Fundamental

In rat aorta, the presence of functional α2‐adrenoceptors (α2‐AR) was investigated in ring preparations preconstricted with α1‐adrenergic and non‐ α1‐adrenergic agonists. Particularly, the hypothetical interference of α2‐AR agonists with α1‐AR‐mediated vasoconstriction was evaluated. Relaxant and contractile responses to α2‐AR agonists were obtained. In endothelium‐intact and endothelium‐denuded aortic rings preconstricted with phenylephrine (1 × 10−6 m), the imidazoline derivatives, clonidine and UK14304, induced relaxations with similar order of potencies (−log EC50) and maxima relaxant effects respectively. Pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) had no effect on the relaxant responses to clonidine and UK14304. In phenylephrine‐constricted rings with endothelium, relaxations to clonidine and UK 14304 were not antagonized by the selective α2‐AR antagonist, rauwolscine (≤1 × 10−6 m). Clonidine and UK 14304 induced only contractions on ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the actions of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug flunixin‐meglumin (FM) on the changes caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced sepsis in the rat liver. Eight groups of five adult male Wistar rats were analysed: (1) saline injected (controls), (2) FM treated with 1.1 mg/kg, (3) FM treated with 2.2 mg/kg, (4) LPS‐injected (10 mg/kg), (5) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (6) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (7) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM post‐treatment and (8) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM post‐treatment. All drugs were intraperitoneally injected. The following parameters were evaluated: plasma levels of hepatic enzymes and urea, hepatic histological characteristics, antioxidant enzymes and several metabolic fluxes. The latter comprised gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and oxygen consumption. Liver damage in LPS‐induced sepsis was characterized by histological changes, increased plasma levels of alanine aminotrans...

The purpose of this observational study was to compare the mastery of 12 fundamental movement skills (FMS) and skill components between a treatment‐seeking sample of overweight/obese children and a reference sample from the United States. Mastery of six locomotor and six object‐control skills (24 components in each subdomain) were video‐assessed by one assessor using the test of gross motor development‐2 (TGMD‐2). The 153 overweight/obese children (mean ± s.d. age = 8.3 ± 1.1 years, BMI z‐score = 2.78 ± 0.69, 58% girls, 77% obese) were categorized into age groups (for the underhand roll and strike: 7–8 years and 9–10 years; all other FMS: 6–7 years and 8–10 years) and mastery prevalence rates were compared with representative US data (N = 876) using χ2 analysis. For all 12 skills in all age groups, the prevalence of mastery was lower among overweight/obese children compared with the reference sample (all P < 0.05). This was consistent for 18 locomotor and upto 21 object‐control s...

Geophagia is found in various animal species and in humans. We have previously shown that spontaneously ingested kaolinite interacts with the intestinal mucosa modifies nutrient absorption and slows down gastric emptying and intestinal transit in rats in vivo. However, the precise mechanisms involved are not elucidated. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of controlled kaolinite ingestion on food intake, gut morphology and in vitro motility in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with 5% kaolinite in standard food pellets during 7, 14 and 28 days. Body mass and food consumption were measured daily. Intestinal morphological and proteomic analyses were conducted. The length of mucosal lacteals was evaluated. Plasmatic levels of leptin and adiponectin were determined. Finally, organ bath studies were conducted to evaluate smooth muscle contractility. Food consumption was significantly increased during the first two weeks of kaolinite ingestion without any mass gain compared ...

Clay consumption is a spontaneous behavior currently observed in animals and humans, particularly during undernutrition. Often regarded as intestinal care products, ingested clays also enhance food efficiency, notably by increasing intestinal lipid uptake. Clay complementation could then optimize the reconstitution of energy reserves in animals with low lipid stocks consecutive to intensive fasting. The aim of this study was therefore to observe the effects of voluntarily kaolinite complementation during the refeeding of fasted rats to determine whether body mass, food uptake, lipid and mineral contents as intestinal morphology and protein profile were modified. This study examined two types of refeeding experiments after prolonged fasting. Firstly, rats with ad libitum access to food were compared to rats with ad libitum access to food and kaolinite pellets. Animals were randomly put into the different groups when the third phase of fasting (phase III) reached by each individual wa...

