Evaluation of Legislation

How to Design Impactful Laws - Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

La loi peine toujours plus à « faire la loi » à l’ère du droit souple et de la globalisation. Afin de produire un impact législatif aussi juste qu’optimal, la légistique doit proposer dans ce nouveau contexte une démarche permettant d’intégrer démocratiquement la force du droit souple dans le processus législatif, de pair avec le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois, sans se contenter d’améliorer la clarté des textes.

Ce traité présente les fondements de la légistique, constituée historiquement pour faire recouvrer à la loi sa rationalité, son efficacité, sa clarté et sa concision.

Il explique comment :
- créer une analyse d’impact intégrée qui prenne en compte toutes les composantes du développement durable parmi la multiplicité des instruments d’action tant publics que privés (légistique matérielle prospective) ;
- formuler des textes clairs et cohérents (légistique formelle) ;
- évaluer rétrospectivement les effets des lois et des politiques publiques par des méthodes appelées à devenir participatives (légistique matérielle rétrospective).

Ce traité porte sur le droit suisse et le droit de l’Union européenne, avec des aspects de droit comparé. Il intègre de manière critique les développements en économie comportementale, en sciences affectives, en intelligence artificielle et en sciences de la gouvernance et de la régulation.

Il s’adresse non seulement aux juristes mais aussi aux spécialistes en sciences sociales, au personnel politique et administratif ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par le pilotage des politiques publiques.

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How to Design Impactful Laws: Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

In an age of soft law and globalization, it has become increasingly difficult for the law to “lay down the law”. To ensure in this new context that its impact is as fair as optimal, legistic must go beyond mere clear legislative drafting: it has to propose a method for integrating the strength of soft law in the democratic law-making process.
This treatise presents the foundations of the sciences of legislation (legistic or legisprudence), historically constituted to make laws more rational and effective, clearer and shorter.

It explains how to:
- create an integrated impact assessment that factors in all the components of sustainable development, among the multiplicity of public and private policy instruments (ex ante material legistic);
- formulate and communicate clear and coherent texts (formal legistic);
- retrospectively evaluate laws and public policies through methods which should become more participative (ex post material legistic).

This treatise is based on Swiss and European Union law, with a look on comparative law. It includes developments in regulation and regulatory governance, behavioral economics, affective sciences and artificial intelligence.

This work is intended not only for lawyers, but also for social scientist, members of political and administrative authorities, and anyone interested in public policy evaluation.

Cilem knihy je otevřit cestu k možnemu pochopeni toho, jak vznikaji normativni texty – zakony. Na rozdil od mytických vypravěni totiž za nimi stoji konkretni lide, se kterými můžeme o procesu psani hovořit. Jsou to předevsim legislativci, tedy zaměstnanci a zaměstnankyně legislativnich odborů, kteři, velmi zjednoduseně řeceno, maji na starost „paragrafove“ zněni zakonů (tj. navrhy pravnich předpisů). Jednotlive casti teto knihy pak budou na zakladě zname teorie a empirických dat z hloubkových rozhovorů odpovidat na otazky, ktere se týkaji vzniku pravnich textů, specificky pak předevsim textů zakonů. Jaka je socialni praxe „psani“ legislativniho textu? Kdo a co ma vliv na výslednou podobu zakona? Kdo je autorem a jake to je být legislativcem? A může mit psani textu vliv na jeho interpretaci?

La presente exposición tiene por objeto ilustrar las diferentes etapas del proceso legislativo, por medio del análisis crítico y reflexivo de la creación de leyes mexicanas, reconociendo en ello factores importantes como los actores facultados para iniciar leyes; los tipos de iniciativas; el trayecto de iniciativas y la relación entre las dos cámaras.

Yaoi/BL Fandom Survey (only takes 10 mins to complete): https://leeds.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/blfandomsurvey

http://sainsbury-institute.org/news-events/legislating-manga-workshop/

This talk will explore the implications of the Prohibited Images of Children section of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 for Boys' Love and Yaoi in the UK. The British legislation will be set in context briefly with regard to the legal situation in North America, Australia, Japan and China. Anna is Chair of Qualitative Inquiry in the School of Psychology at the University of Leeds and is author of 'Boys’ Love manga for girls: Paedophilic, satirical, queer readings and English law' in Children, Sexuality and Sexualisation (2015). Her online BL fandom survey can be found at https://leeds.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/blfandomsurvey

This paper describes a test and case study of self-evaluation of online courses during the pandemic time. Due to the Covid-19, the whole world needs to sit on lockdown in different periods. Many things need to be done in all kinds of business including the education sector of countries. To sustain the education development teaching methods had to switch from traditional face-to-face teaching to online courses. The government made decisions in a short time and educational institutions had no time to prepare the materials for the online teaching. All courses of the Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences switched to online lessons. Challenges were raised before professors and tutors during online teaching. Our university did not have a specific learning management system for online teaching and e-learning. Therefore professors used different platforms for their online teaching such as Zoom, Microsoft teams for instance. Moreover, different social networking platforms played an active role in communication between students and professors. The situation is very difficult for professors and students. To measure the quality of online courses and to figure out the positive and weak points of online teaching we need an evaluation of e-learning. The focus of this paper is to share the evaluation process of e-learning based on a structure-oriented evaluation model.

