Observational Cosmology

We present optical lightcurves of the gravitationally lensed components A (=A1+A2+A3) and B of the quadruple quasar RX J0911.4+0551 (z = 2.80). The observations were primarily obtained at the Nordic Optical Telescope between 1997 March and 2001 April and consist of 74 I-band data points for each component. The data allow the measurement of a time delay of 146 +- 8 days (2 sigma) between A and B, with B as the leading component. This value is significantly shorter than that predicted from simple models and indicates a very large external shear. Mass models including the main lens galaxy and the surrounding massive cluster of galaxies at z = 0.77, responsible for the external shear, yield H_0 = 71 +- 4 (random, 2 sigma) +- 8 (systematic) km/s/Mpc. The systematic model uncertainty is governed by the surface-mass density (convergence) at the location of the multiple images.

Another recent paper 'Mach's Principle and its connection with Inertia, Gravitation and Dark Matter' described how dark matter is more likely to be a gravitational effect rather than brought about by a halo of dark particles surrounding spiral galaxies on the assumption that the universe is closed and finite. The paper further explored the connection between Mach's principle and inertia to give a rationale for the operation of gravitation provided that this closed universe is expanding, and mentioned that this would also provide a basis of explanation for the passage of time and also a  possible function for the existence of black holes. The latter two issues were not described but are now covered in this follow up paper.

With reference to Wheeler and Feynman's Absorber theory,  an assumption is made that the rim of the resulting bounded and spherical universe is expanding at light speed which mediates the behaviour of all EM radiation within to duplicate the action of the singular rim. For the latter, time will not exist  at light speed but time will start to increase from zero the further within the sphere. The resulting conclusion is that the passage of time within the universe is governed by and directly related to the rate of its expansion. Speculation is made of the possible function of black holes in their possible capacity for storage of mass/energy to control the rate of expansion of the universe and hence the passing of time.

We obtained a relation that indicates the dependence of distance modulus Dm on the redshift and deceleration parameter of the universe using the luminosity distance for universe without spatial curvature. This was obtained using the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. The look back in time was also obtained from the second order Taylor expansion series of the cosmic scale factor. We employed the relation obtained, in estimating the age and the radius of the universe from our determined Hubble constant. Using 1210 sources with observed distance modulus and redshift obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Extragalactic Database (NED). We constrain the age of the universe to 15.78 +/- 0.42 billion years old and our result suggests that the universe is currently accelerating and dominated by vacuum energy with q0 = -1.

The so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ is not Schwarzschild’s solution, but a corruption, due to David Hilbert (December 1916), of the Schwarzschild/Droste solution, wherein m is allegedly the mass of the source of an associated gravitational field and the quantity r is said to be able to go down to zero (although no proof of this claim has ever been advanced), so that there are two alleged ‘singularities’, one at r = 2m and another at r = 0. It is routinely claimed that r = 2m is a ‘coordinate’ or ‘removable’ singularity which denotes the so-called ‘Schwarzschild radius’ (event horizon) and that a ‘physical’ singularity is at r = 0. The quantity r in the so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ has never been rightly identified by the physicists, who, although proposing many and varied concepts for what r denotes, effectively treat it as a radial distance from a source of the gravitational field at the origin of coordinates. The consequence of this is that the intrinsic geometry of the metric manifold has been violated. It is easily proven that the said quantity r is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the ‘Schwarzschild solution’ and so does not in itself define any distance whatsoever in the that manifold. With the correct identification of the associated Gaussian curvature it is also easily proven that there is only one singularity associated with all Schwarzschild metrics, of which there is an infinite number that are equivalent. Thus, the standard removal of the singularity at r = 2m is, in a very real sense, removal of the wrong singularity, very simply demonstrated herein. In addition, the ‘field equations’ Rμν = 0 define a spacetime that contains no matter, and since the ‘Principle of Superposition’ does not apply in General Relativity, it is impossible for Schwarzschild black holes to persist and mutually interact in a mutual spacetime that by construction contains no matter. Consequently, there are no black holes associated with the equations Rμν = 0 and therefore no related gravitational waves.

In accordance to studies by G.S.Hawkins, the author of this paper continued decoding of ancient monument Stonehenge in Great Britain. The method of decoding by J.-F.Champollion was used with success. The author discovered mathematical code and several images which look like Egyptian hieroglyphs. The author worked out the vocabulary of Stonehenge. It became possible to decode several words and short message with the help of the vocabulary. Mathematical theory of Hydrogen atom and atomic mass (1.0079...) were coded in Stonehenge. A part of message looks like the phrase: "Eternally living Atom". Where Atom (or Atum) is well-known name of Egyptian solar god. Also knowledge of partial differential equations is demonstrated by builders of Stonehenge. The author considers that Stonehenge was distant Egyptian solar temple and ancient center of science and higher education simultaneously. Probably Stonehenge was used for military purposes and for forecasting of results of wars with the help of mathematical modeling too. It explains military power of ancient Egypt. Also the author describes process of building of Stonehenge with the method of hydraulics.

