Gravity

It is likely that the holographic principle will be a consequence of the would be theory of quantum gravity. Thus, it is interesting to try to go in the opposite direction: can the holographic principle fix the gravitational interaction? It is shown that the classical gravitational interaction is well inside the set of potentials allowed by the holographic principle. Computations clarify which role such a principle could have in lowering the value of the cosmological constant computed in QFT to the observed one.

This paper proposes a Modular Universe toy-model (MUTM) predicting all elementary particles (EPs) to be actually quantum black-holes (QBHs) (gravitational quasi-singularities) governed by self-gravity and self-antigravity. This paper continues (from an alternative angle of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in physics (cited in anti-chronological order, from the latest to the oldest.
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The fundamental holographic principle is first proposed, then demonstrated in its validity and viability through a thought experiment and then finally derived. The Heisenberg uncertainty relations are shown to follow from this fundamental relation. The quantum blackhole entropy is then demonstrated using this holographic uncertainty relation along with the application of the Landauer’s principle for the thermodynamic erasure of a bit yielding a formula with a logarithmic correction. The blackhole entropy is found to be half the value normally delivered by any other method. So, it is proposed that there is a real relevant physical horizon at the twice the Schwarzschild radius dubbed the holographic information geometric horizon.

This is an introductory set of lecture notes on quantum cosmology, given in 1995 to an audience with interests ranging from astronomy to particle physics. Topics covered: 1. Introduction: 1.1 Quantum cosmology and quantum gravity; 1.2 A brief history of quantum cosmology. 2. Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity: 2.1 The 3+1 decomposition; 2.2 The action. 3. Quantisation: 3.1 Superspace; 3.2 Canonical quantisation; 3.3 Path integral quantisation; 3.4 Minisuperspace; 3.5 The WKB approximation; 3.6 Probability measures; 3.7 Minisuperspace for the Friedmann universe with massive scalar field. 4. Boundary Conditions: 4.1 The no-boundary proposal; 4.2 The tunneling proposal. 5. The predictions of quantum cosmology: 5.1 The period of inflation; 5.2 The origin of density perturbations; 5.3 The arrow of time.

The Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) process, a newly developed Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process to recover heavy oil and bitumen, has been studied theoretically and experimentally and is found a promising EOR method for certain heavy oil reservoirs. In this work, a simulation study ...

Motivated by the lack of rotating solutions sourced by matter in General Relativity as well as in modified gravity theories, we extend a recently discovered exact rotating solution of the minimal Einstein-scalar theory to its counterpart in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity coupled to a Born-Infeld scalar field. This is accomplished with the implementation of a well-developed mapping between solutions of Ricci-Based Palatini theories of gravity and General Relativity. The new solution is parametrized by the scalar charge and the Born-Infeld coupling constant apart from the mass and spin of the compact object. Compared to the spacetime prior to the mapping, we find that the high-energy modifications at the Born-Infeld scale are able to suppress but not remove the curvature divergence of the original naked null singularity. Depending on the sign of the Born-Infeld coupling constant, these modifications may even give rise to an additional timelike singularity exterior to the null ...

Space and Time are continuous absolute quantities. They don't change with anything at all. However, the dimension and duration of an object or event can change with the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. This is because that Wu's Unit Length (diameter) and Wu's Unit Time (period) of Wu's Pairs (building blocks of the universe) in an object or event can be affected by the bombardment of gravitons complying with gravitational field in accordance to Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory, and also the shrinkage of Wu's Pairs due to aging of the universe in compliance with Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). According to Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and intrinsic atomic and subatomic structures, a linear relationship is proposed between the quantities of the property of a corresponding identical object or event and the gravitational field and aging of the universe. In addition, under Thermodynamic Equilibrium and local Subatomic Equilibrium, three fundamental principles: Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Parallelism and Principle of Correspondence are derived, such that the correlations of the quantities of the properties between two objects or events at the same location and time (same gravitational field and aging of the universe) can be established. Furthermore, based on Wu's Spacetime Equation t yy = γl yy 3/2 , Wu's Unit Length and Wu's Unit Time of Wu's Pair are correlated to each other. As a result, the correlations of the simple properties such as dimension and duration, or the composite properties such as velocity and acceleration of an object or event, with respect to the gravitational field and aging of the universe, or further to Wu's Unit Length of a reference corresponding identical subatomic particle at the same location and time (same gravitational field and aging of the universe) can be established. This can be used successfully to interpret many important physical phenomena, such as Deflection of Light, Perihelion Precession of Mercury, Cosmological Redshift, Hubble's Law, Einstein's General Relativity, Spacetime and Field Equations.