The legislation of the EU and the Republic of Serbia in the area of municipal solid waste landfill leachate management is not strictly defined. It was systematized through an integrative approach. A complete picture of leachate management was formed by applying relevant legislation in waste management and water management. After completing systematization, the correlation of EU and Serbian legislation was reviewed and accentuated. Finally, advantages of implementing the formed approach were highlighted, at the level of both the EU and the Republic of Serbia. The application of relevant legal documents will allow the establishment of an efficient monitoring system in the period after closing landfill sites, data collecting from the aspect of qualitative and quantitative leachate composition, thereby contributing to the perception of generation and morphology of leachate in this period, and the consideration of technical-technological difficulties in reaching strict limit values for discharging treated leachate into water recipients.

O persoană poate beneficia de pensie de invaliditate dacă este încadrată într-un grad de invaliditate prin decizie emisă de medicul expert al asigurărilor sociale, iar în cazul personalului militar de comisiile de expertiză medicomilitară de pe lângă spitalele din sistemul de apărare naţională, ordine publică şi siguranţă naţională, indiferent de stagiul de cotizare realizat în sistemul public de pensii. În raport cu gradul de reducere a capacităţii de muncă, invaliditatea este: 1.de gradul I, caracterizată prin pierderea totală a capacităţii de muncă şi a capacităţii de autoîngrijire; 2.de gradul II, caracterizată prin pierderea totală a capacităţii de muncă, cu păstrarea capacităţii de autoîngrijire; 3.de gradul III, caracterizată prin pierderea a cel puţin jumătate din capacitatea de muncă, persoana putând să presteze o activitate profesională, corespunzătoare a cel mult jumătate din timpul normal de muncă. Beneficiari: asiguraţii care si-au pierdut capacitatea de muncă din cauza unei boli obişnuite sau a unor accidente care nu au legătură cu munca; persoanele care şi-au pierdut total sau cel puţin jumătate din capacitatea de muncă, din cauza accidentelor de muncă şi bolilor profesionale, neoplaziilor, schizofreniei şi SIDA; persoanele care au satisfăcut serviciul militar ca militar în termen sau militar cu termen redus, pe durata legal stabilită, a fost concentrat, mobilizat sau în prizonierat; elevii unei şcoli militare/şcoli de agenţi de poliţie sau studenti ai unei instituţii de învăţământ din sistemul de apărare naţională, ordine publică şi siguranţă naţională pentru formarea cadrelor militare, poliţiştilor şi funcţionarilor publici cu statut special din sistemul administraţiei penitenciare, cu excepţia liceului militar; elevii, ucenicii şi studenţii care şi-au pierdut total sau cel puţin jumătate din capacitatea de muncă, ca urmare a accidentelor de muncă sau bolilor profesionale survenite în timpul şi din cauza practicii profesionale; persoanele care şi-au pierdut total sau cel puţin jumătate din capacitatea de muncă şi marii mutilaţi, ca urmare a participării la lupta pentru victoria Revoluţiei din Decembrie 1989 ori în legătură cu evenimentele revoluţionare din decembrie 1989, care erau cuprinse într-un sistem de asigurări sociale anterior datei ivirii invalidităţii din această cauză, au dreptul la pensie de invaliditate în aceleaşi condiţii în care se acordă pensia de invaliditate persoanelor care au suferit accidente de muncă. Încadrarea în grad de invaliditate, revizuirea medicală şi contestarea deciziei medicale asupra capacităţii de muncă Încadrarea în grad de invaliditate Evaluarea capacităţii de muncă, în vederea stabilirii gradului de invaliditate, se face la cererea persoanei interesate, de către medicul expert al asigurărilor sociale. În situaţia personalului militar, evaluarea capacităţii de muncă, în vederea stabilirii gradului de invaliditate, se face la cererea comisiei de la nivelul unităţii din care face

The need for government to meet the needs of the citizens has led to an upsurge in the creation or proliferation of administrative agencies. Consequently, rules and regulations promulgated by administrative agencies are far more in number than laws enacted by the legislature. The purpose of this work is to ascertain the reasons for imposing the duties of the legislature on the executive arm of government, and the criticisms associated with the doctrine of Delegated Legislation.