Many scientists believe that any true unification theory of physics must include a concept of consciousness as well as a model for the mind that interprets our three-dimensionally biased and limited sensations of the external physical/material world. And, that number is growing. The single field theory goes even further than that, in fact, well beyond the simple notion of mind and consciousness as mere human bound perceivers and interpreters of the external material/physical world by placing the physical origin of consciousness within every geometrical point in the universe itself. Some higher level permanent ‘pattern’ structure must be at work in the background of mind to lend more than temporary stability and even ‘permanence’ to the electrical field patterns that constitute the action of mind, since mind, as such, is ephemeral and would disappear (decohere or destabilize) after a few moments as individual electrical potentials neutralized or canceled each other out, positive for ...

This thesis compiles the results of six works which deal with - inflationary model building and estimation of cosmological parameters from various field theoretic setup, quantification of reheating temperature, studies of leptogenesis in braneworld and estimation of primordial non-Gaussianity from ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity using $\delta N$ formalism.

We start our discussion with exploring the possibility of
MSSM inflation in the light of recent observed data from various D -flat directions using the saddle and inflection point techniques. The effective inflaton potential around saddle point and inflection point have been utilized in estimating the observable parameters and confronting them with WMAP7 and Planck dataset.


Next we explore the possibility of inflation from the five dimensional ${\cal N}=2$ supergravity setup by deriving the effective potential in the context of Randall-Sundrum like braneworld model and Dirac Bonn Infeld Galileon. After deriving an four dimensional effective potential, we obtain the inflationary observables from both the scenarios and confront them with the  WMAP7 data. Further we fit the CMB angular power spectra from TT anisotropy and other polarization data obtained from WMAP7.

Further, we discuss the non-trivial features of reheating from supergravity inspired braneworld model, where the results are to some extent different from that of the usual low energy General Relativistic counterpart, because of the modified Friedmann equations in this setup. We explicitly derive the analytical expressions for the reheating temperature and further solve the evolution equation of the number density of thermal gravitino which results in the gravitino abundance.


Finally, we study the primordial non-Gaussian features using $\delta N$ formalism of unavoidable higher dimensional non-renormalizable K\"ahler operators for ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity framework.In particular we study the nonlinear evolution of cosmological perturbations on large scales which enable us to compute the curvature perturbation,  without solving the exact perturbed field equations.Hence we compute the various non-Gaussian parameters for local type of non-Gaussianities,
for a generic class of sub-Planckian models dominated by the Hubble-induced corrections.

