Ephedrine

Rats were trained to discriminate amphetamine, 1 mg/kg given intraperitoneally, from saline injection in a two-lever operant drug discrimination task. Pseudoephedrine (a sympathomimetic drug with central and peripheral actions) at doses of 10 mg/kg failed to substitute for amphetamine, at 20 mg/kg partial substitution occurred, while at a 40 mg/kg full substitution was seen. The specificity of the amphetamine cue at the training dose used (1 mg/kg) was shown by the finding that a peripherally acting sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine at doses from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg failed to substitute for amphetamine. The potential for abuse of pseudoephedrine administered at high doses is discussed.

(-)-Ephedrine has been used in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis. To investigate the possible effects of ephedrine on neuromuscular transmission, canine intercostal muscle endplates were studied by microelectrode techniques. At concentrations less than 10(-4) M, ephedrine had no effect on neuromuscular transmission. At a concentration of 10(-4) M, ephedrine increased the quantal content of the endplate potential by 21%. The presynaptic store of acetylcholine quanta available for immediate release was unchanged, but the probability of quantal release was increased by 16%. At this concentration, ephedrine decreased the amplitude of the miniature endplate potential by 38%. In the presence of 10(-3) M ephedrine, the miniature endplate potentials and currents became undetectable. The kinetic properties of the acetylcholine receptor channel were studied by analysis of acetylcholine-induced endplate current noise. At 10(-4) M, ephedrine reduced the channel conductance by 43% but had no effect on the open time. At 5 x 10(-4) M, ephedrine reduced the channel conductance by 84% and increased the open time by 23 percent.

Efedrin merupakan agonis α dan β adrenergik. Obat ini meningkatkan pelepasan norepinefrin dari neuron simpatik (Goodman et al, 2008). Ephedrine (Efedrin) adalah sympathomimetic amine yang umumnya dipakai sebagai stimulan, penekan nafsu makan, obat pembantu berkonsentrasi, pereda hidung tersumbat pereda hidung tersumbat dan untuk merawat dan untuk merawat hypotensi yang berhubungan dengan hypotensi yang berhubungan dengan anaesthesia. Efedrin mempunyai struktur yang sama dengan turunan sintetis Amphetamine dan Methamphetamine atau sabu sabu. Secara kimia, senyawa ini adalah alkaloid yang diturunkan dari berbagai tumbuhan bergenus Efedrin (keluarga Efedrinceae). Bahan ini secara umum dipasarkan dalam bentuk hidroclorida dan sulfat. Efedrin (Ephedrine) merupakan alkaloid yang ditemukan pada tanaman Ma Huang yang berasal dari Cina dan dan telah digunakan selama 5000 tahun, telah tercatat pada "Pentsao Kang Mu" yang ditukis oleh Shih-Cheng li pada tahun 1596 M. Telah digunakan sebagai stimulan sirkulasi, diaforetik, antipiretik, sedatif untuk pengobatan batuk. Pemberian efedrin intravena yang biasanya untuk pengobatan hipotensi pada anestesi spinal adalah dengan bolus 5-10 mg atau melalui infus 50 mg dalam 250-1000 ml kristaloid.

123Iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy is currently the tracer of choice for neuroblastoma (NB). It has high diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value for the assessment of patients after chemotherapy. A positive 123I-MIBG scan is also used for the basis of targeted radionuclide therapy with 131I-MIBG. I-123 MIBG scan however has some limitations which should be taken into account. Moreover the reasons for false negative MIBG results have not been entirely elucidated. Meticulous correlation with radiological examinations and recognition of the normal distribution pattern of 123I-MIBG in children is vital to obtain optimal results. With its technical superiorities, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can be successfully introduced into the diagnostic workup of NB. Different PET tracers have been offered for imaging in patients with NB, and the efficacy of this modality has been compared with that of 123I-MIBG scan. Our review aims to analyze t...

A derivative spectrophotometric method is developed for the assay of three binary mixtures of pseudoephedrine with fexofenadine (mix I), cetirizine (mix II) and loratadine (mix III). The method is based on the use of the first derivative of the ratio spectrum. The ratio spectrum was obtained by dividing the absorption spectrum of the mixture by that of one of the components. The concentration of the other component was determined from its respective calibration graph treated similarly. Moreover, the influence of Δλ for obtaining the first derivative of the ratio spectra and the effect of the divisor concentration on the calibration graphs were studied. The described method was applied for the determination of these combinations in synthetic mixtures and dosage forms. The results obtained were accurate and precise.

Antihistamines have been shown to have a variety of therapeutic effects in asthma. Although nasal obstruction may play an important role in modulating lower airway function, no prior trial has used a decongestant in combination with an antihistamine in patients with allergic rhinitis and concomitant asthma. We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of loratadine (5 mg) plus pseudoephedrine (120 mg) (L/P) twice daily in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L/P in 193 subjects during the fall allergy season. Nasal and chest symptoms, albuterol use, and peak expiratory flow rates were recorded daily for 6 weeks. Spirometry was measured at baseline and after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of therapy, and health-related quality of life was rated at the beginning and end of the study. Total rhinitis and asthma symptom severity scores were significantly reduced in patients receiving active therapy compared with those receiving placebo throughout the 6-week study. Peak expiratory flow rates improved significantly in patients treated with L/P during weeks 2 through 6 (peak effect [mean +/- SEM]: L/P, 26.23 +/- 4.64 L/min vs placebo, 8.52 +/- 3.53 L/min, p = 0.002) as did FEV1 (peak effect [mean +/- SEM]: L/P, 170 +/- 53 ml vs placebo, 20 +/- 40 ml, p = 0.01) at all clinic visits. In addition, select measures of asthma-specific quality of life improved significantly relative to placebo. L/P significantly improved nasal and asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and quality of life in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and concomitant mild asthma.

during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids, and Alkaloids which have several physiological effects on the human body. At times, manufacturers launch numerous products with banned ingredient inside with inappropriate amounts or fake supplement inducing harmful side effect. Unfortunately up to date, there is no guarantee that herbal supplements are safe for anyone to use and it has not helped to clear the confusion surrounding the herbal use in sport field especially. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance on the efficacy and side effect of most used plants in sport. We have identified plants according to the following categories: Ginseng, alkaloids, and other purported herbal ergogenics such as , Cordyceps Sinensis. We found that most herbal supplement effects are likely due to...

The main toxic compound found in false morel (Gyromitra esculenta) is acetaldehyde-N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone (gyromitrin). This paper describes a method of determining the total hydrazones content based on acid hydrolysis of gyromitrin and other related hydrazones in air-dried false morel followed by derivatisation of methylhydrazine with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. The derivative, tris-pentafluorobenzoyl methylhydrazine (tris-PFB-MH) is analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The overall precision

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the β3-adrenoceptor could be identified by immunohistochemistry in intact human white and brown adipocytes and other human tissues, and to investigate the influence of obesity and its treatment with ephedrine and caffeine on the expression of the β3-adrenoceptor in adipocytes.METHODS: Morbidly obese patients were given a hypoenergetic diet (70% of energy expenditure) and some were also treated with ephedrine and caffeine (20/200 mg, three times daily) for 4 weeks. Adipose tissue and other tissues were taken during surgery. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using a monoclonal antibody raised against the human β3-adrenoceptor.RESULTS: Staining was localized to the periphery of cells. All white adipocytes were stained. Those from lean subjects and obese subjects treated with ephedrine and caffeine showed more intense staining than those from untreated obese subjects. Staining was more intense in brown than in white adipocytes in perirenal adipose t...