The legistic, in an incipient way, must fill the gap left by the distancing of the people to power. As long as the holders of the powers dictate the rules for the people who do not have the power to comment on matters that are of interest to them or do not interest them, the trend will be dismal. The less it is the mobilization of society when it shows dissatisfaction with legislators who seek to approve certain laws that affect collective interests or reward certain sectors with unfair advantages.

From the beginning of the COVID-19 all Governments around the world have had to lockdown cities, flights and economies for what is tantamount to a Seasonal flu. The author first started mapping the Coronavirus confirmed cases; recovery and death rates; active cases and then applied a projection based on the death and recovery rate percentages e.g. if recovery rate percentage was 21.2% then the author divided the active case by 100 and then multiplied that by 21.2% to estimate the expected recovery rate.

O artigo apresenta metodologia de orientação e controle dos interesses político-criminais, baseada na estrutura trifásica do dever de proporcionalidade e nos conceitos de merecimento, carência e dignidade penal. Propõe-se uma análise valorativa e finalística a partir da dogmática do direito penal e constitucional, para além da estrita verificação de utilidade da lei penal.

This study has the following primary objectives:
Review the legislative framework, assess its compliance with the CRC and identify the most important legislative reforms and amendments in each of the countries and territories vis-à-vis the following aspects:
◗ Protection from abuse, neglect and all forms of exploitation
◗ Protection from labour exploitation and hazardous work
◗ Protection from abduction and trafficking
◗ Protection from corporal punishment
◗ Children in conflict with the law

The criminal law is adopted as a means of achieving the common good; it is interpreted and applied by the court. The judge chooses the type of legal theory and method to employ in the interpretation and application of the criminal law. Such theories may be acquired from higher norms or from the decision of the Supreme Court. Because such choice of theory and method determines the outcome of the case, the judge is also expected to be guided by the doctrines in criminal law inspired by the values of rule of law and respect for fundamental rights, enshrined in the Constitution. This article examines how courts harmonise the application of the positive criminal law with the non-positivist theories of higher norms. After reviewing various criminal rules and their judicial application, it finds that the court applies the criminal law as it is written in disregard of the non-positivist theories of higher norms, at times in contradiction to the basic doctrines of the criminal law itself.

In 2012, the Massachusetts Legislature passed a law to control health care spending growth while improving access and quality-- Chapter 224. As part of this law, the Legislature tasked the Office of the State Auditor (OSA) with conducting a review of the impacts of this law. The goal of this review was to provide policymakers and stakeholders with an understanding of whether the law was meeting its goals in the areas of cost, access, behavioral health, workforce development, and public health.

The OSA released an initial report on the impacts in June of 2017, and a follow-up report in July 2018.