Generation of free radicals in kidney cortex plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity, and curcumin, the yellow curry pigment isolated from turmeric, has been confirmed to have a strong antioxidant action. Therefore, in the present work, we aimed at testing the possible protective or palliative effect of curcumin on GM nephrotoxicity. Curcumin was given to rats at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 10 days, and in some of these rats GM was also injected intramuscularly at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day during the last 6 days of the treatment. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically by light microscopy, and biochemically by measuring the concentrations of creatinine and urea in serum, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in renal cortex. The concentration of GM in renal cortex was measured microbiologically. GM significantly increased the concentrations of urea and creatinine (P < 0.05) by about 11...

Resumo: Atualmente existem muitos obstáculos que impedem que o acesso à Justiça seja efetivo, dentre eles podemos destacar as custas processuais. Assim, o presente tema se justifi ca pelo fato de que é de suma importância que os obstáculos fi nanceiros ao acesso à Justiça sejam efetivamente eliminados. O presente estudo terá, portanto, como objetivo geral mostrar a importância de assegurar o acesso à Justiça aos indivíduos, especialmente aos economicamente desfavorecidos e, como objetivo específi co expor como as custas processuais são cobradas nos tribunais. Assim, por intermédio de pesquisa bibliográfi ca, bem como se observando o critério dedutivo metodológico, o primeiro capítulo aborda acerca do direito ao acesso à Justiça, O segundo capítulo, trata de forma mais específi ca dos obstáculos atuais do direito ao acesso à Justiça. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, disserta sobre as custas processuais como obstáculo ao acesso à Justiça. Ao fi nal, o último capítulo dispõe acerca das custas processuais praticadas pelos tribunais do país.

Pada dasarnya kewajiban dan hak suami istri adalah saling menguntungkan, yaitu kewajiban suami adalah haknya terhadap istrinya, dan kewajiban istri adalah hak suaminya. Baik suami maupun istri harus memenuhi kewajibannya. Selain kewajiban masing-masing pihak, terdapat juga kewajiban yang menjadi tanggung jawab bersama antara suami dan istri. Dan kewajiban setiap orang hendaknya tidak dianggap sebagai suatu beban melainkan suatu tanggung jawab yang harus dipenuhi.1

This study investigates the effects of essential oil of Pterodon polygalaeflorus (EOPP) and β‐caryophyllene (β‐CAR). EOPP and β‐CAR relaxed the basal tone of ileum smooth muscle in a concentration‐dependent manner (IC50s = 394.35 ± 62.12 and 68.65 ± 9.51 μg/mL respectively), an effect that was unaltered by hexamethonium, L‐nitroarginine methyl ester or indomethacin. Both EOPP and β‐CAR evoked a concentration‐dependent relaxation of ileum pre‐contracted with KCl with an IC50 value of 107.78 ± 10.47 and 17.35 ± 0.75 μg/mL, respectively. EOPP and β‐CAR inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and by KCl. In ileal preparations, the CaCl2‐induced contractions were reduced by EOPP (300 μg/mL) and β‐CAR (100 μg/mL). Furthermore, CaCl2‐induced contractions were also reduced by EOPP (300 μg/mL) and β‐CAR (100 μg/mL) in ileal preparations pretreated with ACh under Ca2+‐free condition and in the presence of verapamil. EOPP (100 and 300 μg/mL) and β‐CAR (30 and 100 μg/mL) reduc...

Résumé - Steinernema abbasi sp. n. (Nem.atoda : Steinernem.atidae) originaire du Sulatanat d'Oman - Description est donnée de Sceinernema abbasi sp. n., extrait du sol de champs de luzerne dans le Sultanat d'Oman. S. abbasi sp, n, provient d'environnements ...

