Fulvic acid

The kinetics of the reaction of sulfate radicals with the IHSS Waskish peat fulvic acid in water was investigated in the temperature range from 289.2 to 305.2 K. The proposed mechanism considers the reversible binding of the sulfate radicals by the fulvic acid. The kinetic analysis of the data allows the determination of the thermodynamic parameters DeltaG degrees = -10.2 kcal mol(-1), DeltaH degrees = -16 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaS degrees = -20.3 cal K(-1) mol(-1) for the reversible association at 298.2 K. Theoretical (DFT) calculations performed with the Buffle model of the fulvic acids support the formation of H-bonded adducts between the inorganic radicals and the humic substances. The experimental enthalpy change compares well with the theoretical values found for some of the investigated adducts.

Marine humic and fulvic acids were concentrated from about 1,400 liters of seawater from the Gulf of Mexico, and specific absorption coefficients were measured for each from 240 to 675 nm. Spectral absorption coefficients were then calculated for Gulf of Mexico stations where earlier data on humic and fulvic acid concentrations were available. Marine humic and fulvic acid values have

Biologioal activities of humic acid (Na salt), hymatomelanic acid (Na salt), lignofulvic acid and of fulvic acids isolated from peat were studied by means of the auxin-, gibberellin-, and cytokinin- bioassays. All the four tested fractions showed higher or lower stimulating activity in these bioassays. However, the stimulating effect is considerably lower and cannot be interpreted as phytohormone activity. Some fractions in some concentrations also showed inhibitory effects. The manner of biological action of the studied fractions might bo the result of interaction of their respective components.

Humic Substances (HS) occur naturally in our environment and are the remains of a process called humification, which is the biodegradation of biomass that then recombines and converts into dark colored complex compounds with no definite chemical structure. These are the end result of microbial degradation but resistant to further microbial degradation. It has a strong global presence as a dietary supplement and cosmetics applications for different beneficial uses. Till date its exploration as a pharmaceutical excipient has been limited to academic research only but the data being presented augurs a good commercial success.

Background: Śilājatu (Shilajit; SJ) is claimed in traditional Indian medical practice to be useful in the treatment of nervous disorders, epilepsy and as antistress.
Aim: To investigate whether SJ possesses antiepileptic and antipsychotic activities in rodents.
Materials and Methods: Isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), apomorphine, phenytoin, diazepam, haloperidol and other chemicals of analytical grade were procured from standard companies. The antiepileptic activity of SJ was assessed using maximal electro shock (MES)-induced seizures in rats, INH and PTZ-induced seizures in mice. The antipsychotic effect of SJ was evaluated using apomorphine-induced climbing and stereotyped behaviours respectively, in mice and rats.
Settings and Designs: SJ (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) was given orally once daily for 15 days in all the rodent models. On the test day, SJ was administered 1 h prior to electric shock or chemical inducers (INH/PTZ/apomorphine) in experimental animals; the animals were then observed for different phases of seizures and psychotic behaviours. In addition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the brain of rats and mice was estimated in seizure models.
Statistical Analysis: The data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Statistical comparisons were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test using Graph Pad Prism version 5.0, USA. A P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results and Conclusions: SJ pretreatment significantly inhibited the seizures induced by MES, INH and PTZ in a dose dependent manner. Further, SJ augmented brain GABA levels to normal, decreased by INH and PTZ in mice brain. SJ pretreatment also significantly inhibited the climbing and stereotyped behaviours induced by apomorphine. The present data seems to confirm the antiepileptic activity of SJ which may be because of enhancing the GABAergic system. The antipsychotic activity observed may be due to anti-dopaminergic and/or GABA-mimetic actions.

