Gravity Equation

This paper proposes a Modular Universe toy-model (MUTM) predicting all elementary particles (EPs) to be actually quantum black-holes (QBHs) (gravitational quasi-singularities) governed by self-gravity and self-antigravity. This paper continues (from an alternative angle of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in physics (cited in anti-chronological order, from the latest to the oldest.
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This article provides an assessment of the nineteenth century trade globalization based on a systematic collection of bilateral trade statistics. Drawing on a new data set of more than 1.9 million bilateral trade observations for the 1827-2014 period, we show that international trade costs fell more rapidly than intra-national trade costs from the 1840s until the eve of World War I. This finding questions the role played by late nineteenth century improvements in transportation and liberal trade policies in sparking this First Globalization. We use a theory-grounded measure to assess bilateral relative trade costs. Those trade costs are then aggregated to obtain world indices as well as indices along various trade routes, which show that the fall of trade costs began in Europe before extending to the rest of the world. We further explore the geographical heterogeneity of trade cost dynamics by estimating a border effect and a distance effect. We find a dramatic rise in the distance ...

The Energy Problem (EP) in General Relativity (GR) is analyzed in the context of GR’s inconsistencies. EP is classified according to its local and global aspects. The local aspects of the EP include noncovariance of the energy-momentum pseudotensor (EMPT) of the gravitational field, non-uniqueness of the EMPT, asymmetry of EMPT and vanishing metric energy-momentum tensor. The global aspect of the EP relates to the lack of integral conservation laws due to the general difficulties in defining invariant integrals of tensors in non-Euclidean space. These difficulties are related to the lack of a precise definition of a reference frame in the GR. A reference frame is defined here as a differential manifold with an Affine connection. The resulting unique decomposition of the Levi-Civita connection into its Affine and nonmetric parts allows for a covariant definition of the gravitational energy-momentum tensor. It is pointed out that the invariance of the Lagrangian (or action functional) is a necessary but not sufficient condition to secure the covariance of the Lagrange-Euler field theory. A rigorous definition of the Lagrange Field Structure (LFS) on differential manifolds is proposed. A covariant generalization of the first Noether theorem for LFS is obtained. Different approaches to the EP are discussed.

In this research, I will try to give a simple, more general understanding of how gravity works. To do that, we will go in a journey to see what the old (Newtonian) and the new (Einstein) picture of gravity
is. And to season that, we will finish by introducing quantum Gravity. I will begin by defining the Kepler's laws for planetary motion, which Depending on it Newton created his theory for gravity, and we finish the section by Newtons gravity failure. Then I will start our discussion for Einstein's picture of gravity (general relativity), and cover rather some important topics, such as; Equivalence principle, Space-Time geometry, Einstein Field Equation...Etc., and I will finish the section by Einstein's answer to Newtonian failure. Finally I will give a very simple introduction to Quantum Gravity, and mainly discuss the some of the problems that phases the theory to be perfect.

In the natural world, light and gravity are two widely prevalent and significant phenomena. They not only provide humans with rich information about the universe but also play important roles in scientific research. Although light and gravity may not appear to have a direct connection on the surface, can we find a correlation between them? The discovery of gravitational waves provides us with new clues. The LIGO gravitational wave detection experiment successfully detected gravitational waves, which are believed to be caused by disturbances in the gravitational field and propagate at the speed of light. This raises an intriguing question: do light and gravitational waves share a medium for energy transmission? Furthermore, can we establish a unified physical model to explain the physical mechanisms of electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields, as well as their relationships? This study focuses on these questions, thoroughly analyzes the phenomena of light and gravity, and ultimately establishes a unified field theory framework to comprehensively understand the fundamental matter and energy in the universe. Unified field theory under the same physical model also establishes a theoretical basis for how to overcome gravity.

The gravitational wave is produced orthogonally from forces along the space fabric and the reaction to that gravitational wave produces the gravitational force (bending of space) defined by Newton's Inverse Square Law.