I proposed a new expansion force to explain the flat rotation curves of plane galaxies, in a Newtonian approach in 2016. This force is validated here in General Relativity for an inhomogeneous radially symmetrical universe. It can be deduced from the solution of Einstein's equation with a cosmological constant. A pseudo-Schwarzschild "twin-potential" metric is considered, with two different potentials for the space and time dimensions. The expansion force results as a repulsive dual gravity. Negative masses are needed. The necessary mass repartitions are computed, in connection with the radial dynamics and the expansion rate's evolution. A linear model and a quadratic model are studied, connected with the observation representations of a universe in accelerated expansion. It is a first step towards a better representation of an inhomogeneous universe. The framework can be applied to deduce the universe mass repartition form the measured values of the expansion rate variation. Résumé J'ai proposé en 2016 une nouvelle force d'expansion pour expliquer les courbes de rotation plates des galaxies spirales dans une approche Newtonienne. Cette force est validée ici dans le cadre de la Relativité Générale pour un univers inhomogène à symétrie radiale. On peut la déduire comme solution de l'équation d'Einstein avec Constante Cosmologique. On considère une métrique à « potentiels jumelés », avec deux potentiels différents pour les dimensions spatiales et temporelles. Il en résulte une force d'expansion agissant comme une gravité duale répulsive. Il faut des masses négatives. On calcule les répartitions de masses nécessaires, en liaison avec la dynamique radiale et l'évolution du taux d'expansion. On étudie un modèle linéaire et un modèle quadratique, en lien avec les représentations d'un univers observé en expansion accélérée. Il s'agit là d'une première étape vers une meilleure représentation d'un univers inhomogène. Ce cadre peut être appliqué pour déduire la répartition de masses de l'univers à partir des valeurs mesurées du taux d'expansion.

This work presents some updates on the design of the European Asteroid Impact Mission. In particular, the landing trajectory of MASCOT-2 is investigated and analyzed into detail during close-proximity operations at the binary asteroid 65803 Didymos. Design opportunities are investigated using a three-body approach to model the dynamical system in the close proximity of the asteroid couple. Landing requirements, applicable to the mission scenario under study, are presented and a suitable strategy is selected, by conveniently exploiting three-body dynamics. Uncertainties in release and touch down conditions are modeled and successful landing probability is assessed.

This paper presents a new environment to simulate close-proximity dynamics around rubble-pile asteroids. The code provides methods for modeling the aster-oid's gravity field and surface through granular dynamics. It implements state-of-the-art techniques to model both gravity and contact interaction between particles: 1) mutual gravity as either direct N2 or Barnes-Hut GPU-parallel octree and 2) contact dynamics with a soft-body (force-based, smooth dynamics), hard-body (constraint-based, non-smooth dynamics), or hybrid (constraint-based with compliance and damping) approach. A very relevant feature of the code is its ability to handle complex-shaped rigid bodies and their full 6D motion. Examples of spacecraft close-proximity scenarios and their numerical simulations are shown.