A atividade de pesquisa desenvolvida ao longo do projeto
Inovação Tecnológica para a Defesa Agropecuária que fundamentou-se
na identificação de que a legislação do setor representa um gargalo
para o desenvolvimento do agronegócio no Brasil.
A perspectiva adotada foi a de promoção do desenvolvimento
da defesa agropecuária e, consequentemente, do agronegócio no país
com foco na qualidade da lei produzida e aplicada por este setor, considerando que “a manutenção e expansão desse mercado só são possíveis pelo estabelecimento de uma relação de confiança e credibilidade entre produtores e consumidores quanto à qualidade e inocuidade dos produtos comercializados” (Projeto Inova Defesa, 2008).
A abordagem levou em conta, em princípio, o objetivo estabelecido
no projeto de valorizar o conhecimento científico para realizar o
diagnóstico sobre a legislação em defesa agropecuária e agronegócio e
buscou revelar os pontos nevrálgicos de um sistema complexo, ampla
e intensamente impactado pelo contexto internacional, apontando, de acordo com a Legística ou Legisprudência – marco teórico do trabalho
– , a necessidade de planejamento regulatório e legislativo para
alavancar o crescimento do setor de forma equilibrada e racional e que
leve em consideração o direito fundamental à alimentação e saúde.
Considerando essa perspectiva, o trabalho inseriu-se em um
contexto de racionalização da produção legislativa, em busca de
coerência e efetividade das normas em um ordenamento em que a
complexidade é potencializada pela existência de três âmbitos de elaboração
legislativa, bem como de normas produzidas por organismos
internacionais e por relações comerciais entre países, as quais afetam
diretamente as normas produzidas pelo Brasil.
No caso do subsistema normativo de defesa agropecuária, a
dificuldade de compreensão das normas, não só quanto ao seu sentido,
mas quanto à possibilidade de sua aplicação, apresentou-nos conflitos
relativos à vigência, competência e hierarquia de atos normativos
elaborados não somente pelo Legislativo, mas também pela Administração
Pública, principalmente no âmbito dos ministérios e das
secretarias de estado, assim como das agências reguladoras.
Para realizar o diagnóstico sobre o estado da estrutura normativa
do sistema de defesa agropecuária, as pesquisadoras desenvolveram
tarefas de acordo com o método da avaliação legislativa estabelecida
pela legística. Em todas as atividades, a atuação foi conjunta, exceto no
que diz respeito ao levantamento dos problemas que apareceram nas
decisões judiciais proferidas pelos Tribunais Regionais Federais, pelo
Superior Tribunal de Justiça e pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, que foi
realizado exclusivamente pela bolsista, conforme plano de trabalho.
A conjunção dos dados obtidos, tanto por meio de pesquia in
loco, como de pesquisa virtual, revelou o caos legislativo e normativo
em que se inserem as ações, às vezes conflitantes, entre órgãos
que atuam no setor e que, por tal motivo, levam diversas questões à
apreciação do Judiciário, pois o consenso não é facilmente alcançado,
ainda que seja querido pela lei. Este último se ressente diante da má
qualidade das leis, o que leva, em muitos casos, ao ativismo judicial.
Outrossim, a dificuldade de compreensão do sistema mostrou-se
extraordinária não só para os juristas, mas principalmente para aqueles que aplicam as normas, seja nas ações concernentes à
fiscalização e à atuação do setor público, de modo geral, seja quanto
aquelas realizadas pelo setor privado. A ausência de racionalidade
seguida pela falta de clareza na estrutura do ordenamento e de suas
proposições apontou a necessidade de capacitação em legislação e
regulação daqueles que atuam diariamente com a execução das normas
e leis, seja em órgãos públicos ou privados.
Esses conflitos existentes podem ser reduzidos e sanados, em
primeiro lugar, com a existência de planejamento regulatório que considere
o contexto vigente e o círculo normativo como um todo, bem
como com o uso de técnicas e experiências de simplificação, uniformização
e harmonização normativa, assim como por estudos de análise de
impacto de legislações em momento anterior e posterior à sua entrada
em vigor. A adoção A adoção de boas práticas inscritas em relatórios
e recomendações internacionais, assim como afirmadas no Brasil por
órgãos como o INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização
e Qualidade Industrial) ou executadas por programas como o
Programa de Fortalecimento da Capacidade Institucional (PRO-REG),
que incluam o MAPA, podem apontar para um caminho para o aperfeiçoamento
das instituições e, consequentemente, o aumento do nível
de confiança dos indivíduos na legislação e na execução de ações que
impliquem o efetivo desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: sistema normativo de defesa agropecuária, agropecuária e
segurança alimentar. Sistema normativo complexo. Sistema brasileiro
de legislação multinível.

Purpose

To examine the trend of pharmaceutical stocks and their correlation to public policy, particularly in the handling of COVID-19, we must assess potential conflicts of interest for profiteering by participating actors (each individual representative of a federal agency in Operation Warp Speed; COVID-19 Bill Sponsors; and the parent organization/s who currently fund all pharmaceutical companies in their pursuit and development of a COVID-19 Vaccine.

We will also discuss the antagonization of Hydroxychloroquine by federal officials within Operation Warp Speed and the media in the last three months which has shaped public opinion and driven policy.

Abstract
Drawing on the ‘from below’ perspective which has emerged in transitional justice scholarship and practice over the past two decades, this article critically examines the dealing with the past debate in Northern Ireland. The paper begins by offering an outline of  the from below perspective in the context of  post-conflict or post-authoritarian societies which are struggling to come to terms with past violence and human rights abuses. Having provided some of  the legal and political background to the most recent efforts to deal with the past in Northern Ireland, it then critically examines the relevant past-related provisions of  the Stormont House Agreement, namely the institutions which are designed to facilitate ‘justice’, truth recovery and the establishment of  an Oral History Archive. Drawing from the political science and social movement literature on lobbying and the ways in which interests groups may seek to influence policy, the paper then explores the efforts of  the authors and others to contribute to the broader public debate, including through drafting and circulating a ‘Model Bill’ on dealing with the past (reproduced elsewhere in this issue) as a counterweight to the legislation which is required from the British government to implement the Stormont House  Agreement.  The  authors  argue  that  the  combination of technical  capacity, grass-roots credibility and  ‘international-savvy’ local solutions offers a framework for praxis from below in other contexts where activists are struggling to extend ownership of transitional justice beyond political elites.