This is a new theory of gravity defining the deflection of a flat space fabric necessary to explain Newton's Inverse Square Law and consistent with Einstein's work.
The simple use of reaction forces becomes very surprising in its application!
Advancing Gravitational Theory is well served by explaining Newton's Inverse Square Law.
Keplers Planetary Laws are dealt with separately here on Academia and explained by MEeM. Please see later paper on Higgs Field following this. Thanks for reading 👍

Ancient Man’s interactions with megalithic structures quite often lead modern man to awe and puzzlement about how we achieved building such structures.  Many archeologist scholars have stated that ancient man in the past had to use advanced technology to achieve such buildings. While some Egyptologist has stated the Giza Pyramids were constructed from crude copper tools and that the Pyramids were just tombs, now under new scrutiny that this seems like a false assessment.  Mankind’s historical record can go all the way back to Lucy 3.2 million years ago on earth.  What some people already have noted is our past it seems intertwined with another race of beings which can be found in Geo-Glyphs, Petroglyphs, art, mythology, writings and Religion.  I postulate in this book that somewhere between 3.2 and 4 million years ago mankind was transported to earth from a dying planet named Eden in the Betelgeuse star system.  In fact we came from a planet named Eden yet referenced as earth in the Bible.  The star Betelgeuse is not that old of a star and its coming to its end at 8.4 million years of age. Approximately 4 million years ago Betelgeuse began a great expansion from an approximate radius size of 6,170,000 Kilometers to its current size in 2021 a radius of 617,000,000 Kilometers and it’s expected to go supernova any moment till 100,000 years from now. If it went supernova 535 years ago it would shine like a small moon in the night sky.  As humanity applies greater efforts with science and technology to uncover ancient man’s past; this inevitably may bring up more mysteries possibly uncovering technology in the past that seems out of line with the record pointing to an alien involvement.  Ancient man’s past should not be a technological mystery of wonder, but a linear progression and perhaps our technology today would not be here if there was no outside influence.
           In this book I don’t refute Jesus as the savior for I truly believe in Jesus.  However I have come full circle with the acknowledgment of the human race and its origins.  The Grey’s as the fallen Angels and their agenda towards man and indifference to God comes to play in this book.  As Aliens may have edited the Holy Bible or not; I do think there are occurrences of aliens within the Bible.  Furthermore man’s obsession with Orion out of all the stars in the sky has grabbed mankind’s attention since antiquity.  It seems to me the attention Orion gets is like a yearning for home and many references about it will be found in this book.

In this book I discussed some of gravitational waves properties and symmetry through my theory, and dealt with its propagations through many types of masses beginning from pure space with no mass, Earth, Sun, Black Hole, early universe, and present universe, and I made boundaries that mass can tolerate the passage of these waves without any damage or change its amount. Also I studied it through casualty and light’s cone diagram and discovered that it may propagate at speed higher than light’s.
In the second chapter I discussed the symmetry that controls time flow rate through time acceleration per unit length of the radius at many surfaces beginning with huge masses to atoms and elementary particles, and I found that the time flow rate differs according to the interactions between gravity and the space, and found that the reason of the controlling of the quantum mechanics at very tiny species comes from the high flow rate of time on tiny masses.
In the third chapter I discussed the mass creation according to symmetry and time dilation then connect it with the gravitation waves, then I gave two examples of mass creation for waves on earth’s tolerance and black hole’s tolerance. Then I returned the action of star destroy inside black hole to this concept.
The importance of this study comes from the vital roles of the gravitation waves which is:
• Information about gravitational waves properties and behaviour during transmission across different media.
• Information that can obtained from gravitation waves’ specific telescopes instead of electromagnetics’ telescopes.
• Information about universe origination and fate.
• Improvement of utilities for detection and measurements.
• Use it as another tool to study our universe.
• Solving mysteries like the dark energy and dark matter.
• Astrophysics studies.
Then I reached to the conclusion that: the existence of the quantum mechanics returns to the anomalies interactions between gravity and asymmetric de Sitter space which effects on the time flow rate making two forces to submerge (electromagnetic and nuclear weak) to make the electroweak force at the surface of earth and with decreasing the gravity according to mass decreasing, many submerge will happen until reach the all four forces, in the other hand, with rising the gravity with rising the mass causes all forces separate to act everyone independently from the others to create phenomena like the event of horizon in the black hole that make the mass shrinks inside it due to the electron falling inside the nucleus without any reaction.
Finally I hope this book fulfil its anticipated value and I would like to thank you for your patience.
My greetings.
#Ali_Yousif_Hassan_Edriss