We will define the mass of an electron in the context of Weinberg's empirical formula that relates the mass of a pion to fundamental physical constants, namely the gravitational and Planck constants, the speed of light in vacuum and the Hubble constant. After redefining the Weinberg formula to apply for electrons instead of pions we will add density parameters, used in modern Cosmology, to the Hubble constant in an attempt to persevere the universality of free fall which is one of the corner stones of General Relativity. Universality of free fall is not violated if fundamental physical constants do not vary with time which will be demonstrated in the aforementioned empirical formula for the electron mass and thus, subsequently the proton-to-electron mass ratio, the fine structure constant as well as for the gravitational constant.

The knowledge regarding the biological basis of human behaviour has grown explosively in recent years. We know that feelings and emotions are based on biochemical substances, and we know that our behaviour is largely controlled by neurotransmitters in our brain and limbic system.
It is time to translate the update of the modern life sciences into social interventions. “How to Change our Human Nature” shows that biological intervention, and these methods give more insight into human behaviour and offer new solutions for behavioural problems.

Part 1 discusses how biochemical processes work and how they are the foundation of human behaviour. You see how easily the delicate biochemical balance can be disrupted and can lead to uninhibited behaviour and behavioural problems.
Part 2 examines the possibilities that we have to intervene in behaviour by regulating our biochemical housekeeping: our neurotransmitters and hormones.

Ruud Loeffen was a lecturer at Zuyd University as part of the Social Studies faculty until 2009.

We show how one can measure the speed of gravity only using gravitational phenomena. Our approach offers several ways to measure the speed of gravity (light) and checks existing assumptions about light (gravity) in new types of experiments. The speed of light is included in several well-known gravita-tional formulas. However, if we can measure this speed from gravitational phenomena alone, then is it the speed of light or the speed of gravity we are measuring? We think it is more than a mere coincidence that they are the same. In addition, even if it is not possible to draw strong conclusions now, our formulations support the view that there is a link between electromagnet-ism and gravity. This paper also shows that all major gravity phenomena can be predicted from only performing two to three light observations. There is no need for knowledge of Newton's gravitational constant G or the mass size to complete a series of major gravity predictions.

In this paper we will illustrate how to constrain unavoidable Kähler corrections for N = 1 supergravity (SUGRA) inflation from the recent Planck data. We will show that the non-renormalizable Kähler operators will induce in general non-minimal kinetic term for the inflaton field, and two types of SUGRA corrections in the potential — the Hubbleinduced mass (cH), and the Hubble-induced A-term (aH) correction. The entire SUGRA inflationary framework can now be constrained from (i) the speed of sound, cs, and (ii) from the upper bound on the tensor to scalar ratio, r⋆. We will illustrate this by considering a heavy scalar degree of freedom at a scale, Ms, and a light inflationary field which is responsible for a slow-roll inflation. We will compute the corrections to the kinetic term and the potential for the light field explicitly. As an example, we will consider a visible sector inflationary model of inflation where inflation occurs at the point of inflection, which can match the dens...

Movement/propagation through the “Dark Matter”:
Effects the surrounding by propagation through “Dark matter” particles creating “waves” in a manner similar to a Ship/boat moving in water creating waves

When two ships/boats (in our case two objects) move in parallel (in 4th dimension) to each other in the same direction, they experience a lateral pressure due to which the ships/boats tend to come closer to each other. This is explained by Bernoulli's theorem. This greater lateral pressure forces the ships/boats to come closer to each other and they may even collide
In our case the ships/boats are any aggregate of “Atoms” – any kind of an object
The “Sea” is the “Dark Matter”
Bernoulli's theorem is named after Daniel Bernoulli

Gravity seems to fail at large distances, and observed matter can only explain about 5% of the gravitational force involved in the galaxies’ motion. Science has thus invoked the presence of dark matter and dark energy to correspondingly constitute about 20-25% and ~70-75% of the universe’s mass. The major scientific effort to find new particles that form dark matter & dark energy has failed to date.