‘Driving hour and rest time’ or ‘hours of service’ (HOS) regulations are regulations that limit when and for how long drivers of commercial motor goods or passenger vehicles are allowed to drive and/or work during a particular period. The purpose of these regulations is to reduce driver fatigue and to reduce fatigue-related accidents. The levels of enforcement of these regulations were found to vary and to be low in many countries. Both in Europe and in USA high violation levels of the
regulations have been noted. In Europe there is no direct evidence that HOS regulations have reduced average driving times, driver fatigue, or accidents. In the USA the evidence of the safety effectiveness of HOS regulations is mixed. Both positive and negative findings have been reported, in terms of change in driving and rest time, sleep, and accidents. There is evidence that increased or improved monitoring or enforcement of HOS regulations leads to higher compliance and more
safety.

Una delle principali novità contenute nel c.d. “Codice Rosso” (il disegno di legge di contrasto alla violenza di genere) è rappresentata dalla introduzione nel codice penale, precisamente all’art. 612-ter, del delitto
di «diffusione illecita di immagini o video sessualmente espliciti». Si tratta della criminalizzazione in via specifica del
fenomeno conosciuto con il controverso neologismo “Revenge porn”, nato nel mondo inglese per indicare la divulgazione non
consensuale, dettata da finalità vendicative, di immagini intime raffiguranti l’ex partner.
Si tratta, tuttavia, di un testo di legge che, anche ad una prima lettura,  presenta gravi criticità, sia dal punto di vista della effettiva repressione del fenomeno disciplinato che sul piano del trattamento sanzionatorio.

Celem artykułu jest zasygnalizowanie wybranych problemów dotyczących ochrony wolności i praw jednostki w sytuacji zagrożenia zdrowia w związku z rozprzestrzenianiem się choroby COVID-19 na przykładach pojawiających się w orzecznictwie europejskich sądów konstytucyjnych, które orzekały o przepisach wprowadzonych w celu zwalczania pandemii.
W opracowaniu omówiono ponadto problem oceny proporcjonalności ingerencji, a zwłaszcza przydatności i niezbędności konkretnych środków zastosowanych przez prawodawcę dla ochrony życia i zdrowia, w sytuacji naukowej niepewności co do skali zagrożenia i optymalnych sposobów jego usuwania. Odwołując się do znanej prawu unijnemu zasady ostrożności (precautionary principle), rozważono możliwość złagodzenia surowych rygorów konstytucyjnej zasady proporcjonalności wyrażających się w powinności istnienia i wykazania związku przyczynowego między stosowanymi środkami a ich zakładanym skutkiem, oraz konieczności wyboru najłagodniejszej alternatywy. W sytuacji poważnego zagrożenia zdrowotnego, w warunkach naukowej niepewności co do sposobów jego zwalczania i ryzyka poważnych konsekwencji w razie braku działania , dopuszczalność ingerencji nie może zależeć od uzyskania twardych dowodów potwierdzających przydatność i niezbędność proponowanych ograniczeń dla zapewnienia ochrony zdrowia.

Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na konieczność racjonalnego uzasadnienia wprowadzanych przez prawodawcę środków - jako warunku ich konstytucyjności.

Sponsored by the elected hereditary peer Lord Lucas (12th Baron Lucas and 8th Lord Dingwall) The Equality (Titles) Bill was a private member’s bill to:  “make provision for the succession of female heirs to hereditary titles; for husbands and civil partners of those receiving honours to be allowed to use equivalent honorary titles to those available to wives; and for connected purposes”.

The Bill was introduced into the House of Lords on 14 May 2013 and passed Second Reading on 25 October 2013.

As an interested party, The Standing Council of the Baronetage, the official body representing baronets (hereditary "Sirs"), commissioned a formal Opinion from Rafe Heydel-Mankoo.

The Opinion was issued as the Bill entered the Committee stage.

In summary, the Bill dealt with two issues:

1. Female succession to hereditary peerages and baronetcies
2. The conferral of titles on the husbands and same-sex married partners of titled persons.

For many interested parties, the first issue can be subdivided into two similar but separate issues:
1 (a):  Female succession to hereditary peerages and baronetcies to prevent sex discrimination.
1 (b):  Female succession to hereditary peerages and baronetcies to prevent the extinction of peerages and baronetcies due to lack of male heirs.

Rafal Heydel-Mankoo acknowledged that The Equality (Titles) Bill was well-intentioned, and its proponents, undoubtedly inspired by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (an Act to change the
law of succession to the British throne from male-preference primogeniture to gender-neutral absolute primogeniture), were clearly motivated by laudable principles of fairness and equality. 