ESTUDIO PRELIMINARY WORLD’ MENTAL HEALTH VERSION IV
                                                                                            ABSTRAI  TITULO I               
Implement Cog-CI Assisted Medicinal (CAM) for Professionals in General Health and Mental Health especially in underserved areas.
I Introduction
From, our collaboration, this large-meta- analysis of scientific data, about six thousand articles, reports, experiences, clinical as RCT, experimental and research in geographical areas, nations and international national and especially in terms of specialties and lesions learned in various clinical, epidemiological and specific disorders of multiple disciplines mentioned fields; usually sourced from specialized institutions (Bibliography. Annex VIII and VII, and 18 numerals about 1778 cites) based on medical evidence in mental health status; for studding actual situation. Without neglecting any line, paragraph.
II] This led us to study this entire Report of the Pre -Analysis and Systems Theory and establish resources and existing data (Appendix I) to thereby be able to know that data and resources we have at the moment and what resources we will need, research, develop and implement based on Cogn - Medicine and Telemedicine in telecommunication site or in sub - served areas. II) Develop and implement a telecommunication system with existing digital resources and research to help professionals to handle a larger number of existing Mental Disorders and include educational methods of the same digital techniques; with pragmatic view of digital technical interaction and human resources or Human Computer Interaction Power to Medicine (Cog-HCI -CAM)
III] Cognition and Human Computer Interface. (Cog-HCI.) Actually beginning trial applies in various fields of clinical medicine consultation. As we will see to eradicate the scourge of most universal pandemic that is about fifty to seven percent (60 %) greater than the sum of all biological chronic diseases. (Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues 2005) (Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues 2005 Lifetime Prevalence and Age -of- Onset Distributions of DSM -IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication) (Annex VII, Numeral 13.  Epidemiology.). Additional the link to the World Health Organization (WHO) in Abstract part II) do not give the huge citations because as you can see disturbs exposure while making your number, occupy much space. (There have been 120 pages of Annex VII and much more don’t cited over several hundred) Why because the bibliographic citations are classified by topics in annexes. This really has been with the intension to highlight many fields of science that could be together in a single profession; but in a sense they can be treated as a specialty by reality grounds must be treated by multiple science teams; because we have to do this preliminary study Vision Systems Project, where nothing is isolated. In second we doing synopsis Abstrac II, to see overview general aspects we have to work.
1) Abstract. In this give an idea of techniques to develop and / or consolidate existing knowledge in other fields. 2) Abstrac II We address the issue of Prevention & Education for Multi - Contextual Human Relations; (See: Score and Annex II) Paragraph VIII) Preconception levels, antenatal, post-natal, children, school, university, Pre, special education, continuing education, up to maturity ( Preferably parents, families , educators and collective sets. 3) Investigate and develop advanced technologies and " pop " to the fields of Mental Health people. 4) Investigate and evaluate existing systems (Annex I) Overall Health of existing technologies and the possibility of scalability. A preliminary outline of necessary data is published at the end of this Abstract I.
III] In presenting this thesis and objectives, we suggest some possible methods and arguments; Abstract explained in Part II (Tittle II) in summary and references, reports, bibliographies and accredited scientific articles that demonstrate the Universal Pandemic and not cited all but a part. (18 Paragraphs: Annex VII), Because if we write all be over 600 pages) given the substantial literature reviewed. Infer and deduce, from logic and scientific knowledge, and argued from the reports of the numerous citations directly related and institutions - World origin, International, Regional and National - with very extensive experience in General Health and very Mental Health especially where natural concern and persistently work; And we conclude that we have lived with Major Mental Universal Pandemic. (Annex IV and VII with Paragraphs 18 Citation) [02] Equally there is a Pandemic Pre- Historic Toxic-Drug. (See: Annex IV and Numeral 17 quotes, Annex VII) (Jean Louis Brau 1974.) (Antonio Escohotado.1989.) (Frank Dikötter Lars Peter Laamann; Xun Zhou.2004) (Lydia Mez -Mangold 1984.) Properly cited according to international standards in each Numeral. (WHO. Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Sixteenth report. Technical report series. No. 407. Geneva) all citations are in ANNEX VII proper cited.
V] A Pre - Pandemic Historica motivations of our Human Irrationality. (Novel Eric Kendal. April. 1999.) (See Annex IV) (Arnold Toynbee.1955.) (Diamond Jared. 2112.) (J. Roberts. 2013) (Arthur Demarest. 1988. ) ( E. Gibbon . 1878, 2nd eds, vol 4 1909 ) (John P Ogalde et al. 2009) Even existing. See more in numeral 17). On history some quotes that deduce or infer, factual historic it is not from Mental Health Humane and expression from Eric Kendal Novel, 1999 and 2000, about “motivations of our Human Irrationality.” This is from Psiquiatric and historians are not psychiatric.  We have not "fallen into account"; embedded in our occupations and our bustling through life and “Stigma and Superstition" that almost took as an "unconscious archetype" in our minds. (Annex. IV, Part 3 ) Those it is how a book “Horror by History” by Juan Liscano, Historian and poet. 1971. We cannot nothing to talk about how man young, never see this reality; if we don’t work about mental health and reading history, we to never take account those point view.
But if we go slowly reading little phrases in history; we want to say how (DC Hillman. 2008. Op. Ct.); “… This tradition of drug use have largely unwritten history by scholars and historians, who have contributed their own moral perspectives to texts...”  To the point of thinking that could alter states of consciousness, have generated new ways of thinking ... ““…Formal Moral Judgment in Superior aesthetic art, literature, philosophy and ancient development thinking humanity.... This last are write in XVIII AND XIX Siècle, By Kant and Tolstoy. Those write history from morals point view; maybe don’ts see our proper birth of our psycho-culture individual case of each writer. In Gibbons we see clearing the beginning that sentence I Gibbon "licentious fury was the first symptom and the first cause of the decline of the Roman Empire… "
Gibbon: The Romans adopted these drugs for recreational use and licentious due to the ease of obtaining them through trade ... there was a disastrous period of time before and after the fall…”
VI] Just to forward some reference data, a few prestigious institutions, the United Nations (UN ) such as the World Health Organization; (WHO ), the World Organization of Family Doctors WONCA ; in WHO  [http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/int/icidh/whodas/index.html] [ gabriel.ivbijaro @ gmail.com ] ) and numerous important other organizations, regional or country, dealing vehement, Universal Pandemic as statistics give a very high percentage - up forty percent ( Estimated as estimated world average : 40% by down.) of the global population - in all countries of our globe - high , medium-high. Medium-low and low income "per capita ".  (About 2,400 millions.)
Almost no exceptions in high-income or low countries, with figures of around forty ( 40 %) to fifty ( 50 %)  percent of the population in many regions and countries - there are exceptions - but not stop be the most startling and amazing Universal Pandemic, greater than  50 %the sum of all chronic biological diseases. But if you read the report from WHO, 60 % those going to PHP. Source WHO. We may infer that mental health is mayor pandemic over 60 %. (Kessler and colleagues 2005 and others.) (See: Bibliography in Annex V and VII, Paragraph 7) and Stressful Contextual Factors; even illegal, hidden and secret drug with little statistics, odds increase (see Annex IV) (Moises Nain. 2006)
Definition of Mental Health, therefore, in the normal human: Part II: Abstract II Numeral IV]

60 % in primary level; (PHS) the people going for biologic illness, but true is somatoform; addition before data, sum more losses, these are around Trillion (Quadrillion colloquially) global annual $; (See Annex VII, Numeral -13.) About the several times what over Gross World Product, (GPI.) 60 Billion. (Trillions in colloquial language. ) (GPI Mundial.org/2011 Bank ®) In another sense, an estimated one hundred and more million, figures of necessary, only psychiatrists, Neurologists and psychologists..

VIII] Posterior examined in another meta- analysis "State Of Digital Art” - for the use of healthcare professionals - with tips and techniques emerging Cogn.-HCl, MRS -I Online , MAASS joint venture with Humana , HHMM - Fused , and Cog- HCI and ACM ( Computer Assisted Medical. ) in ACP (Assists Computing in Psychiatry or psychology.) etc. (See: Dating Annex VII, Number 5). Acknowledgments. We did not have any economic support. However, those props enthusiasm that we receive; independent of human benefit the end, we were encouraged in this lengthy task. Do not have commitments to anyone or partners.

