio secondo cui gli istanti della nostra vita sono originari. Quel che vediamo, sentiamo e pensiamo, non proviene da qualcosa di ignoto che chiamiamo Dio, Anima o Materia. È uno sfondo che permette di venire a capo dei classici problemi della conoscenza: in primo piano ci sono la relazione tra mente e cervello nonché il significato del tempo e del Big Bang.

In this third instalment of the E Pluribus Unus Mundus series of papers, I argue that an amendment installing the equation Psyche = Singularity as a Preface to the Preamble of our Constitution would not violate the First Amendment, which states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” Rather, it would provide a scientific foundation for Natural Law theory, which is the philosophical presupposition of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.

Este artículo somete a análisis la cosmología científica y la filosofía espontánea de los cosmólogos desde las coordenadas del materialismo filosófico, ya que el análisis no es independiente de la idea (filosófica) de ciencia que se tenga. Tras señalar a Laplace como creador de la cosmología física, se subrayan los principales problemas científicos de la cosmología Big Bang. Y, a continuación, se ponen de relieve los problemas filosóficos que plantea la posibilidad de una ciencia cosmológica, que tienen que ver con el fundamentalismo científico y el mito del Cosmos.
This paper analyzes scientific cosmology and cosmologist's spontaneous philosophy from the tenets of philosophical materialism, since the analysis is not independent of the (philosophical) idea of science that everyone has. After pointing out Laplace as the creator of physical cosmology, the main scientific problems of Big Bang cosmology are highlighted. And then I take into account the philosophical problems posed by the possibility of cosmological science, which have to do with scientific fundamentalism and the myth of Cosmos.

¿De qué está hecho nuestro universo? Esta no es una pregunta nueva; de una manera u otra, el mismo interrogante ha acompañado a nuestros antepasados curiosos desde la noche de los tiempos. Los estudiosos del cosmos de hoy, sin embargo, creen haber hallado la respuesta. A partir de novedosas teorías y de observaciones y experimentos de gran precisión, se ha establecido un modelo para la evolución y el contenido de este universo, que nuestros abuelos (y, en algunos casos, incluso nuestros padres) jamás habrían podido siquiera imaginar. El resultado, de más está decir, es extraño, muy extraño. Pues todo aquello que nos rodea y aquello que los astrónomos pueden localizar con sus potentes máquinas de atrapar luces lejanas (a veces también llamadas “máquinas del tiempo”) representa un magro porcentaje de todo lo que sabemos –o pensamos que sabemos– que hay allá afuera. Y el resto que no vemos ¿qué es y qué aspecto tiene? Este libro trata precisamente de describir esos componentes oscuros que solo se dejan detectar indirectamente y que se comportan de manera inusual. Se los ha llamado materia y energía oscuras; se trata, sin ninguna duda, de nombres un poco confusos pero que se relacionan fuertemente con nuestra cultura global (pues representan el lado oscuro de nuestro universo).

I extend my thanks to Professor Gerardus ‘t Hooft, Nobel Laureate in Physics, for making more widely known my work on black hole theory, big bang cosmology, and Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, by means of his personal website, and for providing me thereby with the opportunity to address the subject matter - supported by extensive references to primary sources for further information - in relation to his many comments, by means of this dedicated paper. The extensive mathematical appendices herein are not prerequisite to understanding the text.