This project addresses these two astrophysical challenges and how solving them in a unique way leads to evidence of unity in the cosmos. We propose to explore the idea that the origin of dark matter and dark energy is consciousness (the observer). We postulate that adding consciousness into the equations using the perception that everyone observes the universe from its conceptual center, i.e., from the singularity, can lead to a new formalism that unifies all the fundamental laws of physics.

Abstract This paper reviews on the soil condition for three rivers at Carey Island namely Air Hitam, Judah and Keluang River. The activities on the island such as palm oil industries are believed affect the soil. Thus a study was carried out to determine the parameters of pH value, total sulphates, chloride content, total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon (IC) and nitrogen in soil. The tests that have been conducted are Moisture Content Test, Specific Gravity Test, Atterberg Limit Test, pH Test, Total Sulphates Test and Total Chloride ...

В монографии рассмотрен широкий круг вопросов, посвященных ре-зультатам исследований авторов пространственно-временных законо-мерностей современных проявлений сейсмической и вулканической ак-тивности. В книге представлен долгосрочный прогноз сейсмической и вулканической активности поясов сжатия Земли.
Описан положительный опыт краткосрочного прогнозирования силь-ных удаленных землетрясений на основании длиннопериодных гравита-ционных предвестников. Показана существенная роль влияния циклично-сти вулканической активности на глобальные климатические изменения.
Книга предназначена для ученых, специалистов и студентов в обла-стях наук о Земле.
V.Y.Khain, E.N.Khalilov
SPACE-TIME REGULARITIES OF SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY. Burgas, SWB, 2008, 304 p.
ISBN 978-9952-451-00-9
In the monograph has been considered the wide frame of questions, de-voted to the results of researches of the authors of space-time regularities of modern seismic and volcanic activity developments. In the book has been given the long-term prognosis of seismic and volcanic activity of the lines of Earth compression.
There has been described the positive experience of short-term prognosis of strong distanced earthquakes on basis of long-period gravitational harbin-gers. There also has been shown the essential role of influence of cyclicity of volcanic activity on global climatic changes.
The book is meant for scientists, specialists and students in the spheres of sciences about Earth.

Traditionally, gravitas denotes the inner source of movement towards the centre of the universe. In the mediaeval Latin tradition, the chief problem was to fit this notion within a coherent Aristotelian framework. As philosophers in the Renaissance begin to breach the constraints of Aristotelian natural philosophy, we see diverse attempts to conceive gravitas as a force also responsible for natural phenomena such as tides and free fall acceleration. The coexistence in the Renaissance of different Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian concepts of gravitas makes the latter a polysemic scientific term, whose meaning can be determined only after careful examination of the context in which it was employed.

The Energy Problem (EP) in General Relativity (GR) is analyzed in the context of GR’s inconsistencies. EP is classified according to its local and global aspects. The local aspects of the EP include noncovariance of the energy-momentum pseudotensor (EMPT) of the gravitational field, non-uniqueness of the EMPT, asymmetry of EMPT and vanishing metric energy-momentum tensor. The global aspect of the EP relates to the lack of integral conservation laws due to the general difficulties in defining invariant integrals of tensors in non-Euclidean space. These difficulties are related to the lack of a precise definition of a reference frame in the GR. A reference frame is defined here as a differential manifold with an Affine connection. The resulting unique decomposition of the Levi-Civita connection into its Affine and nonmetric parts allows for a covariant definition of the gravitational energy-momentum tensor. It is pointed out that the invariance of the Lagrangian (or action functional) is a necessary but not sufficient condition to secure the covariance of the Lagrange-Euler field theory. A rigorous definition of the Lagrange Field Structure (LFS) on differential manifolds is proposed. A covariant generalization of the first Noether theorem for LFS is obtained. Different approaches to the EP are discussed.