Recent developments within phenomenology have brought to light the indebtedness of phenomenological scientific philosophy to Ancient Greek philosophy. The recent trend that builds on the ancient precedents found in the theories of forms, for example, has demonstrated the importance of the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle for contemporary manifestations of the development of phenomenological eidetic science. This thesis builds on three parallel developments in the phenomenology of time that equally indicate the significance of the ancient Hellenic exact mathematical science of spherical cosmology for the further propagation of phenomenological philosophy. The hypothesis of the infinite sphere gives phenomenology an external foundation capable of accounting for the constitution of the phenomenal universe, possible worlds, and the harmonic continuum of life spanning the inner and outer cosmos. Phenomenological cosmology offers a unified metaphysical framework for first philosophy and the special sciences, with particularly interesting implications for empirical cosmology and theoretical physics. Phenomenology of the spheres brings these phenomenological cosmological insights together in the geometric comprehension of the infinite sphere.

Nearly three decades ago, a physical anomaly that should have shaken physics to its very foundations was observed: The galaxy rotation problem. The new concept of Cold Dark Matter was invoked to explain this anomaly. Alternative explanations such as Modified Newtonian Dynamics and models utilizing specific variations in Newton’s Universal Gravitational Constant have been proposed, but altering the basis of Newtonian physics by adding fudge factors to the laws of motion and/or gravity are aesthetically displeasing as well as completely unnecessary. The problem has been further complicated by the recent discovery of Dark Energy, which must be related to Dark Matter at some fundamental level. Both the Dark Matter halo that surrounds galaxies and the Dark Energy that seems to be propelling expansion in the universe at an increasing pace can be easily explained if scientists are willing to accept the physical reality of a fourth dimension of space, which amounts to a fifth dimension of space-time. Although space-like, this new dimension is uniquely different from the normal three dimensions of space. This solution may seem radical, but there is ample evidence in other areas of physics to support the existence of a fourth spatial dimension. What is commonly called Dark Matter is no more nor less than an extrinsic curvature of common space-time that is not directly associated with local matter, but is instead a local variation in the total or global curvature of the universe induced by nearby matter. 

Keywords: galactic rotation problem, halo, Dark Matter, CDM, HDM, Dark Energy, General Relativity, Kaluza, five-dimensional, fourth dimension, MOND, Modified Gravity, Randall-Sundrum, Branes, space-time, curvature

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades, implying that the universe is dominated by some form of "dark energy" with exotic physical properties, or that Einstein's theory of gravity breaks down on cosmological scales. The profound implications of cosmic acceleration have inspired ambitious experimental efforts to measure the history of expansion and growth of structure with percent-level precision or higher. We review in detail the four most well established methods for making such measurements: Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clusters. We pay particular attention to the systematic uncertainties in these techniques and to strategies for controlling them at the level needed to exploit "Stage IV" dark energy facilities such as BigBOSS, LSST, Euclid, and WFIRST. We briefly review a number of other approaches including redshift-space distortions, the Alcock-Paczynski test, and direct measurements of H_0. We present extensive forecasts for constraints on the dark energy equation of state and parameterized deviations from GR, achievable with Stage III and Stage IV experimental programs that incorporate supernovae, BAO, weak lensing, and CMB data. We also show the level of precision required for other methods to provide constraints competitive with those of these fiducial programs. We emphasize the value of a balanced program that employs several of the most powerful methods in combination, both to cross-check systematic uncertainties and to take advantage of complementary information. Surveys to probe cosmic acceleration produce data sets with broad applications, and they continue the longstanding astronomical tradition of mapping the universe in ever greater detail over ever larger scales.

The phenomenon of conscious creation of our realities has been discussed with particular reference to three fundamental quantum mechanics theories known as the Schrodinger Cat Experiment (and its interpretation attributed to Copenhagen), the Many Worlds Theory, and the Young's so-called Double-Slit Experiment. It is elucidated that contrary to our common belief that the macroscopic world pre-exists and has a set reality, as far as the position in time and space is concerned, the quantum mechanics asserts that the position of a particle at the quantum state cannot be determined unless a "measurement" of its position is made. More, specifically the position of a particle in space is defined as a quantum wave function that predicts the probability of a position and not it's certain location. Furthermore, it is clarified that, in reality, the fundamental constituents of matter, the electrons, protons, etc. can have two distinct states of existence: particle and wave forms. While the particulate representation of the constituents of matter within the classical macroscopic theory gives the impression of 'existing' at a particular point in space and time, the wave representation asserts an uncertainty of location (known as "superposition'') at any point in the continuum of time and space, until the entity is 'observed.' In this regard, it ascertains that the act of observation affects the position and the energy of a particle. Therefore, an observer is the most important part of a quantum experiment. And, no observation or 'measurement' can be conducted without sentient consciousness. Thus, it is, ultimately, the consciousness that creates the reality behind positioning of any entity in a continuum of time and space. Simply put, quantities only become actual when they are observed consciously. Particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.) as well as we, pop in and out of existence constantly. And, the destinations are what we refer to as the 'parallel dimensions.' In conclusion, the author strongly agrees with the Physicist David Deutsch's argument in his book The Fabric of Reality that the double-slit experiment is evidence for the many-worlds interpretation, thus testifying to the author's assessment that consciousness is a discrete, quantum, and multidimensional phenomenon.