However his conclusion was that an admirable motivation did nothing to alter the fact that The Equality (Titles) Bill was fundamentally unsound and suffered from poor drafting and a failure to comprehend the complexity of the baronetage, the peerage and peerage law.

La presente tesina pretende presentar, en el ámbito académico español, un mapa de la situación legal de las personas lesbianas, gays, transexuales, transgénero, bisexuales, intersex y queer (en adelante, LGTtBIq) en los países de Uganda y Sudáfrica, tanto a lo largo del período colonial como en la actualidad, teniendo en cuenta la evolución reciente de la legislación relativa a los derechos de estos colectivos en los últimos años.

This paper contains a few analytical remarks pertaining to specific referring provisions created through a clause “unless the law indicates otherwise” or a clause “except when provided otherwise”. In the study made, both types of references – to “particular provisions” or “separate provisions” – are considered incorrect. Characteristics of these referring clauses are presented in light of typologies and functions of references which are distinguished in the legal theory. Polish “Principles of Legislative Techniques” from 2002 which have a binding character and good legislative practices commonly accepted by Polish legislative drafters are also taken into consideration when emphasizing the problems of imprecise and non-normative references to particular or separate provisions. They also serve to as an example for potentially possible improvements. The lack of precision and the lack of normative content are the two main flaws of references being the topic of this essay. First defect may be eliminated by careful and consequent word selection in lawmaking, but the second is inherently embedded in this type of reference and thus cannot be corrected. As a result of the analysis, suggested solution is not to formulate references to “particular provisions” or “separate provisions” by using clause “unless the law indicates otherwise” or clause “except when provided otherwise” in any legal act. These references are insufficient in detail to enable their interpretation and application.

Each legal system has its own theory of statutory formation, both countries that apply civil law and common law legal systems. The tendency to form laws in Indonesia after the realization of the need for regulatory reform has resulted in a growing awareness of making breakthroughs by using the omnibus method which is generally applicable in countries that apply the common law system. The question is whether this method is suitable to be adopted into the legal system of Indonesia? This article intends to examine the compatibility of the omnibus method and the solutions that need to be used to overcome its compatibility problems. This research concludes that if Indonesia is to adopt the omnibus method, it also requires a consolidation method before and after the enactment of legislation with the omnibus method, this is intended to consolidate it with the affected legislation.

Institutional barriers in public policy implementation

The main obstacles in the implementation of public policies emerge in the earlier stages of agenda setting and formulation of goals, due to institutional constraints. They comprise ambiguities about the governing center and thus about the real actors of public policy process. The government fully controls the legislation, although it rather results from a functional unity of the executive and the legislative than from formal regulations. The parliament gets deprived of its influence on public policy. The government, however, is not able to fulfill its functions, as well. The evidence show that the main actor in programming public policy is the administration, and the decision process is dispersed among separate ministries without any real coordination and oversight. The law is an instrument of communicating decisions taken in the pre-legislative stage. The use of objective data and public consultations are occasional, although they could compensate for the declining role of the parliament. This makes selection of proper policy instruments still more difficult.

It is argued that, in the absence of legislation, the outcome of decentralisation initiatives in forestry remains limited in terms of devolution of power and assigning authority to politically weak forest-dependent communities are concerned. In this context, the ongoing implementation process of the Forest Rights Act provides an opportunity to examine the institutional arrangements for devolution of power and authority, and measures the extent to which this Act offers space for democratic and inclusive forest governance by the local people. Based on micro-level field work in parts of West Bengal, India, the paper argues that understanding roles of institutions under 'democratic decentralisation' framework is not enough for meaningful democratic decentralisation, particularly for forest resources. If democratic decentralisation of natural resources is to succeed, a variety of factors embedded in the institutions, like actor, power and accountability, is to be recognised.

In a series of recent split decisions interpreting criminal and tort-like legislation, the Supreme Court has purported to give statutory causation requirements their ordinary, plain meaning. Armed with dictionaries, examples from everyday speech, and commonsense intuitions, the Court's majority has explained that statutory phrases like "because of" and "results from" entail but-for causation as a matter of ordinary usage. There's just one problem: The Court's majority (and the many state and federal courts following its lead) is wrong on the facts-specifically, the facts about how people ordinarily interpret, understand, and use causal language.

This Article considers a novel approach to ordinary meaning statutory interpretation, using these recent causation cases as a proof of concept: To find how people would ordinarily construe statutory language in context, ask a lot of people to apply the disputed language, and observe what they do. In short, to find public meaning, ask the public. As a demonstration, the Article reports the results of a nationally representative survey of nearly 1500 jury-eligible laypeople. It tests the Supreme Court's recent pronouncements about the ordinary meaning of causal language in Title VII, the Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the Controlled Substances Act, and jury instructions in similar criminal and statutory tort settings. The results reveal clear and consistent patterns of causal attribution and ordinary usage-patterns that squarely contradict the Court's ordinary meaning determinations. The results also demonstrate that certain alternative causation standards, though rejected by the Court as inconsistent with ordinary linguistic, conceptual, and moral intuitions, come closer to tracking all three.