Since Einstein died in 1955, very few theoretical scientists have tried to complete his work because the pendulum of history has swung toward favoring field theories based on the quantum for the expected unification of physics. Nearly everyone now believes that the quantum (discrete point) and relativity (continuity) are incompatible and the quantum is more fundamental than relativity and continuity, so those who have sought unification have looked for new and unique quantum approaches to accomplish unification. However, the truth is that the quantum and relativity are not incompatible and the traditional differences between the two–discreteness and continuity, indeterminism and determinism–are just the outward appearances of an even deeper fundamental problem–geometric point and extension–that when solved renders relativity and the quantum completely compatible. This deeper problem is even more significant because Riemann knew of and failed to consider and even purposely ignored the problem of point-elements and based his differential geometry of surfaces on metric-elements alone. Therefore, expanding the Riemannian geometry to include point-elements, which can be interpreted as discrete points for the quantum, forms a fundamental enough foundation for developing a unified field theory.

This book was conceived as a challenge to the crestfallen conformism in science. And any such challenge is addressed first of all to the youth cognizant of the laws of nature for the first time, and therefore potentially more inclined to perceive non-standard ideas.
My words are to you, student and postgraduate. Your life will not be devoted to specification of the hundredth digit of a well-known constant. The very foundation of modern physics has collapsed, and its edifice is tumbling down. You will have space to develop, and subject to think over. To realize and formulate ideas... What can be more worthy? And what can give greater joy of life? I have lived my life, and I can say: neither money, nor power, nor even love (I do not even speak about wine and drugs) can give you the wonderful, keen feeling that embrace a person when the heap of discrepant and seemingly unrelated facts suddenly find just proportion, simplicity, and you begin feeling harmony of the universe. I believe that something like this is felt by a woman who keeps healthy and crying baby against her breast after a long and difficult pregnancy and childbirth. Creative work is the only way for a person to experience this feeling.
But my words are also for venerable scientists of my own generation. You are knowledge curators. It is impossible without you to create hierarchy, canon so important for the science of the coming millennium, so necessary to construct “Beads game” on the place where today we observe a mixture of strange fantasies called physical concepts. So let us not become like politicians who put their personal ambitions higher than the interests of our common pursuit. In the great evolution movement the Lord prescribed to us the role of the humanity brain. So let us be worthy of our destination.
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everybody who directly or indirectly helped in my difficult journey to modern physics. And first of my thanks are addressed to I.V. Prohorzev. This book could not have appeared at all without his attention and support. I am very grateful to all my colleagues in the St. Petersburg Physical Society seminar, and first of all to the seminar curator A.P. Smirnov, and to the ‘first between equals’, V.A. Fogel, who attracted my attention to electrodynamics and persistently revived that interest, sometimes even despite my resistance.
As always professional was Svetlana Begacheva who typeset the earlier Russian edition of this book. As always forbearing and benevolent was my wife, Alena, about my love to whom I would like to speak here because I seldom pronounce this in everyday life. My thanks to my teachers – professors of Leningrad State University who has given the habit for quantitative investigations and perhaps naive believe in the final victory of truth to me, also to all my friends, and first of all to A.N. Proszenko who always found strength to support me in my foolhardy initiatives.

The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object.