In the last paragraph of a Hanwkan Center journal article, Archeoastronomy Investigations on Petroform Sites in the Mid-Continent of North America:  A Common Sense Approach with Commentary (Part 1),  I stated that the next Part (2) “… will address practical astronomy, the apparent cycles of the sun and moon, the stars, applied methodologies at petroform sites and how all may not be what it seems when viewed through the lens of time and a differing cultural base.”  Therefore, Part 2: Practical or ‘Naked-Eye’ Astronomy, will, as promised, concentrate on the practical, real world astronomy experience gained in the field over almost half a century of un-aided or ‘naked-eye’ observations of the sun, moon and night sky.  In addition, limits on what is humanly possible will be included together with personal comments and advice garnered after a quarter of a century actively investigating archeoastronomy sites in the mid-continent of North America.

This treatise is, in general, a story of the evolution of two physical concepts…the constant transmission velocity of light and the varying motions of matter. It is also a fascinating story of the scientific confusion that evolved from trying to relate these two very different phenomena, which ultimately resulted in Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity and other mathematical theories. Such confusion was then greatly enhanced and proliferated by Special Relativity, and it continues to this day.

Many scientists believe that any true unification theory of physics must include a concept of consciousness as well as a model for the mind that interprets our three-dimensionally biased and limited sensations of the external physical/material world. And, that number is growing. The single field theory goes even further than that, in fact, well beyond the simple notion of mind and consciousness as mere human bound perceivers and interpreters of the external material/physical world by placing the physical origin of consciousness within every geometrical point in the universe itself. Although full blown consciousness itself is not everywhere in the three-dimensional universe–it is not a property of every bit of matter we observe or event that we detect–the universal will for consciousness to emerge in all forms of life is everywhere, point-by-point in the universe. This physical model of creation clearly demonstrates that the precursors to our experience of consciousness are fundamental elements and active participants in creating the physical world that we perceive and scientifically interpret through the evolution, revolution and application of physics and science.

This piece is particularly focused on Karlheinz Stockhausen's compositions "Ceylon" and "Bird of Passage" which were presented together on one album by Chrysalis Records in 1975, when I was fifteen.  I did not buy the album until I was 18, as far as I remember, and certainly did not understand its subtle synthetic speech patterns and 'cryptography' (of a form I would call 'steganographic' -- meaning 'hidden in plain view').  Ordinarily, one does not expect to receive 'psychic' messages from a record album composed by someone who the percipient does not recall ever having met. 

Stockhausen, however, claimed to be an extraterrestrial, as well as a psychic, and there certainly does appear to be evidence of Information from the future in this music, which could not possibly have been known by a 'normal' human.  In specific, Stockhausen mentions three of my future girlfriends, long prior to my having met them, and also mentions Reagan (i.e. Ronald Reagan) as a future President.

It is clear to me that the music is about Information derived from Time-travel or Superluminal Travel (perhaps to be expected from extraterrestrials, as Stockhausen claimed to be).  The problem/issue of time-travel is that it also potentially engenders a duplicate self (i.e., "doppelganger") via time-travel to the past.

Was I really involved in CIA time-travel experiments as a child?  I do not know, although I suspect so, and I appear to have such memories, and there do appear to be witnesses, such as Andrew Basiago, who claim similar events in their lives.  Perhaps one day, by investigating this phenomenon thoroughly, and not casting inappropriate skepticism towards well-documented and carefully thought-out analyses, we will learn the truth.

In the History of 'Doppelganger' literature (a term invented by Jean-Paul Richter in his novel "Siebenkas"), examples like "Dorian Grey" and his portrait, "Jekyll and Hyde",  Faust and Mephistopheles, etc. have already been made well-known.  In other words, the Doppelganger need not necessarily be 'indiscernibly identical' in the terms of Leibnitz.

However, referencing David Wiggins' text "Identity and Spatio-Temporal Continuity", a lecture on which by the author I attended at Princeton University, sitting next to Saul Kripke himself, I would suggest that Doppelgangers are actually spatio-temporally discontinuous (at least in some cases) with the 'Selves' that they emulate.  In my particular case, I would say that this rather paranormal phenomenon is definitely both (1) real, at least auditorily, and (2) an example of a discontinuous identity with the same name and some similar qualities [i.e., probably from a parallel universe].

Too many physicists believe the ‘phallacy’ that the quantum is more fundamental than relativity without any valid supporting evidence, so the earliest attempts to unify physics based on the continuity of relativity have been all but abandoned. This belief is probably due to the wealth of pro-quantum propaganda and general ‘phallacies in fysics’ that were spread during the second quarter of the twentieth century, although serious ‘phallacies’ exist throughout physics on both sides of the debate. Yet both approaches are basically flawed because both relativity and the quantum theory are incomplete and grossly misunderstood as they now stand. Had either side of the quantum versus relativity controversy sought common ground between the two worldviews, total unification would have been accomplished long ago. The point is, literally, that the discrete quantum, continuous relativity, basic physical geometry, theoretical mathematics and classical physics all share one common characteristic that has never been fully explored or explained – a paradoxical duality between a dimensionless point (discrete) and an extended length (continuity) in any dimension – and if the problem of unification is approached from an understanding of how this paradox relates to each paradigm, all of physics and indeed all of science could be unified under a single new theoretical paradigm.

