Extractive metallurgy of gold

AUTOSAR XML (.arxml) is a format introduced by the Automotive Open System Architecture consortium to contain the data used in and required by Electric Control Units which is based on Automotive Open System Architecture. Electric Control Unit development is done by 3 groups i.e. OEM like BMW, Tier1like Bosch, and Tier2 like a vector. Each one has its own data that is required for Software development. OEM shares the information with Tier1.Tier1 shares the same with Tier2 for implementing into Electric Control Unit. The DataBase Container (DBC) describes the properties of the Controller Area Network (CAN) / Controllable Area Network Flexible Data Rate (CAN FD). Data analysis in ECU Extract ARXML is very difficult due to the complex structure of data. Performing two-way and three-way comparisons/merges of XML files is difficult. To handle the mentioned challenges manually is a big task that requires huge manual efforts and time which may even result in a manual error. In this paper, we are presenting a newly developed Python-based tool that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks.

The monograph presents theoretical approaches and concepts, analytical reviews, practical solutions in specific areas of metallurgy.
The publication may be interesting to Uzbek and foreign scientists, managers and specialists of factories and metallurgical organizations, engineers, technologists, teachers, masters and students of higher educational institutions.
Responsibility for the authenticity and accuracy of citations, names, titles and other information, as well as for compliance with intellectual property laws lies with the authors of published materials.

lindian yang mengalir di dasar tumpukkan yang kedap kemudian dikumpulkan untuk kemudian dilakukan proses berikutnya. Efektivitas ektraksi antara 35%-65%. b. VAT Leaching: proses pemisahan emas dengan cara merendam bijih emas (diameter <5cm) yang sudah dicampur dengan batu kapur dengan larutan sianida pada bak kedap, air lindian yang dihasilkan kemudian dikumpulkan untuk proses berikutnya. Proses perlindian berlangsung antara 3-7 hari dan setelah itu tangki dikosongkan untuk pengolahan bijih yang baru. Efektivitas ekstraksi berkisar 40%-70%. c. Agitated tank leached: proses pemisahan emas dengan cara mengaduk bijih emas yang sudah dicampur dengan batu kapur dengan larutan sianida pada suatu tangki dan diaerasi dengan gelembung udara. Lamanya pengadukan biasanya selama 24 jam untuk menghasilkan pelindian yang optimal. Air lindian yang dihasilkan kemudian dikumpulkan untuk kemudian proses berikutnya. Efektivitas ekstraksi mencapai 90%. Teori Elsner adalah teori yang umum digunakan untuk leaching emas dan perak, yaitu: 2Au + 8NaCN +O 2 + 2H 2 O  4NaAu(CN) 2 + 4NaOH 2Ag + 8NaCN +O 2 + 2H 2 O 4NaAg(CN)2 + 4NaOH Kemudian untuk memisahkan logam emas berharga dari larutan dapat dilakukan cara-cara seperti pengendapan dengan serbuk Zn maupun penyerapan menggunakan karbon aktif. Metode penyerapan menggunakan karbon aktif ini banyak digunakan di industri-industri pertambangan besar di Indonesia.

Qo‘llanma metallurgiya sohasiga qiziqadigan barcha kitobxonlarga
mo‘ljallangan bo‘lib, xususan “Metallurgiya” yo‘nalishida ta’lim
olayotgan talabalarga va metallurgiya korxonalariga ishga kirmoqchi
bo‘lgan bakalavrlarga qo‘llanma sifatida tavsiya etiladi.
Qo‘llanma o‘z tarkibiga metallurgiya sohasiga tegishli savoljavoblarni, metallar haqidagi eng zarur ma’lumotlarni, sohaga oid ilmiy
yangilik va qiziqarli ma’lumotlarni hamda mamlakatimizda ishlab
chiqariladigan metallarning qisqacha texnologik jarayonlari haqidagi
qismlarni oladi.
Ushbu qo‘llanmadan “Metallurgiya” sohasi bo‘yicha dars beradigan
o‘qituvchilar ham foydalanishlari mumkin.

Maqolada oltinning sianli eritmalar chiqindilari bilan isrofini kamaytirishning innovatsion usuli ko‘rib chiqilgan. Bu tadqiqotni o‘tkazish uchun zararli unsurlardan tozalaydigan va oltin saqlovchi rudalardan oltinni tanlab eritish yo‘li bilan ajratib olish uchun qulay sharoit hosil qilinishiga yordan beradigan kimyoviy reagentlardan foydalanildi. Olingan natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, bu texnologiyani sanoat miqyosida qo‘llash ishlab chiqarish unumdorligini oshirishga imkon beradi.