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) appear to have increased plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. These adipokines may be implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (ΤNF‐α) is a potential modulator of adipokines. The effects of long‐term anti‐TNF treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 6‐month anti‐TNF treatment (infliximab) on leptin and adiponectin plasma levels in RA patients. Thirty women with RA were included in the study. Patients with diabetes mellitus, any endocrine disorder or receiving any hypolipidemic or antidiabetic medication were not included. Thirty healthy age‐ and body mass index‐matched women served as controls. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured with enzyme immunoassay methods prior to and after the 6‐month treatment with infliximab. Mean age and disease duration of patients were 51.8 ± 14.4 and 12.2 ± 6.7 years, respectively. Body ...

The present study was carried out to evaluate the biological properties of the tissue extract of a marine snail Telescopium telescopium, collected from the coastal regions of West Bengal India. On extensive pharmacological screening, it was found that the biological extract of T. telescopium (TTE) produced significant central nervous system (CNS)‐depressant activity as observed from the reduced spontaneous motility, potentiation of pentobarbitone induced sleeping time, hypothermia and respiratory depression with transient apnoea. The extract significantly decreased both residual curiosity and also muscle coordination. The fraction, obtained following saturation with 60–80% ammonium sulphate (80S), was also found to demonstrate predominant CNS‐depressant activity. It was observed that both TTE and the 80S fraction significantly altered the brain noradrenaline and homovanillic acid levels without affecting the brain gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) concentration. Based on the present o...

Abstrak: Pada hakekatnya Islam mengharapkan perkawinan itu kekal diantara suami–isteri, kecuali sebab yang tidak dapat dihindari yaitu sebab karena maut. akan tetapi pada Perkara No. 300/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.Jbg perkara kontensius antara Pemohon dan Termohon di Pengadilan Agama Jombang, Dalam pemeriksaan Perkara, dapat dinyatakan bahwa Nushuz isteri (Penggugat Rekonvensi) adalah karena tindakan isteri tidak taat, sering berhutang tanpa sepengetahuan suami, serta adanya dugaan tindak pidana penipuan yang tertuju pada isteri dengan alasan memenuhi kebutuhan padahal sebaliknya, dari sini pembahasan mengerucut pada bagaimana kriteria isteri Nushuz menurut Hukum Islam, kedua bagaimana pandangan Hukum Islam terhadap isteri Nushuz dalam perkara No. 300/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.Jbg di PA Jombang, ketiga Apa hubungan kriteria istri Nushuz dalam hukum Islam dan pandangan hukum dalam perkara No. 300/Pdr.G/2021/Pa.Jbg. Dalam Islam Isteri dikatakan Nushuz apabila tidak melakukan kewajibannya atau tidak taat dan I...

Background and Aim: Satureja khuzestanica is an annual herb that is used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat intestinal disorders such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) was tested to elucidate the mechanism(s) of its gastrointestinal activity in two animal models. Materials and Methods: The in vitro test of the effect of SKEO on the contractions induced by different spasmogens in isolated rat ileum preparations was carried out. The impacts of SKEO on intestinal transit, diarrhea, and intestinal secretion in mice were investigated with the charcoal meal, castor oil-induced diarrhea, and entropooling assays. Results: Pretreatment with SKEO at doses of (5-20 µg/mL) had a significant and concentration-dependent relaxant effect on contractions induced by acetylcholine, nicotine, histamine and serotonin in isolated rat ileum preparations. Moreover, it had an inhibitory effect on both K+- and Ca2+-induced contractions in the same tissue. At dos...

In this paper we introduce the notion of n-sequence and extend the notion of statistical convergence to n-sequences. Further we define the notion of eta-dual as a generalization of Kothe-Toeplitz dual for subsets of n-sequence spaces and compute eta-duals of some classical sets of n-sequences.