Keywords: unification, single field theory, unified field theory, quantized space-time, five-dimensional space-time, quantum,  relativity, hidden variables, Einstein, Kaluza, Klein, Clifford

Hot on the tail of our paper "Origins of Standing Stone Astronomy in Britain: Callanish  and Stenness" (with new quantitative techniques for the study of  archaeoastronomy), come our newest findings on the application of our 3D landscape software, assisting us in the determination of astronomical connections of stone circles and places in which they are chosen to be erected. This time in ENGLAND and WALES.

Abstract (Higginbottom and Clay):
ABSTRACT: It has already been empirically verified that for many Bronze Age monuments erected in the Late Bronze Age of Scotland, there was a concerted effort on behalf of the builders to align their monuments to astronomical bodies on the horizon. It has also been found that there are two common sets of complex landscape and astronomical patternings, combining specific horizon qualities (like distance and elevation) with the rising and setting points of particular astronomical phenomena. However, it has only been very recently demonstrated by us that that the visible astronomical-landscape variables found at Bronze Age sites on the inner isles and mainland of western Scotland were first established nearly two millennia earlier, with the erection of the mooted first standing-stone 'great circles' in Britain: Callanish and Stenness of Scotland. In this paper we demonstrate our preliminary assessment on the connection between the monuments examined by us to date and the large Late Neolithic circles south of Scotland, namely those of Castlerigg and Swinside in Cumbria, England and Druids Circle in Gwenydd, Wales.

An article by Sabine Hossenfelder and Stacey S. McGaugh, titled “Is Dark Matter Real?’, has just appeared in the August 2018 issue of Scientific American.  Every physicist, astronomer, astrophysicist and cosmologist as well as everyone interested in science needs to read this article because it portends one of the greatest scientific advances in several hundred years, the complete unification of physics and science in general. Due to new observational evidence in astronomy, they have concluded that “Astrophysicists have piled up observations that are difficult to explain with dark matter. It is time to consider that there may be more to gravity than Einstein taught us.” But they have understated the case.

In effect, the new observational data found by McGaugh and an international group of astronomers simply shows that specifically designated dark matter particles do not exist, so the supposed dark matter halos around spiral galaxies do not exist and the rotational speed discrepancies in galaxy orbiting stars and star systems that go unaccounted for by normal gravity are, in fact, due to a secondary effect of normal matter within the galaxy. This finding not only challenges the present theories of gravity (Newtonian and Einsteinian), which it demonstrates are incomplete, it also blows some big logical holes in the fundamentality of the quantum theory, the Standard Model of point-particles and quantum field theories in general that seem to rule the world of modern theoretical physics. Given other recent confirmations of Einstein’s general relativity, found mostly in the detection of gravitational waves that Einstein predicted a century ago, relativity theory seems on the ascendancy and quantum theory is falling behind. The time for a unified field theory that combines the best of both of these paradigms is at hand.

In this work, we have developed an elegant algorithm to study the cosmological consequences from a huge class of quantum field theories (i.e. superstring theory, supergrav-ity, extra dimensional theory, modified gravity etc.), which are equivalently described by soft attractors in the effective field theory framework. In this description we have restricted our analysis for two scalar fields-dilaton and Higgsotic fields minimally coupled with Einstein gravity, which can be generalized for any arbitrary number of scalar field contents with generalized non-canonical and non-minimal interactions. We have explicitly used R 2 gravity, from which we have studied the attractor and non-attractor phase by exactly computing two point, three point and four point correlation functions from scalar fluctuations using In-In (Schwinger-Keldysh) and δN formalism. We have also presented theoretical bounds on the amplitude, tilt and running of the primordial power spectrum, various shapes (equilateral, squeezed, folded kite or counter collinear) of the amplitude as obtained from three and four point scalar functions, which are consistent with observed data. Also the results from two point tensor fluctuations and field excursion formula are explicitly presented for attractor and non-attractor phase. Further, reheating constraints, scale dependent behaviour of the couplings and the dynamical solution for the dilaton and Higgsotic fields are also presented. New sets of consistency relations between two, three and four point observables are also presented, which shows significant deviation from canonical slow roll models. Additionally, three possible theoretical proposals have presented to overcome the tachyonic instability at the time of late time acceleration. Finally, we have also provided the bulk interpretation from the three and four point scalar correlation functions for completeness.

We consider the Universe deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, the Universe is filled with inhomogeneously distributed discrete structures (galaxies, groups and clusters of galaxies), which perturb the background Friedmann model. Here, the mechanical approach (Eingorn & Zhuk, 2012) is the most appropriate to describe the dynamics of the inhomogeneities which is defined, on the one hand, by gravitational potentials of inhomogeneities and, on the other hand, by the cosmological expansion of the Universe. In this paper, we present additional arguments in favor of this approach. First, we estimate the size of the cell of uniformity. With the help of the standard methods of statistical physics and for the galaxies of the type of the Milky Way and Andromeda, we get that it is of the order of 190 Mpc which is rather close to observations. Then, we show that the nonrelativistic approximation (with respect to the peculiar velocities) is valid for $z \lesssim 10$, i.e. approximately for 13 billion years from the present moment. We consider scalar perturbations and, within the $\Lambda$CDM model, justify the main equations. Moreover, we demonstrate that radiation can be naturally incorporated into our scheme. This emphasizes the viability of our approach. This approach gives a possibility to analyze different cosmological models and compare them with the observable Universe. For example, we indicate some problematic aspects of the spatially flat models. Such models require a rather specific distribution of the inhomogeneities to get a finite potential at any points outside gravitating masses. We also criticize the application of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution to the description of the motion of test bodies on the cosmological background.