Investigation was made on the ILR 2000 feed material to find the optimum particle size range to maximize recovery of the leach reactor.
Gravity gold concentrate was sized into various fractions and each subjected to intensive cyanidation leaching.
Leaching kinetics was monitored to study the trend of dissolution for every leach test work done. On completion of the test work, it was realized that, the fractions with high gold grades were +150µm and +300µm particle sizes while the least gold grade were +1000µm and +2000µm which constitutes only 13.24% of the bulk sample.
The mass distribution result of the sample evidently shows the contribution of the SAG mill to the overall volume of gravity gold concentrates produced by the Knelson concentrators to the ILR feed cone.

THE PROCESS OF AMALGAMATION OF GOLD AND SILVER ORES.
AN ITALIAN METALLURGICAL INNOVATION IN AGRICOLA'S TIMES

The amalgamating properties of mercury are well known and applied to the arts since ancient times. As regards the specific gold and  silver recovery through mercury,  only a very limited application appears in Roman times, concerning thin artifacts.
Similarly, the metallurgical smelting of gold extracted from auriferous sands or freed from quartz, and that of liquefaction for silver ore, have been used since time immemorial and are the only ones to be used in industrial activity up to the sixteenth century. The processing of gold sands by Hg-amalgamation by individual gold diggers is testified between the early and late Middle Ages while its experimental application to gold and silver ores is due to medieval alchemists and the introduction of chemical acids, but had no metallurgical purposes.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, as Agricola, and Biringuccio before him testify, amalgamation was still used only for the recovery of thin gold artifacts, for laboratory tests and limited extractions from previously ground gold sands and  quartz. Biringuccio, on the other hand, describes for the first time the direct amalgamation of gold and silver ores by means of mills with the addition of chemicals, defining it as a new and secret discovery. The research and study of the documents preserved in the State Archives of Venice made it possible to identify the inventors of this treatment and to follow its evolution. The inventors were Tommaso Cusano and Giovannantonio Mauro from Verona, who in 1507 obtained an industrial patent from the Venetian government, a patent that was renewed only for Mauro in 1508 and 1526. The new treatment was applied to silver minerals in the Vicenza and Brescia territories. Thanks to its rapid diffusion it was applied, with modifications, by other entrepreneurs opposed by Mauro and his descendant.

Around the middle of the sixteenth century, as a consequence of the mining crisis that hit Venice and Europe in general, the processing was completely abandoned. It reappeared a few years later in America. There it was widely used, especially for the treatment of silver minerals. It underwent many modifications, all of which were duly patented, and this led to misconceptions that this treatment was a new discovery.
During the seventeenth century the process will return to Europe and in particular in the valleys of Monte Rosa, where it will be applied to the treatment of gold-silver quartz, and will also be subject to future modifications and improvements.

Bijih emas refraktori adalah bijih yang memiliki partikel emas sangat halus yang tersebar di seluruh mineral tersumbat emasnya. Bijih ini secara alami tahan terhadap pemulihan dengan proses sianidasi standar dan adsorpsi karbon.
Setelah deportasi atau asosiasi tekstur emas ditentukan dan keseimbangan massa diketahui, opsi lembar aliran dikembangkan. Emas dalam mineral sulfida dapat dibebaskan dengan oksidasi menggunakan teknik seperti pemanggangan, pencucian tekanan suhu tinggi atau pencucian bakteri. Selain itu, menggiling bijih menjadi ukuran partikel yang sangat halus dapat melepaskan emas yang terenkapulsi dalam sulfida. SGS memiliki pengalaman yang sangat luas dengan semua unit operasi yang terlibat dalam pemrosesan bijih emas tahan api, dan dalam memilih lembar arus yang optimal untuk bijih tertentu. Emas berasosiasi dengan kebanyakan mineral-mineral.

Interdisciplinary approaches are becoming increasingly important in heritage science and especially in archaeology. Therefore, one of the main concerns of the Archäometrie Kolleg is to introduce scientific methods to interested participants and to demonstrate their applications in archaeological research. This year's workshop in autumn will focus on archaeometallurgy. Here, participants will learn the basics about the properties of metals and their production from prehistoric times onwards. Material analytical methods such as metallography, determination of the chemical and isotopic composition as well as phase analysis will be treated theoretically and the possibilities and limitations of their application in archaeology will be presented through a variety of practical examples. The workshop is rounded off by numerous practical courses, which teach the participants the fundamental principles of the analytical methods and the preparation of samples.