These discoveries raise serious concerns about the outcomes in recent criminal and tort causation cases, and possibly about ordinary and plain meaning interpretation more broadly. After discussing the implications for causation doctrine and statutory interpretation, the Article considers whether similar experimental methodologies might shed light on additional interpretation controversies in criminal and tort settings, on theories of common law doctrinal development, and on philosophical analyses of causation in criminal and tort theory.

The privileged right of domestic Russian archivist to invent regulations for archives of their region causes contradictions between their rules and federal legislation.  In particular, the management of Moscow archival municipal system had been limiting an access to schemes of buildings as well as to orders of executive authorities of the capital of USSR. Historians who study the story of municipal architecture while trying to protect old buildings from destructive actions of developing companies, were severely limited in their access to necessary information. Even though their efforts to cancel lawless limitations were not successful, an effort to cancel another senseless restriction turned out to be way more effective, when the Ministry of Justice of Russian federation in December, 2014 ordered an Archival Management of Moscow to repeal the order #143 of 16.IV.2009. This humble result enabled historians to get an access to old files of Moscow executive authorities without spoiling regulations, previously enforced by municipal archivists.

Broad legislative works conducted in interwar Poland and concerning various branches of law focused, on the one hand, on the uniformization and reform of particular district systems inherited from the annexing powers, and on the other hand on the idea of building a national codification. In that context the programme for modernisation of socio-economic relationships and the elements derived from foreign legal systems, rooted in the previous century, were balanced with the values, customs, and specific features, regarded as native and constituting components of national identity of the Poles. Against this backdrop, a debate on the legal situation of women was taking place, of key importance from the perspective of legislative changes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in other legal systems around the world. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze its course from the angle of components of Polish national identity, tradition, and legal culture, defined in broadly understood public debate.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the core topics related to the legal nature and effects of the Constitutional Tribunal's judgments declaring unconstitutionality of a legislative omission. Firstly, it is explained what a legislative omission is and what arę the constitutional grounds for the Tribunal's jurisdiction in the cases where this type of claim has been formulated. In this context, the most common cases of legislative omissions that were examined by the Tribunal in its existing case-law are classified. Secondly, the methodology of adjudicating on legislative omissions is discussed. Thirdly, it is explained what legal effects are produced by declaring unconstitutionality of a legislative omission. A thesis prevailing in the judicial decisions to the effect that the unconstitutional norm does not lose its binding force and causing exclusively binding effect is challenged. Fourthly, the admissibility of the reopening of proceedings pursuant to Article 190(4) of the Constitution, after judgment declaring unconstitutionality of a legislative omission, is also considered.

Il diritto penale è quel che dice: pena gestita dal diritto. Il diritto penale è crudele: infine ne soffre la libertà dell’uomo. Il diritto penale è presuntuoso: dice la sua anche in casa di altri diritti. Il diritto penale è tanto altro e, soprattutto, è pigro. Parte solo quando altri gestori sociali hanno fallito; si affida alla grammatica unica del codice penale per scrivere altrove storie chiamate reati; il suo partire e il suo arrivare pretende politica sociale bilanciata da garanzie non solo individuali. Almeno così dovrebbe essere. Il diritto penale della sicurezza nel lavoro non fa eccezione. È parte del sistema. Presuppone la conoscenza dei principi di parte generale, mentre si avventura nelle pieghe dell’attività lavorativa cercando un bilanciamento tra l’esigenza di garantire il lavoro, l’incolumità e la salute dei lavoratori, nonché di chi entra in contatto con il mondo del lavoro. Il sistema del lavoro è, perciò, sempre più un sistema fondato sulla prevenzione che, dai precipitati legislativi degli anni Settanta, oggi intreccia procedure e finalità che definiscono un’organizzazione partecipata nella gestione del rischio-lavoro.
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Our considerations will begin by presenting the theoretical premises of the Polish law making system (definitions, the theory of rational law making). Next, we will discuss the characteristics of particular types of normative acts (such as the constitution, laws and regulations). In the following points, we will present the principles of legislative technique in Poland (requirements for preparing drafts of new laws, the structure of the act and principles for editing the content of provisions) and the stages of the legislative procedure (legislative initiative, parliamentary stage, the role of the president, promulgation of laws). After the theoretical part we will present the most important data on the practice of lawmaking in Poland, paying attention primarily to the problem of excessive regulation (inflation of law), which is the main factor reducing the effectiveness of legal system in Poland. The causes of this phenomenon may be sought in both political and systemic factors. We conclude our discussion with a proposal of a catalog of issues that should become the subject of more detailed studies of lawmaking systems in Poland and in other countries.