Depression is among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Researchers have identified a link between depression and different types of memory loss, including short term memory (STM). Also, the memory impairment in depression is a function of severity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antidepressant medication on short term memory in chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model of depression. A total of eighteen female mice were randomly divided into three groups of six mice each (n=6). Group I served as normal control, group II were exposed to CMS for 14 days, group III were exposed to CMS for 14 days, and thereafter treated with paroxetine at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 days. Short term memory was assessed using batteries of cognitive tests including the Y-maze and novel object recognition. Further antidepressant effect was measured using the tail suspension test (TST). The results showed that paroxetine at 20 mg/kg significantly improved the short term memory of the depr...

Education about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for public, healthcare professionals and medical students is the most important for reducing of druginduced patient harm. Some studies have already investigated patient’s knowledge about prescribed medicines (Cullen et al., 2006). Bongard et al. (2002) have shown major differences in the perception of risk of ADRs between health and non-health professionals. In this particular study, non-health professionals and pharmacists did not rank high non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for perceived risk of ADRs compared to general practitioners and pharmacovigilance professional. Montastruc et al. (2003) found differences in the perception of risks of gastrointestinal ADRs with NSAIDs, including coxibs among physicians according to their medical specialization. Rheumatologists systematically considered NSAIDs as less harmful than general practitioners and gastroenterologists. This result may indicate that these physicians are involved ...

O presente trabalho analisa o julgamento, pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) n.186-DF, proposta pelo Partido Democratas, visando à declaração de inconstitucionalidade da reserva de vagas para pessoas de cor preta e parda (afrodescendentes) na Universidade de Brasília - UnB. O estudo visita os temas da hermenêutica jurídica com ênfase no direito constitucional, numa leitura do magistério doutrinário, além de pertinentes textos normativos (Constituição Federal, Leis Federais, Decretos e Tratados Internacionais) e manifestações das partes (Partido Democratas - DEM, Advocacia Geral da União –AGU; Procuradoria Geral da República- PGR e demais “Amici Curie”, em cotejo com os votos e manifestações dos Ministros do STF, avançando nas argumentações de modo a verificar a coerência narrativa e a consistência normativa dos entendimentos por eles esposados, à luz do magistério doutrinário brasileiro. O problema jurídico consiste em ve...

Ethanol and medical psychotropics (MPs) are legal psychoactive substances widely consumed in Western countries that are routinely detected in standard toxicological analyses at compulsory autopsies, and toxicokinetic interactions between these drugs have been described. However, studies assessing the consequences of this co-consumption are scarce in Europe. We performed a retrospective study on toxicological results from compulsory autopsies in Spain. Thirty-five legal psychotropics, including ethanol, were measured in blood samples from 380 decedents to assess the determinants of such co-consumption. MPs were detected in 42.4% of the subjects. Polypharmacy was frequent in our series (25%), being more frequent in men than in women. More than one-third of the decedents had detectable levels of ethanol, and a significant positive association between ethanol levels and age was evident. About one-third of MPs consumers were also co-consumers of ethanol. The simultaneous consumption of e...

 Talak or better known as divorce is the most common case in the Religious Courts (PA). In 2007 the Religious Courts (PA) of Semarang recorded 1,080 cases of divorce, both divorced and litigated. From a number of cases above, the authors classify them into two parts, firstly, divorce talak where the decision requires the husband to pay the child's living expenses until the child is an adult as mandated by the law and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), the second is the decision for litigation in which the verdict is only only mentioning hadlanah rights without supporting children even though the couple has been blessed with children. The purpose of the study of the PA's decision on talak divorce is to find out whether the condemnation decision requires the husband to pay a certain amount of maintenance to the child up to the adult child who currently has his ex-wife paid or not. Then what efforts can be made by the ex-wife to get the rights of the child. Research on talak...