A filed experiment was conducted at the Experimental farm of Agriculture Research Center, Giza Governorate, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2014/2015 and 2015/2016) to investigate the effect of boron, fulvic acid and their combinations on three sugar beet varieties (AThospoly, Maximus and Sirona). The results revealed that, the varieties of sugar beet significantly differed in some studies traits in the two growing seasons. Foliar spray boron 200mg/l with fulvic acid recorded the best root length and dimeter 30.33, 32.33, 12.44 and 10.44 cm/plant during two seasons respectively. Maximus varity was the best in root length and diameter 28.83, 30.83, 11.17 and 9.22 cm/plant in both seasons respectively. Also, fulvic acid with boron either 200 or 100mg/l achieved the best significantly result in root and sugar yield (31.39, 32.03, 5.04 and 8.83) ton/fed. respectively in both seasons. The foliar applications fulvic acid with boron (100 mg/l) treatment obtained the highest result in sucrose, sugar extraction, purity and extractability percentages on different sugar beet varieties. It was more significantly then control. On the other hand, the previous treatment gave the lowest values in impurities parameters (sodium, potassium, α-amino-N and sugar lost to molasses percentages). Maximus variety was more response for treatment (fulvic with boron (100mg/l)) than others. Also, the biological activities include total microbial counts and enzymes activity were more effectives by fulvic acid and boron where, total counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were the highest counts with treatment contents of boron (100mg/l) with fulvic acid also, dehydrogenase enzymes was more effectives with treatment boron (100mg/l) with fulvic acid, it obtained 18.4, 18.3 and 18.6 µg TPF/g soil/ day in the first season. Meanwhile, it was 20, 20.2 and 20.3 µg TPF/g soil/ day in the second season. Total phosphatase enzyme was more activity with the same treatment (T4)where, its recorded 40.3, 40.51 and 40.13 µg/ g dry soil/day and 42.4, 42.35 and 42.31 µg/ g dry soil/day µg/ g dry soil/day during both seasons respectively. On the other hand, nitrogenase enzyme was the best activity with treatment content fulvic acid only where it was 7.7, 7.52 and 7.88 µmole C 2 H 4 / g dry soil/ day and 8.3, 8.27 and 8.28 µmole C 2 H 4 / g dry soil/ day during two seasons respectively. This study revealed that the foliar application of FA only or with boron improved sugar beet growth and yield quantity and quality as well as, FA is promising effective factor and environmental friendly agent.

Fixed supply tokenization of discrete political economy may be an important innovation. Perhaps the politicization and collapse of value indexation began at the decline of the megalithic era.
Interdependency with complex ecosystems indexed by collateralization of fixed supply currency may offer solutions. This is a practical but introductory throw at an array of topics supporting the hypothesis.
That the increasing diversity of ecological input exploited in the maintenance of complex evolution of productive systems exchanged via increasingly rare units of value indexation equals greater upward mobility of generations of human beings over time.

The aim of the present study was to describe the effects of land use on humus composition and the structural properties of humic substances (HS) in degraded soil in Leyte, Philippines. Five adjacent land-use types, primary forest (PF), mahogany plantation (MP), rainforestation farming (RF), coffee plantation (CP) and grassland (GR), with comparable geology, parent material, soil type and climate were sampled and examined. The contents of humic acids (HAs), fulvic acids (FAs), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-adsorbed FAs and PVP-non-adsorbed FAs in the soil, and the elementary composition, infrared (IR) spectra and molecular size distribution of HAs and PVP-adsorbed FAs were compared among the different land uses. Results revealed that conversion of PF into other land uses has led to a decrease in FAs, which were higher under intensive cultivation conditions, such as RF, CP and GR. The amounts of HAs were small and also affected by land use. The amount of PVP-non-adsorbed FAs was more affected by land use than the amount of PVP-adsorbed FAs. Variation in the molecular size of HAs and PVP-adsorbed FAs provided evidence of variations in the structural characteristics of HS as a result of land-use change, although there were no appreciable differences in IR spectra and elementary composition. The relationship between land use and the degree of humification of HAs was poor. The HAs were still in the early stage of humification as indicated by the Type Rp in most soils, the higher contents of elemental H and N, and the high H/C and O/C ratios.