Feed Additive

A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.

Yucca schidigera (Agavaceae) is one of the major commercial source of steroidal saponins. Two products of yucca are available on the market. These include dried and finely powdered logs (yucca powder) or mechanically pressed and thermally condensed juice (yucca extract). These products possess the GRAS label which allows their use as foaming agent in soft drink (root beer), pharmaceutical, cosmetic,

Pig houses are important sources of ammonia (NH3) emissions. For decades, investigations were carried out in determine the influencing factors and to point out opportunities of mitigation. In Europe, current NH3 emissions associated to pig production are about 24% lower than in 1990. However, further reduction seems necessary to avoid noxious effects on ecosystems. The main factors influencing NH3 production

Abstrak Ikan Mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus) merupakan organisme perairan tawar dan merupakan ikan yang telah beradaptasi luas di Indonesia karena kemampuan berkembangbiaknya yang cepat. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya perikanan yakni permasalahan yang timbul dalam meningkatkan ketahanan pangan dalam produk hewani diantaranya penyediaan pakan budidaya ikan yang mahal, sulit untuk didapat, dan kurang berkualitas, oleh sebab itu diperlukan bahan alternatif sebagai tambahan pakan untuk menjamin kegiatan budidaya. Salah satu bahan tambahan pada pakan yang dapat mendukung tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan laju pertumbuhan ikan mujair yakni jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) yang berperan sebagai antioksidan karena mengandung beberapa bahan aktif diantaranya, Thymoquinone, Dithymoquinone, Thymohidriquinone, dan Thymol (Endarti, 2009). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari penambahan tepung jintan hitam pada pakan komersial terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Dosis tepung jintan hitam yang digunakan yaitu P0(0%), P1(3,5%), P2(5,5%), dan P3(7,5%). Analisis data diolah dengan menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil dari penenlitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tepung jintan hitam pada pakan komersial ikan mujair selama 28 hari dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup pada beberapa dosis tertentu serta laju pertumbuhan spesifik dianggap sama antar perlakuan. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi didapatkan pada perlakuan P1 yakni mencapai 84% dengan penambahan tepung jintan hitam 3,5% pada pakan, sedangkan sampai dengan dosis 7,5% dapat mempertahankan nilai laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan mujair yakni 1,964-2,152%.

Pig houses are important sources of ammonia (NH3) emissions. For decades, investigations were carried out in determine the influencing factors and to point out opportunities of mitigation. In Europe, current NH3 emissions associated to pig production are about 24% lower than in 1990. However, further reduction seems necessary to avoid noxious effects on ecosystems. The main factors influencing NH3 production

The search for new antioxidants of natural origin derived from plants and seaweeds is still very important at present. In our study, the acetone extract of A. nodosum was investigated for its potential use as a natural antioxidant, natural feed additive with antibacterial activity and as a tyrosinase inhibitor. This study could be useful in the context of improved utilization of the A. nodosum extract in the food and cosmetics industry, being not only economically advantageous but also environmentally friendly. Extracts showed antioxidant activity with application of different methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydracil DPPH· radicals scavenging (39 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), β-carotene-linoleic acid antioxidant assay (11 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), O2· radicals scavenging activity (IC50 0.43 mg mL−1), OH· radicals scavenging activity (IC50 1.55 mg mL−1), and iron chelation ability (IC50 0.56 mg mL−1). The extract showed considerable antibacterial activity being more effective against gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) than against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes). Results of tyrosinase assay for the acetone extract of Ascophyllum nodosum presented 65.6 % inhibition of tyrosinase activity at the IC50 value of 0.1 mg mL−1. The outcomes of our study support potential utilization of this brown seaweed as a source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant activity of the studied seaweed can be apparently explained by the free radicals scavenging activity, particularly related to the mechanisms of O 2−· radicals scavenging activity, OH· radicals inactivation, and iron chelation ability.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capacity of 2 dietary feed additives, sodium bicarbonate and live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Sc 47), in optimizing ruminal pH in dairy cows and to determine their modes of action. Three early lactating Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal cannulas, were allocated in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. They were given a total mixed ration as control diet (CD) at a daily feeding rate of 28.0 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow supplemented with 150 g/d of sodium bicarbonate (SBD) or 5 g/d of live yeast (YD) during a 21-d experimental period (14 d of diet adaptation, 4 consecutive days of measurement and sampling and 3 d of transition). The pH and redox potential (E(h)) were measured from 1 h before feeding to 8 h after feeding at 1-h intervals, and samples of ruminal fluid were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding for the determination of volatile fatty acids and lactate concentrations. Total tract apparent digestibility of the diet was...

The use of immunostimulants has received increased attention due to the discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLR) or/and pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors have been found to bind molecules from a range of pathogens including self-molecules. When cell damage has occurred many of the released molecular structures act as so-called "danger" signals possessing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). These danger signals often consist of repeating molecular moieties yielding high molecular weight compounds. Examples are beta-glucans and CpG containing DNA, but some danger signals possess low molecular weight structures. It has been found that the PRR bind unit structures of PAMP, and that PAMP-binding involves several other humoral and cell membrane proteins, exemplified by the more or less simultaneous LPS recognition displayed by MD-2, CD-14 and TLR4 on the cell membrane. Also, the binding of beta-glucans has been shown to include several different cell membrane receptors. Several immunostimulants are commercially exploited in aquaculture as feed additives. This applies to beta-glucans, alginates and nucleotides. Despite their use as feed additives no targeted approach has been conducted to include PAMP as adjuvants in fish vaccines. Interestingly, most of the PAMP studied activate antigen-presenting cells together with naïve T cells into dendritic cells and Th1 or Th2 cells [1]. In turn, this may activate Th1 and Th2 immune responses with production of Th1 or Th2 signature molecules such as IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively [2-4]. This review will mainly focus on binding characteristics of beta-glucans, their effects on T helper cell differentiation, effects on functional levels, gene expression profiles and application of the commonly used ss-glucan in the aquaculture sector. In addition, ss-glucans show promises in shrimp aquaculture by inducing disease resistance, this review will also highlight the use and the effects of beta-glucans in experimental models.

У статті розглянуто та узагальнено досвід застосування гумінових препаратів у скотарстві. Показано, що гумат натрію стимулює інтенсивність обміну енергії, підвищує кисневу ємність крові та активність окислювальних ферментів крові у телят. Прирости
маси тіла у них за дії гумінату зростають, а захворюваність – зменшується. Введення до раціону корів гумату натрію підвищує ефективність дихання, посилює інтенсивність газоенергетичного обміну, процеси еритропоезу та синтезу білків крові.
У публікації наводиться аналіз існуючих гіпотез щодо механізмів дії гумінових речовин та висловлюється припущення про можливість їх проникнення в клітину з подальшим регуляторним впливом на активність ферментних систем.

A study was conducted to evaluate enzyme and probiotic feed supplements as alternative feed additives to alleviate the problems associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics from layer diet. A total of 180 Hy-Line W-98 hens, 40 weeks old, were assigned into four treatment groups so that there were 45 laying hens in each group. Four dietary treatments were randomly assigned to the four groups of hens. Hens in Group 1 were fed basal diet only (negative control), Group 2 was fed basal diet + antibiotic at a level of 2.0 g/kg (positive control), Group 3 was fed basal diet + multi-enzyme at a level of 2.0 g/kg (ES) and Group 4 was fed basal diet + multi-species probiotic at a level of 0.5 g/kg (PS). The results showed that addition of either enzyme or probiotic supplementation to the basal diet significantly increased the egg production, egg weight and egg mass of hens than the negative control group. There was no significant difference in feed intake among treatments, although the feed ...