During this workshop on archaeometallurgy the participants will learn the basics about the properties of metals and their production from prehistoric times onwards. Material analytical methods such as metallography, determination of the chemical and isotopic composition as well as phase analysis will be treated during the workshop. The event is rounded off by numerous practical courses, which teach the participants the fundamental principles of the analytical methods and the preparation of samples.

The article considers the inevitability of copper losses with slag and the possibility of reducing them by various methods and using local secondary technogenic formations. It has been established that the developed and widely used in industry technologies for slag decontamination only partially solve the problem and lead to significant irretrievable losses of metal with dump slag. The main factors affecting the magnitude of the losses are established and suggestions for reducing their negative impact are recommended. The use of perfect mixing devices is recommended, as in this case, it is possible to achieve a maximum reduction in the residual concentration of copper in the waste slag. Together, it is possible to achieve an increase in the complexity of the use of raw materials with the organization and implementation of low-waste technology.

Gold parting enabled the production of very pure gold for various purposes from the sixth century BC onwards, but analytical proof of this pyrotechnical process is difficult. We describe a new analytical approach for the identification of purified gold combining silver and copper isotopic with trace element analyses. Parting experiments were performed with gold-silver-copper alloys using the classical salt cementation process to investigate potential silver and copper isotope fractionation and changes in trace element concentrations. In addition, we provide the first comprehensive dataset of silver isotope ratios of archaeological gold objects from the Mediterranean and Central Europe to test whether or not gold refining can be identified on the basis of isotope systematics. The results show that very heavy silver and copper isotopic compositions are clear evidence for parted gold, but that the application of copper isotopes might be limited.

Gold is a prominent component in the material culture of the nomadic cultures that inhabited the Eurasian Steppe in the Bronze and Iron Ages. However, the scarcity of studies of contextualised finds from modern archaeological excavations has constrained our ability to discuss the development of technological traditions, the provision and value of raw materials, cross-craft interactions, or the role of gold in funerary rituals. Here we present an initial contribution to these topics through the analysis of gold assemblages recovered from two kurgan complexes, constructed by the Saka-Scythian cultures in Eastern Kazakhstan around 800 - 400 BCE. Recent excavations revealed a few kurgans with rich goldwork assemblages, some left intact or only partially looted. We employed two portable, non-invasive analytical techniques: digital microscopy to identify technological features and usewear, and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) for elemental analysis. The results show remarkably different goldworking techniques, ranging from the application of wrought sheets on organic substrates through to solid casting, granulation and inlaying. Correlations between technology, composition and usewear are suggestive of different modes of sourcing, crafting and using gold. In addition, thousands of gold microbeads, barely visible to the naked eye, highlight the value of skill and labour in addition to that of the material. These initial results give useful pointers for future research, which we plan to pursue as the project expands.

The article deals with the problem of reducing copper losses from waste slags. A comprehensive solution to the problem with the use of physicochemical methods of influence on the melt is proposed. It is shown that the success of the depletion process depends on the sulfiding of oxidized copper compounds, the reduction of magnetite in the slag to wustite, and the creation of conditions for the coalescence of fine drops of matte. Creating these conditions makes it possible to reduce the residual concentration of copper to the level applied. This can be obtained poor matte, which is processed by pouring them into a melting furnace. Depleted slag is waste products and can be implemented in the construction industry. In fact, this makes it possible to abandon the creation of slag heaps.

Pakistan has been blessed with a large number of natural resources beneath its soil. Most of them are exploiting and playing their part in the country's economic growth but many need detailed exploration to bring into production. In this report, five metals of Balochistan are described with their localities and reserve potential. These are Iron, Copper, Chromite, Lead, Zinc.

The article discusses an innovative method of reducing the loss of gold with waste cyanide solutions. To conduct this study, chemical reagents were used that allow the removal of harmful impurities and create the optimal conditions for the complete leaching of gold-bearing ores. The results show that the introduction of this technology in industry will increase their productivity.