Книга посвящена ревизии основных взглядов современной физики. Она стала результатом 25 лет размышлений автора над этой проблемой. Автор дерзнул усомниться не только в СТО и ОТО, но и в основах квантовой механики.
Первая глава посвящена формулировке нового подхода к электродинамике. Предложены формулы для взаимодействия электрических зарядов, к которым пришли еще основоположники теории электричества, но которые, почему-то, не вошли в рассуждения современных теоретиков. Найдены так же соотношения, которые не рассматривались никогда ранее и требуют экспериментальной проверки. В главе, посвященной гравитации, сделана попытка реализовать давнюю мечту ученых – объединить электричество и гравитацию. О ее успешности судить читателю. Для нового понимания термодинамики существенной оказалась необходимость пересмотреть траекторное представление о движении и ввести понятие поверхностной скорости, избежав стохастических манипуляций. Подобный подход позволяет детерминистски описать квантово-механические эффекты, ввести четкое понятие энтропии, которое оказалось краеугольным камнем для формулы Планка.
Книга рассчитана как на внимание людей, просто интересующихся наукой, так и профессиональных инженеров и физиков. Для понимания материала требуется подготовка на уровне курса высшей математики.

Too many physicists believe the ‘phallacy’ that the quantum is more fundamental than relativity without any valid supporting evidence, so the earliest attempts to unify physics based on the continuity of relativity have been all but abandoned. This belief is probably due to the wealth of pro-quantum propaganda and general ‘phallacies in fysics’ that were spread during the second quarter of the twentieth century, although serious ‘phallacies’ exist throughout physics on both sides of the debate. Yet both approaches are basically flawed because both relativity and the quantum theory are incomplete and grossly misunderstood as they now stand. Had either side of the quantum versus relativity controversy sought common ground between the two worldviews, total unification would have been accomplished long ago. The point is, literally, that the discrete quantum, continuous relativity, basic physical geometry, theoretical mathematics and classical physics all share one common characteristic that has never been fully explored or explained – a paradoxical duality between a dimensionless point (discrete) and an extended length (continuity) in any dimension – and if the problem of unification is approached from an understanding of how this paradox relates to each paradigm, all of physics and indeed all of science could be unified under a single new theoretical paradigm.

Keywords: unification, single field theory, unified field theory, quantized space-time, five-dimensional space-time, quantum,  relativity, hidden variables, Einstein, Kaluza, Klein, Clifford

The equation for the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy (LTME) can be directly related to the expansion of the universe as seen by Hubble. The LTME is based on the change in Mass-Energy if a Mass is accelerated or if it is moving in orbit around a central Mass. What " velocity " must be used in the β factor v 2 /c 2 if we want to apply the LTME in our solar system? Tufail Abbas and Ruud Loeffen found that the velocity " v " in the LTME is NOT equal to the different velocities of the planets. Instead they applied the Root Mean Square Velocity (V RMS) of all planets in our solar system. Detailed calculations showed clearly that the acceleration at the surface of the planets can be calculated by the " gamma-f actor " based on the VRMS.

Ilmu pengetahuan berkembang untuk menjawab pertanyaan legendaris “apa itu materi?” Newton memperkenalkan konsep materi sebagai variabel yang disebut massa dan Einstein memperkenalkan persamaan antara massa dan energi. Postulat materi dalam paper ini dikembangkan dari Hukum Gerak I Newton, dimana materi adalah keadaan diam atau bergerak beraturan dalam garis lurus sehingga kedua keadaan itu sama menurut persamaan Einstein. Muatan materi pun terbagi menjadi dua, yakni materi-materi dalam keadaan bergerak beraturan dalam garis lurus yang bertransformasi dalam suatu ruangan (muatan listrik) dan materi-materi dalam keadaan diam yang bertransformasi dalam suatu peristiwa (muatan gravitasi). Kedua muatan tersebut pun pada dasarnya sama. Karena sistem alam semesta harus memiliki energi total yang tetap, maka jumlah total materi dan muatan-muatannya di awal dan di akhir haruslah tetap.

This study illustrates why it is physically impossible that LIGO's interferometers can really detect motions whose order of magnitude should be – as expected-10-19 meters (1/10,000 the size of a proton). And finally it shows why gravity – as linked to the universal inertia according to the Mach's Principle-does not need any wave/energy to instantaneously synchronize.