In 2012, the Massachusetts Legislature passed a law to control health care spending growth while improving access and quality-- Chapter 224. As part of this law, the Legislature tasked the Office of the State Auditor (OSA) with conducting a review of the impacts of this law. The goal of this review was to provide policymakers and stakeholders with an understanding of whether the law was meeting its goals in the areas of cost, access, behavioral health, workforce development, and public health.

The OSA released an initial report on the impacts in June of 2017, and a follow-up report in July 2018.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate, through indexing techniques, the performance of Neo4j and OrientDB, both graph databases technologies and to come up with strength and weaknesses os each technology as a candidate for a storage mechanism of a graph structure. An index is a data structure that makes the searching faster for a specific node in concern of graph databases. The referred data structure is habitually a B-tree, however, can be a hash table or some other logic structure as well. The pivotal point of having an index is to speed up search queries, primarily by reducing the number of nodes in a graph or table to be examined. Graphs and graph databases are more commonly associated with social networking or " graph search " style recommendations. Thus, these technologies remarkably are a core technology platform for some Internet giants like Hi5, Facebook, Google, Badoo, Twitter and LinkedIn. The key to understanding graph database systems, in the social networking context, is they give equal prominence to storing both the data (users, favorites) and the relationships between them (who liked what, who 'follows' whom, which post was liked the most, what is the shortest path to 'reach' who). By a suitable application case study, in case a Twitter social networking of almost 5,000 nodes imported in local servers (Neo4j and Orient-DB), one queried to retrieval the node with the searched data, first without index (full scan), and second with index, aiming at comparing the response time (statement query time) of the aforementioned graph databases and find out which of them has a better performance (the speed of data or information retrieval) and in which case. Thereof, the main results are presented in the section 6.

Esta obra se inscribe en el marco del Estado Abierto, Gobierno Abierto y Parlamento Abierto. Consiste en una propuesta metodológicaa para evaluar integralmente el trabajo realizado en los Congresos (funciones de legislación, representación y control). This work is part of the Open State, Open Government and Open Parliament. It consists of a methodological proposal to fully evaluate the work done in the Congresses (functions of legislation, representation and control).

This article deals with the analysis of the administrative and legal mechanism of the procedure for the registration of religious communities and current changes in the legislation of Ukraine. Based on the texts of constitutions and regulatory-and-legal acts, the author conducts a brief analysis of religious legislation in the era of the Soviet Union, comprehensively characterises the modern legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of freedom of conscience and religion, and indicates that the legal status of religious communities in Ukraine is conditioned by the constitutional and administrative-and-legal principles of relations between the state and religious communities. The author provides
the latest statistical data on the religious situation in Ukraine and analyses the fi rst international treaty of independent Ukraine with a religious community – the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Keywords: Confessional law, freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, legislation of Ukraine, registration of religious communities, religious associations, church, legal regulation, legal entities.

As Henryk Konic observed in 1903 in his study of the marriage law in the Kingdom of Poland, a profound dispute on the nature of marriage split Polish society in the 19th century into two camps. In his words, “while one of these camps wanted to give marriage an exclusively religious character and remove the civil authorities from any participation or influence in the matrimonial sphere, the other camp was against such an approach to the institution of marriage. In short, the history of this dispute reflects the battle around the foundations of the family arrangement”. The aim of this study is to explore the roots of that dispute in the debates and the work of the 1814 Civil Law Reform Committee, when Adam Bieńkowski’s project of marriage law was disputed. The discussions in that forum, which included the outstanding Polish lawyers and dignitaries of the time, are of great importance for the understanding of the essence of the controversy that flared up after the collapse of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw. While the traditionalists wanted to bring back old Polish law, a party of moderate reformers headed by Antoni Bieńkowski sought to modernize the Polish legal system. One of the key issues in the reformers’ draft legislation regarding marriage was the transfer of jurisdiction in matrimonial cases to ecclesiastical courts. On the whole, the abolition of provisions of the French civil code of 1804 and the redefinition of matrimony as a sacrament were beyond question as was the general intention to do away with all
French legislation. This article supplies ample evidence for the claim that the main idea guiding Antoni Bieńkowski and another members of the Committee was for the new law to act as a safeguard against society’s inclination to dissolve the bond of matrimony for reasons that were not serious enough, i.e. that failed to meet the criteria for the annulment of marriage set by the laws of the Church.