El oro y la plata, dos metales estratégicos en la Antigüedad y en la Alta Edad Media, atraen desde hace tiempo la atención de historiadores, arqueólogos y arqueómetras. A través de varios estudios, dedicados tanto a la península ibérica, a la Galia y a Italia, como al mundo griego, este dossier pretende ofrecer una imagen de los problemas e investigaciones en curso sobre estos dos metales, en particular aquellos centrados en cuestiones relacionadas con la cuantificación, la circulación de los metales y su uso, especialmente el monetario. Estos trabajos ponen de relieve todo el beneficio que se puede esperar del uso cruzado de las fuentes y métodos históricos, arqueológicos y arqueométricos para comprender mejor las economías antiguas y el papel de los metales preciosos en ellas. Métaux stratégiques dans l’Antiquité et au haut Moyen Âge, l’or et l’argent bénéficient depuis de nombreuses années d’une attention accrue de la part des historiens, archéologues et archéomètres. Au travers d’une série d’études intéressant tant la péninsule Ibérique, la Gaule et l’Italie que le monde grec, ce dossier veut offrir un aperçu des problématiques et recherches en cours sur ces deux métaux, plus particulièrement centrées sur les questions de la quantification, de la circulation des métaux et de leur usage, notamment monétaire. Il met en évidence tout le bénéfice qu’on peut tirer du croisement des sources et des méthodes historiques, archéologiques et archéométriques pour une meilleure compréhension des économies anciennes et de la place des métaux précieux dans celles-ci.

تُعد الأرض أهم مصدرٍ للموارد الطبيعة ومنها المعادن التي لعبت دوراً مُهماً وجوهرياً في اليمن القديم، وساهمت في بناء حضارته، وكانت أحد ركائز تنميته. بعد أن تعرف الإنسان القديم على أنواعها ومواطنها، وتمكن من استخراج العديد من المعادن كالذهب والفضة، واستخدمها في صناعة كثيرٍ من أدوات ومستلزمات الحياة المختلفة، وعلى رأسها أدوات الزينة.
يتناول البحث أقدم ثروات اليمن القديم التي استغلت لفترات طويلة، بدافع الحاجة إلى معرفة التقنية القديمة المستخدمة في تعدين معدني الذهب والفضة، وهو ما يمثل دافعاً رئيسياً لدراسة هذا الموضوع، وتناول هذا الجانب الذي يشكل مرآة عاكسة للجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية، وما توصل إليه سكان هذه المنطقة الغنية بخامات المعادن، وكونه ذو أهمية بالغة في دعم الاقتصاد اليمني القديم والحالي. كما أن دراسة المعادن واستخداماتها وأماكن وجودها لها أهمية بالغة في وقتنا الحاضر، علاوة على أنها أحد المظاهر العلمية والعملية التي أهتم بها الإنسان اليمني القديم.

Gold parting enabled the production of very pure gold for various purposes from the sixth century BC onwards, but analytical proof of this pyrotechnical process is difficult. We describe a new analytical approach for the identification of purified gold combining silver and copper isotopic with trace element analyses. Parting experiments were performed with gold-silver-copper alloys using the classical salt cementation process to investigate potential silver and copper isotope fractionation and changes in trace element concentrations. In addition, we provide the first comprehensive dataset of silver isotope ratios of archaeological gold objects from the Mediterranean and Central Europe to test whether or not gold refining can be identified on the basis of isotope systematics. The results show that very heavy silver and copper isotopic compositions are clear evidence for parted gold, but that the application of copper isotopes might be limited.

El oro y la plata, dos metales estratégicos en la Antigüedad y en la Alta Edad Media, atraen desde hace tiempo la atención de historiadores, arqueólogos y arqueómetras. A través de varios estudios, dedicados tanto a la península ibérica, a la Galia y a Italia, como al mundo griego, este dossier pretende ofrecer una imagen de los problemas e investigaciones en curso sobre estos dos metales, en particular aquellos centrados en cuestiones relacionadas con la cuantificación, la circulación de los metales y su uso, especialmente el monetario. Estos trabajos ponen de relieve todo el beneficio que se puede esperar del uso cruzado de las fuentes y métodos históricos, arqueológicos y arqueométricos para comprender mejor las economías antiguas y el papel de los metales preciosos en ellas. Métaux stratégiques dans l’Antiquité et au haut Moyen Âge, l’or et l’argent bénéficient depuis de nombreuses années d’une attention accrue de la part des historiens, archéologues et archéomètres. Au travers ...

Gold remains a rare material during the whole Bronze Age. It is a metal that circulates amongst the elites exclusively. The exchange of gold artefacts over very long distances is fundamental in the build-up of socio-political relations. Fifty artefacts found during subaquatic excavations in the river Lesse in the cave of Han-sur-Lesse have been submitted to quantitative elemental analysis using PIXE, a method never used before on archaeological material found in Belgium. The results show that there are clearly three groups of artefacts. The first one (discs, “baskets”, pearls) proves of local manufacture, as also suggested by the discovery of two ingots. The second one (gilded rings) could have been locally made too, but is a lot less homogeneous. The third one (filigreed and granulated beads or pin's heads) must be imported and most probably originates in the Mediterranean.