In the last century, a small minority of physicists considered a hypothetical binary logarithmic connection between the large and the small constants of physics, which also implies a base-2 power law (Fürth, 1929; Eddington, 1938; Teller, 1948; Salam, 1970; Bastin, 1971; Sirag, 1980, 1983; Sanchez, Kotov and Bizouard, 2009, 2011, 2012; Kritov, 2013). This paper brings to attention a plausible triple electro-gravito-informational significance of the fine structure constant, with its implications in a plausible four fields unification pattern at Planck scales and the existence of life forms in our universe: this triple significance is based on the existence of a unifying global scaling factor of nature which appears in a hypothetical fine tuning of both big G magnitude and all the non-zero rest masses of the all the elementary particles in the Standard Model. Furthermore, this paper also proposes dimensional relativity hypothesis (DRH) stating that the 3D appearance of space (or the 4D nature of spacetime) may be actually explained by the relative magnitude of the photon quantum (angular) momentum (and the hypothetical graviton quantum momentum respectively) and this global scaling factor (GSF): DRH also includes a generalized electrograviton model (EGM) for any hypothetical graviton. This paper also proposes a set of strong (and very strong) gravity constants and a gravitational field varying with the energy (and length) scale, all with potential importance in the unification of the four fundamental fields. Each of these hypotheses is a potential update for the Standard Model of particle physics.

Keywords: fine structure constant with triple electro-gravito-informational significance; unifying global scaling factor of nature; four fields unification; the Standard Model of particle physics; dimensional relativity hypothesis; electrograviton model; life forms

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Книга представляет собой краткое изложение решения космологических проблем. В книге решена проблема устойчивости и нехватки массы в галактиках, огромных скоростей галактических кластеров. Найден закон формирования фундаментальных констант, закон нелинейного расширения Вселенной, закон гравитационного взаимодействия.

We consider the Universe deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, the Universe is filled with inhomogeneously distributed discrete structures (galaxies, groups and clusters of galaxies), which perturb the background Friedmann model. Here, the mechanical approach (Eingorn & Zhuk, 2012) is the most appropriate to describe the dynamics of the inhomogeneities which is defined, on the one hand, by gravitational potentials of inhomogeneities and, on the other hand, by the cosmological expansion of the Universe. In this paper, we present additional arguments in favor of this approach. First, we estimate the size of the cell of uniformity. With the help of the standard methods of statistical physics and for the galaxies of the type of the Milky Way and Andromeda, we get that it is of the order of 190 Mpc which is rather close to observations. Then, we show that the nonrelativistic approximation (with respect to the peculiar velocities) is valid for $z \lesssim 10$, i.e. approximately for 13 billion years from the present moment. We consider scalar perturbations and, within the $\Lambda$CDM model, justify the main equations. Moreover, we demonstrate that radiation can be naturally incorporated into our scheme. This emphasizes the viability of our approach. This approach gives a possibility to analyze different cosmological models and compare them with the observable Universe. For example, we indicate some problematic aspects of the spatially flat models. Such models require a rather specific distribution of the inhomogeneities to get a finite potential at any points outside gravitating masses. We also criticize the application of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution to the description of the motion of test bodies on the cosmological background.

In this paper the authors wish to introduce an application of the gravity model through a concrete example. In their investigation the gravity model was transformed to analyse the impact of accessibility in a way, that not only the size of gravitational forces but their direction can also be measured. Displacements were illustrated by a bi-dimensional regression. The aim of this paper to give a new perspective to the investigation of spatial structure through a Hungarian example. This makes easier the transport planning and land development modeling. In our work accessibility analysis, gravity modeling, bi-dimensional regression calculations and GIS visualization were performed.

A theory of everything , or, grand unified theory (which Einstein had been working on without success, with Superstring Theory now being a good candidate), is one which unites all the forces of nature, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. Important as this theory might be, it is
lacking in one important fundamental aspect, viz., the role of consciousness, which could in fact be considered the most fundamental aspect of physics. This paper explains that a theory of consciousness is more important than a theory of everything or grand unified theory and should be the theory of everything instead, or, at least, a part of the theory of everything.

In this paper we introduce gravitomagnetic field equations into the investigation of gravitomagnetlc effects on a superconductor. We point out that in the absence of an applied magnetic field, an applied gravitomagnetic field will induce twin currents, gravitational and electric supercurrents. The latter will create a magnetic field. The slightly modified Josephson, London, and London-type gravitomagnetic equations are obtained. Some applications of these equations are discussed.