Astronomical puzzles resolved by the Tychos model and why the Copernican theory needs to be definitively discarded. The Tychos model differs from the Copernican model in numerous important aspects, which confer on it a vastly greater explanatory power. To help readers visualize these differences and their relevance to our understanding of the Solar System we inhabit, I have put together the checklist below. Each item has been exhaustively cross-verified with the observational data produced over the centuries by the world's most eminent and committed astronomers.

After the attempt to probe cosmic isotropy by Migkas et al. (2020), the problem of the correct value of H0 proves to be dramatic in canonical observational cosmology. Perhaps the research for large-scale structures needs a completely new "Cosmic Center Cosmology (CCC)", based on the acknoledgement of a rotation & expansion center, that is the center VC(α ≈ 9h , δ ≈ +30°) of the Huge Void of Bahcall & Soneira (1982). The scenario of the observed "Expansion Center Universe (ECU)" requires a Local Group (LG) motionless in the Hubble Flow (HF), which is decelerating according to the "Expansion Center Model (ECM)", whose expansion equation in 1999 ECM paper II gives H0 = 69.8 ± 2.8 km/s/Mpc, based on data of the nearby Universe by Sandage & Tammann (1975a). Note a linked parameter q0(ECM) = − H0xR0/c ≡ −0.0605 , where c = 299792.458 km/s is the light-speed and R0 ≈ 260 Mpc the LG distance from the expansion center VC at our epoch t0. The q0(ECM) value was confirmed even by the RFR z-test on 5 historic surveys, in particular by that on the G7 data (Faber et al. 1989) (cf. paper XIX). Among the many results of ECM, it is imperative to mention a cosmic age coinciding with Dirac's t0 = 1/3H0 (cf. paper III)! Independently of ECM, 3 important features of ECU are as follows: a Cosmic Dipole at 28 mean z-depths, from 0.0024 to 1.10, the SNe Ia "Magnitude Anomaly" with ∆M ≈ 1 in the mean z-depth range from 0.04 to 0.08 as a proof of cosmic rotation and the High Deceleration shown by a relativistic parameter q0(R) ∼ = +2. Coming back to the ECM nearby Universe, a new dipole anisotropy of z and T follows from a combined z-dipole having the same apex of the CMB dipole2. That is another proof of cosmic rotation and even of a likely new cosmographic scenario for CMB radiation! Lastly, a Big Crush as a Big Bang Bounced is just outlined as a CCC's implication.

Орел и решка Человека.
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Имя «зеленые человечки», носимое Пришельцами, оправданно: кожа их впрямь зелена, и цвет этот, писал Циолковский, дань пище их: как солнцем лист, они кормятся чистым Огнем и с тем есть автотрофы. Цвет серый Гостей, им второй — автотрофия та же: цвет куколки, в метаморфозе живимой не внешнею пищей, а Духом, Огнем Изнутри.

We propose a modified theory of gravitation constructed by the addition of the term f (Tµν T µν) to the Einstein-Hilbert action, and elaborate a particular case f (Tµν T µν) = α(Tµν T µν) η , where α and η are real constants, dubbed as energy-momentum powered gravity (EMPG). We search for viable cosmologies arising from EMPG especially in the context of the late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe. We investigate the ranges of the EMPG parameters (α, η) on theoretical as well as observational grounds leading to the late-time acceleration of the Universe with pressureless matter only, while keeping the successes of standard general relativity at early times. We find that η = 0 corresponds to the ΛCDM model, whereas η = 0 leads to a wCDM-type model. However, the underlying physics of the EMPG model is entirely different in the sense that the energy in the EMPG Universe is sourced by pressureless matter only. Moreover, the energy of the pressureless matter is not conserved, namely, in general it does not dilute as ρ ∝ a −3 with the expansion of the Universe. Finally, we constrain the parameters of an EMPG-based cosmology with a recent compilation of 28 Hubble parameter measurements, and find that this model describes an evolution of the Universe similar to that in the ΛCDM model. We briefly discuss that EMPG can be unified with Starobinsky gravity to describe the complete history of the Universe including the inflationary era.

It is well known that soft iron owes its transformation into steel to the addition of carbon. Carbon is the hardest substance on Earth - diamond. Carbon is the mainstay of Life on Earth, since everything living on our planet is built from it. This all means: carbon is the mainstay of our world. But find out: it is also the stronghold of the entire Universe! The mythical metal orichalcum spoken of by Plato and Tolkien's mithril are carbon, structurally superior to diamond. The Moon is made from it by the hand of God. The UFO is made from it by the hand of the Other. // Общеизвестно, что своим превращением в сталь мягкое железо обязано добавке углерода. Углеродом есть самое твердое вещество Земли — алмаз. Углерод — оплот Жизни на Земле, ибо из него на ней построено живое. Все это означает: углерод в нашем мире есть главная твердь. Но узнайте: он есть и твердь Мира! Мифичный металл орихалк, о каком рек Платон, и мифрил Толкина — это углерод, структурно высший над алмазом. Из него рукою Бога сделана Луна. Из него рукой Иного сделан НЛО.