We live & die following the laws of 0-sum time worldcycles. Vital Spæc¡es reproduce its in-form-åð¡on, aging its form thru life till death reverses form exploding it back into Tt-motion. All systems of nature are space-time organisms that go thru 3±¡ stages of life &. death. ◊¡ Worldcycles are sequences of ◊- infinitesimal diemotions=actions of cœxistience that reproduce in-form-ation, aging organisms: TS-WORLD»Ss-minds‹St-angular heads‹ts-reproductive bodywaves‹sT-lineal limbfields‹tT-deað«TS-WORLD.-Diemotions are time=changes that maximize reproductive survival. T.œs first gauge information in a stop state of no motion, then move to feed on energy or absorb it within an energetic friendly placenta in its first life cycle (∆◊-¡ from conception to birth). Then they emerge in a larger entropic WORLD to go through 3 stages dominated by each toporganic network,  youth, max. ∆Ts, adulthood, S=T, when body and mind are in balance and reproduce, and 3rd age, max. St, till all motion and body energy is exhausted, the membrain of the pœint has overgrown it, and the organism stops an instant of time, dying back in a explosion of inner and OUTER Tt-motion (bang, war, biologic death) that dissolves into a zero sum the information of the being,  4D worldlines of longomotion that study only V=s/T then become 5D worldcycles of existience that apply to all time§pace systems between Ss-conception in ◊-¡, thru 3 ◊° st-ages till ◊+¡ death. So worldcycles end in Death - its purest mode of Time=motion - Tt an inner and OUTER time motion that erases the Spatial information of a system is the beginning and end of reality, the womb from where all what exists departs, considering the different scalar bangs of Astrophysics, the processes of feeding of biologic nature, to the œdipus Paradox that makes each new generation and son species to kill its father.
Tthe function of ∃xistence has an inverse, the function of εxtinction. If Existence is form in space, εxtinction is absolute motion in time. Both are the poles reaiity needs to renew itself. But Death is stronger, void of form, to which we all return.
Ðeath in any scale of the Universe is a process of disorder, caused by an excess of motion that breaks the synchronicities and simultaneities of time and space that form the networks of supœrganism across its ◊±¡ scales, leading invariably to the collapse and death of those networks.
Death is 1/2 of the game. Its equation is simple: Tt, internal and EXTERNAL motion that disorders the information of a supœrganism. it is so simple that it is the easiest model of reality. Evilwood ends all movies in death. Physicists reduce in the bigbang their study of the arrow of future time to Tt-entropic death. Even biology analyzes St-information and §ð-Reproduction, as 'something else', calling it the negation of entropy, negantropy...  and focus evolution in darwnian death.
In terms of cyclical ðime, Ðeath is a return to a simplified past, 2 scales down the 5th dimension, ◊-2 to rise again your energy in a different life cycle.
We study the ilogic function of Death in all the scales of Existence.
The ◊ST universe is perfect, and death proves it.
Ego is just a mirage mental space that wants to survive stopping time into form... Then the point of death and its justice, which is fast, corrects the errors.
As it should be. You see, the equation of existence has 2 inverse arrows of time:
Past->Present->FUture (the 3 ages of life, youth>adult hood>Old age) is slow, because the 'present' stage is long, from 16-50 in humans... And the old age can slowly last for long too... your clock of information slows down, so you live less than in youth... but you have the mirage of an old long age.
In light is the blue/green/red long decay of its wave...
But death moves backwards, dissolving information in a single time quantum of the organism, there is NO present. DEATH IS a cliff, and for life on earth it means a single 'human generation', this century with its AI-robots pandemics, cern's black holes... In a galaxy is a quasar big-bang, in a star a nova. in an individual a last second you realize you are gonna die point. In civilizations a fast war. This is the compassion of the Universe seen in the present age of Death of mankind.
Man lives its age of extinction that gives its individual minds max. Freedom. The function of existence, Max. ExI=ST, guides the syntax of all mental spaces, as all Time§pace supœrganism maximize its ∆§¡ transfer of information and ∆ðe, temporal energy=motion from an outer ST world.
Its denial is death when that balances breaks and one of the 2 sides becomes selfish exhausting the energy of its body (3rd age warping death: Max. S x Min. T) or provoking an accidental death by maximal motion (Max. T x Min. S)
In Tt-Death vital constants explode in & OUT of its balancing standing ratios, -∆ðe/∆§¡. But nothing dies which is not killed. Suicides are rare and all induced. The function of existence, Max. ExI◊ST is absolute from a selfish point of truth, always projecting its mental space in its territory of order, changing energy for form. Existence requires an inverse EXTERNAL T-t death function to clean its act. Leibniz said the world is the best of all possible ones. Death is the reason. If death didn't exist still minds with their aberrant selfish views of the Universe will distort the flows of time till stopping all motion into form. This is what huminds always try. Controlling freaks keep expanding its still property, territories of order that kill the motion of beings into its selfish perspectives. Then build museums to themselves expecting to last in their aberrant form. But death will clean up their act. Death kills even the biggest time stopper, top quark black hole, who feeds on the entire galaxy but it will die into an E=mc2, quasar, in any scale of maðer. Death is the zero sum of all world cycles of coexistence. The warrior that kills dies by iron when a new 800 years cycle of history cleans up its act. The capitalist go(l)d parasitic tax-farming banister on top of mankind that kills the 99% by anoxia - lack of credit, as it absorbs its oxygen-money - that today rules supreme, enjoying its billions while billions die of hunger pretends to win over death but it will die. Since it has corrupted the body of history and makes mankind suffer under its go(l)d greed. So as much as he hates the cycles of wars and holocausts and builds victimist mantras and rewrites history he will also find its karma. Death cleans up the aberrant minds that pretend to be above GodoG, the laws of existence and ethics and life and love.
Without death parasites, genociders, germs, distortions of the game that allows to happen all systems 'that demand to exist' (Leibniz), wouldn't exist Mundi.  But death can be defeated following the simple laws of balance of the Universe. In the case of History just by changing a sign of the 3 st-ages of Earth from gaia>history>Metal-earth, which evolves information, into Gaia < History > Metal-earth, which represses it according to the Human constitution: max. wHealthy goods x Min. Lethal goods, death could be avoided. But the parasitic capitalist tax-farming stock rats who profit from hate memes, lethal goods and war won't have it. So death will come to then. Everywhere we look at death, it redeems the ego. Even if death also kills the blind body cells that follow the selfie actions of its neuronal brain. We thus study death, its equations, its scales, its multiple forms all resumed in the 3 phases of death: ST (world)<Ts+St (energy and informative dissipating flows)<Tt entropic, 'Big Bang explosion' of death): ∑◊-¡: desegregated parts, cleaned up of memories to be used to rise a new, more evolved form that preys on death.  This architectonical analysis that mimics the ◊STructure of reality seems the best fitting so hopefully I won't change it. This one is dedicated to the flow of Death from the world to the being in 3 sequential steps, ST<Ts<Tt
Death, Tt- inner and OUTER time motion disorders the being, without an intermediate present stage, dissolving Ss-minds of absolute order into Time§pace ◊ust. Minds thus hate death, but they won't understand reality without knowing what death is about. Death is bothersome to those control freak minds that invent reality with their distorted view as a knot of form, with themselves in the center, aka huminds. So this volume has near zero views. It is though the most transcendental of all, because only knowing death one can avoid it. Children can't understand death and think the world turn around them, as the first stage of Ss-consciousness, and emergence are the staple food of the Universe. While the wisest culture of death love most life. So we define death and go through its nirvana=extinction of all the scales of reality, ending in death in history
mankind confronts death -its superorganism corrupted by weapons and go(l)d.
Enzymen's science kills mankind an- the 99% but the elite is M.A.D...