The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object.

Mass and the amp meter are equivalent. As a result of this I will demonstrate that gravity is a result of magnetism due to the magnetic fields of the particles associated with matter(protons, neutrons, and electrons). Their magnetic fields, particularly the one of the electron since it is much larger than the other two gives a value when plugged into the proper magnetic field equation that matches the acceleration of gravity at Earth's surface. Objections that magnetism is responsible for gravity are expected. Therefore, I will deal with the two main objections raised that seem to imply that magnetism couldn't be responsible for gravity immediately after the calculated result. The first objection deals with the inverse square law and the second deals with the monopole nature of gravity. After answering the objections, I will demonstrate the meaning of the gravitational constant as it relates to magnetic units and further support that mass and the amp meter are equivalent.

This paper describes theoretical work done in an attempt to find a physical mechanism for the gravitational and electric forces. This work demonstrates how both forces can be described as acoustic radiation forces (Bjerknes forces) which exist in a vacuum with fluid properties. Vacuum parameters are derived for use in both Bjerknes force equations to demonstrate the equivalency of these equations to Newton’s gravitational force law and Coulomb’s law.

This book is a thought came to my mind recently about a question of what will happen if I changed my mathematical derivations? Will I come to the same result or something could be big deal and bigger than my present works?
So I searched to certain point that I can change it without change or alter my idea or my procedures that I adopted. So I came up to these equations,
dU/dt=(c^3/4GM) ((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM-1)^(1/2) e^(((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM) )  sinh⁡((c^3 t)/4GM)
dV/dt=(c^3/4GM) ((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM-1)^(1/2) e^(((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM) )  cosh⁡((c^3 t)/4GM)
Which were the start point on my book 8th episode and former books. In these equations I did derivation respect to the time, then I asked, what about derivation respect to the radius instead of time? What will happen if I related anything to radius? I began on this book with these equations:
dU/dr=〖 c〗^4/(8G^2 M^2 ) ((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM-1)^(-1/2) e^(((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM) )  sinh⁡((c^3 t)/4GM)
dV/dr=〖 c〗^4/(8G^2 M^2 ) ((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM-1)^(-1/2) e^(((〖 c〗^2 r)/2GM) )  cosh⁡((c^3 t)/4GM)
The results must carry most of Ali’s theory features like: De Sitter space, exponential energy patterns, strange momentum, symmetry breaking and emerging of dimensions and masses, and Ali’s law for space symmetry.
Until now I don’t know the usefulness of these different results but I will know because I followed my steps that I did for time but here I do for radius.
Maybe time is naturally changed so my previous results agreed with experiments, but here I deal with time flow rate which is inverse of time dilation, and here, first of all, I found that the high momentum in De Sitter equation resulted of the hugeness of time flow rate that breaks the law of light speed, and the mass exist to correct it. I think our universe’s vacuum and the huge empty space works entirely at the opposite of Einstein laws of relativity and one of the resultant of that is the exponential expansion later on. Thus I am sure in future there will be many explorations and discoveries that agreed with the results of this book.
#Ali_Yousif_Hassan_Edriss

In this paper we show that Riemann's function (xi), involving the Riemann's (zeta) function, is holomorphic and is expressed as a convergent infinite polynomial product in relation to their zeros and their conjugates. Our work will be done on the critical band in which non-trivial zeros exist. Our approach is to use the properties of power series and infinite product decomposition of holomorphic functions. We take inspiration from the Weierstrass method to construct an infinite product model which is convergent and whose zeros are the zeros of the zeta function. By applying the symetric functional equation of the xi function we deduce a relation between each zero of the function xi and its conjugate. Because of the convergence of the infinite product, and that the elementary polynomials of the second degree of this same product are irreducible into the complex set, then this relation is well determined. The apparent simplicity of the reasoning is based on the fundamental theorems of Hadamard and Mittag-Leffler. We obtain the sought result: the real part of all zeros is equal to ½. This article proves that the Riemann' hypothesis is true. Our perspectives for a next article are to apply this method to Dirichlet series, as a generalization of the Riemann function.