Combining only SDSS LRG and WMAP data places robust constraints on many cosmological parameters that complement prior analyses of multiple data sets. The LRGs provide independent cross-checks on Om and the baryon fraction in good agreement with WMAP. Within the context of flat LCDM models, our LRG measurements complement WMAP by sharpening the constraints on the matter density, the neutrino density and the tensor amplitude by about a factor of two, giving Omega_m=0.24+-0.02 (1 sigma), sum m_nu < 0.9 eV (95%) and r<0.3 (95%). Baryon oscillations are clearly detected and provide a robust measurement of the comoving distance to the median survey redshift z=0.35 independent of curvature and dark energy properties. Within the LCDM framework, our power spectrum measurement improves the evidence for spatial flatness, sharpening the curvature constraint Omega_tot=1.05+-0.05 from WMAP alone to Omega_tot=1.003+-0.010. Assuming Omega_tot=1, the equation of state parameter is constrained to w=-0.94+-0.09, indicating the potential for more ambitious future LRG measurements to provide precision tests of the nature of dark energy. All these constraints are essentially independent of scales k>0.1h/Mpc and associated nonlinear complications, yet agree well with more aggressive published analyses where nonlinear modeling is crucial.

The author publishes his correspondence and discussion with a third person about some of my articles and some forged pictures that I deliberately searched for in the Internet, selected and published to examine the intelligence of my readers.
https://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2017/08/07/%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1-%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD-%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF/

Why there's No velocity higher than Light Velocity C =300000 km/sec? Because • The Matter is created from light beams coherence (according to Young Experiment-The Main Hypothesis) • The Time is created as the Matter Changing measurement • Our body (matter) is produced by the same method, from this light beams coherence • Our bodies are connected with specific Light velocity and specific time rate because our bodies are produced by specific Light Beams coherence

The life to Earth came from the Universe: the part is alive due to the Entire, this world is alive thanks to the Whole. The first tribe of our Earth w ere Scythians, people from the Moon; their selenic language was the root to earthly languages — the heart of human language. // Жизнь на Землю пришла из Вселенной: часть Целым жива, мир сей — Всем. Племя первое нашей Земли — Скифы, люди с Луны; их язык, корневой земным — лунная молвь, сердце речи людской.

This paper, written in 1977, presents a brief overview of modern physical cosmology which shows how some of its concepts parallel those of Eastern mysticism and mystical thought in general. The subject is treated within a historical context simply because that is a convenient way to break down the various ideas in an orderly manner to show how they are interrelated. This paper is definitely neither complete nor exhaustive and, in fact, leaves out many cosmological ideas, both philosophical and experimental, such as Olber’s paradox, quasars, pulsars, galaxy and star system formation and so on. It is only meant to give a brief summary of the more important and immediate aspects of the foundations of modern cosmology as they relate to mysticism and eastern philosophical thought.

We have studied primordial non-Gaussian features from a model of potential driven single field DBI Galileon inflation. We have computed the bispectrum from the three point correlation function considering all possible cross correlation between scalar and tensor modes from the proposed setup. Further, we have computed the trispectrum from four point correlation function considering the contribution from contact interaction, scalar and graviton exchange diagrams in the in-in picture. Finally we have obtained the non-Gaussian consistency conditions from the four point correlator, which results in partial violation of the Suyama-Yamaguchi four-point consistency relation. This further leads to the conclusion that sufficient primordial non-Gaussianities can be obtained from DBI Galileon inflation.

Based on archaeological, astronomical, and symbological evidence, results concerning two literally central motifs from Early Neolithic funerary contexts in the Morbihan region of Brittany, France, were examined. The “sperm-whale” (fr. “cachalot”) and the “crozier” (fr. “crosse”) occur on menhirs/steles hitherto dated to around the middle of the 5th millennium BC, as well as on central-capstones and orthostats in slightly later passage-graves commonly dated to ca. 4200 - 3900 BC. Here, the often combined and seemingly disparate representations of both motifs are associated for the first time with the phenomenon of precession of the earth´s polar axis.
“With respect to spatial orientation, navigation, chronometry, as well as underlying worldviews and aspects of funerary culture (i.e. cosmologies), the apparent and changing centre of the cosmos, the Northern Celestial Pole (NCP), and conspicuous circumpolar asterisms played a pivotal role in Neolithic Europe also.”
Since 2009 this working hypothesis proved valid in a variety of instances between Japan and Ireland. In 2017, two asterisms of a “sperm-whale” and “crozier“, closely matching the outline of four 5th millennium BC engravings from Locmariaquer, were identified as concrete and still easily verifiable pole-finders in 4600 BC (+/- 200 years). These not only provide a detailed explanation for accepted regularities concerning megalithic funerary and ritual monuments, but further elaborate most recently published results in support of a “maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe”.