The 'Pictorial Compendium of The Secret Doctrine, Volume IV, the Nature of Everything' is a compendium on various topics including the Origin of the Universe and solves the mystery of expansion, to Evolution (sorry Darwin but you are wrong!) to discussing 'Initiation, Initiates and Masters.' Pictures are used to for the young, the young at heart and non-scientist, and words, at times, for the highly educated. It is meant to bridge the gap of Part II Ontology, Epistemology & Manifestation of NOE hence the discussion around physics and chemistry is limited since these topics are covered in The Secret Doctrine, Volume IV.

This version does not have working links.  A linked version may be found here:

http://noe-theory.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Compendium-FINAL.pdf

Öz: Kelâmcıların geliştirdiği hudûs delili ve cevher-araz teorisiyle ortaya koydukları evren tasavvuruna göre âlem, sonradan ve yoktan yaratılmıştır. Günümüzde bazı teolog ve felsefeciler tarafından Big Bang Teorisinin kelâmın bu tezini bilimsel olarak ispatladığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddiayı savunanlar tarafından büyük patlamanın
başladığı tekillik durumu mutlak yokluk ile eşdeğer kabul edilmektedir. Mevcut fiziksel yasalarla büyük patlamanın gerçekleştiği tekillik durumunun tanımlanamadığı ve bu yasaların o noktadan sonra geçerliliğini yitirdiği açıktır. Ancak kanaatimizce bu, tekillik noktasının hiçbir zaman aşılamayacağı anlamına gelmez. İlerleyen zamanlarda tekillik durumunu açıklayacak ve öncesine ilişkin bir takım veriler sunacak bir teori ortaya
konulması mümkündür. Dolayısıyla bugünün bilimsel imkânlarıyla ulaştığımız son noktada durmak ve buna yokluk demek pek makul görünmemektedir. Kuantum modelleri ise tekillik durumunun oluşumuna boşlukta (vacuum) meydana gelen kuantum dalgalanmalarının neden olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Ancak buradaki boşluk
kavramı ile felsefe ve kelâmdaki yokluk kavramlarının aynı şeye tekabül etmediği ortadadır. Çünkü fizikteki bu boşluk kuantum yasalarını ve dalgalanmaya izin veren miktarda bir enerjiyi barındırmaktadır. Kelâmdaki yokluk ise, kendisinden önce hiçbir maddî varlığın bulunmadığı mutlak bir hiçlik olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Büyük
patlamanın gerçekleştiği tekillik durumu ve öncesinde görelilik teorisinin ya da kuantum fiziği yasalarının geçerli olduğu bilimsel verilerle tam olarak ortaya konabilmiş değildir. Dolayısıyla ne görelilik teorisinden hareketle Big Bang’in başladığı tekillik durumunu yokluk olarak nitelemek, ne de bu tekilliğin kuantum dalgalanmaları sonucu
nedensiz bir şekilde meydana geldiğini söylemek doğru bir yaklaşım olacaktır. Sonuç olarak Kanaatimizce Big Bang, yoktan yaratılış anını bilimsel olarak izah eden bir teori olarak değerlendirilemez, ancak şu anki fizik ve matematik bilgimizle uyumlu bir “bilimsel başlangıç” modeli olarak kabul edilebilir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Big Bang, Hudûs, Yoktan Yaratılış, Kuantum, Görelilik.

Cosmological Frontiers’ explores a variety of topical themes within the general fields of cosmology and astrophysics such as: Dark matter, dark energy, black holes, theory of gravity, redshift, plasmas, cosmic microwave background radiation, branes, the Big Bang theory, and the Steady State model. More generally, the current volume gives expression to a process of critically reflecting on some of the discoveries of astrophysics and the field of cosmology as a means of seeking the truth about the nature of certain aspects of reality.

Questa raccolta di studi è centrata su tre temi: 1) i fondamenti della storia della filosofia. 2) la relazione fra mente e cervello. 3) il tempo e il Big Bang.  Alcune recensioni e una introduzione mettono in chiaro l'intreccio degli argomenti e la prospettiva fenomenista che si apre alla soluzione.