In this research, I will try to give a simple, more general understanding of how gravity works. To do that, we will go in a journey to see what the old (Newtonian) and the new (Einstein) picture of gravity
is. And to season that, we will finish by introducing quantum Gravity. I will begin by defining the Kepler's laws for planetary motion, which Depending on it Newton created his theory for gravity, and we finish the section by Newtons gravity failure. Then I will start our discussion for Einstein's picture of gravity (general relativity), and cover rather some important topics, such as; Equivalence principle, Space-Time geometry, Einstein Field Equation...Etc., and I will finish the section by Einstein's answer to Newtonian failure. Finally I will give a very simple introduction to Quantum Gravity, and mainly discuss the some of the problems that phases the theory to be perfect.

The use of GPS for the estimation of orthometric heights in a given region, with the help of existing levelling data requires the determination of a local geoid and the bias between the local levelling and the one implicitly defined when the geoid is calculated which is generally based on the gravity anomalies data. The heights of new data can

People suffering from migraines, sleep apnea, glaucoma, memory loss, stroke, ADHD, and even impotence may benefit from new sleep research, which has discovered how sleep position impacts brain and head circulation, and can create many problems whose cause is considered unknown by medicine, which has been ignoring sleep position in brain disease research and treatment.

The issue has to do with the effect of gravity on the body, which is different when standing versus lying down. Medicine has ignored this effect, which is essential for understanding diseases of the brain.

The answer to many health problems may all be in our bed.

In our previous article in reference [1], we were able to reformulate Maxwell's equations in a simplified and microscopic form. This article on the other hand is a follow-up of the aforementioned article but in this case it is shown that gravity may have electromagnetic origins, using as basis this reformulated Maxwell's equations. As a matter of fact, it is suggested in this article that thorough experimental investigations with neutrons could help us really understand gravity fundamentally. This however is based on the fact that a certain property of neutrons was calculated in this article using the assumption of the electromagnetic origins of gravity and this calculated value seems to correspond with the data that was obtained from an experiment performed some time ago (over 50 years ago) by Shull et al-see the article in reference [2]. Also, the rotation curve of galaxies, especially the spiral ones is revisited and it's shown that the assumption of the electromagnetic origins of gravity can explain it. This paper may also be handy to those who seek a unified/single theoretical framework for all fundamental forces.

Two identical objects are simultaneously projected vertically upward with the same initial speed in a uniform gravitational field and then return to their starting point. One object is subject to a resistive force proportional to the nth power of its speed where n ≥ 0, such as linear (Stokes) drag for n = 1 or quadratic (Newtonian) drag for n = 2. The other object moves through vacuum with no resistance. Which object returns to its starting point first? It is shown analytically that the object subject to drag always wins the race if n ≥ 1, but that either object can win otherwise, depending on the ratio of the launch speed to the terminal speed of the object subject to drag if 0 < n < 1 or depending on the ratio of the frictional acceleration to the gravitational acceleration if n = 0. These analytical results are confirmed by Euler–Cromer numerical integration of the equations of motion.

We always find ourselves at the present time, which occupies only one moment. This moment is the state of rest and we can observe motion only with the help our memory, that is, by experience. If motion were absolute, then we could be in the past, present, and future, we could travel in time. In reality, we compare what was before with what is now and thus comprehend the change, which we interpret as movement. If we did not have memory, we would not be able to comprehend change, we would always see the present image. Once again, it all depends on which angle we consider the given phenomenon. From the point of view of the present time, there is always a state of rest; from the point of view of experience – there is motion. The state of rest and motion occur simultaneously. The Universe just exists; it exists always at the present time and always takes all its places.

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de discutir o filme de suspense/drama hollywoodiano de temática espacial “Gravidade” sob um olhar estético. Para isso, analisará o filme como obra de arte sob os preceitos de Walter Benjamin, colocará em questão o papel do filme na Indústria Cultural de Theodor Adorno e, por fim, levantará a discussão sobre a experiência estética proporcionado por ele a seus espectadores através de elementos visuais, sonoros e de enredo.