Georeferencing

The increasing demand for up-to-date 3-D geographic information systems (GIS) in planning, transportation, and utility management applications poses significant challenges to the Geomatics community. Of all the challenges in acquiring, building, maintaining, and using GIS, none is more central than that of dala acquisition. Obtaining the required spatial and attribute data by conventional methods such as aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial surveying is expensive, slow, or inaccurate. These methods are, therefore, not well suited for rapid updating. Fortunately, however, the development of land-based mobile mapping systems (MMS) has opened a new avenue to meet these challenges. Land-based MMS are capable of providing fast, efficient, cost-effective and complete data acquisition. As such, they are an innovative technology for creating and updating 3-D GIS databases both quickly and inexpensively. Basically, MMS are based on integrated navigation systems, mainly the integration of GP...

Refúgios úmidos, matas serranas, brejos interioranos, serras úmidas, são alguns dos sinônimos utilizados para designar as formações vegetacionais conhecidas como brejos de altitude. Estes constituem encraves de vegetação úmida no semiárido nordestino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, por meio do georreferenciamento, tratamento de dados vetoriais e visitas a campo, a ocorrência de brejos de altitude em Alagoas, visando acrescentar informações acerca deste tipo de ambiente e levantar questionamentos sobre a influência antrópica a que estão sujeitos. Brejos de altitude em território alagoano são representados sob a forma de pequenos fragmentos, muitas vezes inseridos no perímetro urbano das cidades onde estão situados. Localizados, predominantemente, ao norte do estado, onde recebem influência, em sua altitude média, do Planalto da Borborema, resultante da sua divisa com Pernambuco. A deterioração destes ambientes é notada, relacionando-se intimamente com atividades de subsistência da população, como a extração de madeira e a criação de animais.

A térképmű Földvárt egy stilizált, saroktornyos (bástyás?) castellum jellel ábrázolja. A megjelölt hely azonosítása egy megoldást adhat a mohácsi csata egy kritikus kérdéskörében előállt megoldásokhoz. A térkép arányossága – a nyilvánvaló hibái mellett is – alapot ad arra, hogy a jelölt helyet több fázisú georeferálással határozzuk meg.

A csata korabeli, sokszor művészi igényű ábrázolásai, térképvázlatai olyan azonosítható földrajzi elemeket, terepjellegeket tartalmaznak, amelyek a terepen, a korszerű térképműveken azonosíthatók. Egyes csataképek a madártávlati nézetük belső változásai mellett is arányosak, így meggondolandó térinformatikai eszközökkel való elemzésük. A vizsgálat kiterjedt a csatatér és az érintett környezet seregmozgásokat befolyásoló földrajzi, felszínmorfológiai viszonyaira, a hadmozdulatok által érintett távolabbi tér vizsgálatára is. A művészi ábrázolásokon túli egyes képi megjelenítések, térképek, korábbi szakirodalmi eredmények elemzésével a további régészeti kutatás kiemelt fontosságú területei is meghatározhatók.
Draft V0R3

Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung für die Georeferenzierung von Karten mit QGIS. Sie wurde für die Praxisübung "Digitalisierung archäologischer Artefakte" im WiSe 2018/2019 in der Klassischen Archäologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität angefertigt.

Overlay Analysis penting untuk dilakukan, mengingat pengolahan data dengan informasi terkandung yang berbeda dapat dilakukan dari membuat, memproses hingga menghasilkan peta sesuai keinginan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh dan memperlihatkan informasi daerah / wilayah kesesuaian antara dua data atau lebih dalam suatu area penelitian. Disamping itu, dalam analisis overlay juga terdapat metode-metode seperti Vector ataupun Raster, serta ada juga konsep-konsep geoprocessing yang dapat dipilih seperti Clip, Intersect, dan Union  yang dapat disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan keinginan perolehan data.

Il lavoro rappresenta un esempio di metodologia GIS adottata per la gestione delle diverse tipologie di dati scaturiti dallo studio e dalle attività di survey condotti sull'antico insediamento di Ferento; tra questi, le informazioni derivanti dall'analisi dei Catasti Gregoriano e Pontificio, fondamentali per la ricostruzione del contesto agrario della città e del suo territorio in epoca medievale.

La tesi illustra le basi teoriche, il contesto sociale dell'operazione, i percorsi progettuali e i primi risultati relativi alla creazione e sperimentazione di Trimap (www.trimap.it), un progetto (nato all'interno di questo dottorato)  di mappatura “dal basso” e di social learning per il mondo del no-profit.
Gli obiettivi principali sono:
1) costruire in maniera partecipativa un sistema informativo geografico (GIS) sul noprofit attraverso un sistema di mappe interattive;
2) fornire alle organizzazioni partecipanti uno spazio di autorappresentazione, comunicazione, confronto, cooperazione, collaborazione, promozione, formazione (e-portfolio dei progetti, co-progettazione, scrittura collettiva, condivisione informazioni, banca delle competenze, calendari...).

The contemporary application of georeferencing and geolocation technologies has enabled the review and revitalisation of the method of presenting, disseminating, and making accessible cartographic and photographic documentation stored in archives, libraries, map libraries, museums, geographic institutes, and other key institutions. This article evaluates the interest and scope of document management of both technologies, analyses its contemporary application in cartographic and photographic management, and offers a systematised review of a significant number of practical cases from public and private institutions that have recently implemented their documentary heritage with success.

The goal of this article is to provide several practical procedures for working within the GIS environment in the archaeological sector, with specific reference to the excavation site, through open source methodologies and software such as Qgis and PyArchinit.
It will also demonstrate how to use the data derived from the survey, processed and managed through Qgis and PyArchinit for enhancement projects such as 3d modeling and 3d mapping through Blender software.

The term «Maritime Cultural Landscape» was first enunciated by Christer Westerdahl (Westerdahl, 1992; Westerdahl, 2011). This theory includes the analysis of an archaeological site or object not as an independent entity but as an integral part of the Maritime Cultural Landscape. It is based on a combination of archaeological data related to maritime and naval activities and the geographical and oceanographic aspect. Some of the many data that can be analyzed are plans and historical notices. The combination of those plans and latest archaeological data, with the help of the TIG, can explain a range of occupational
and territorial exploitation strategies.

Archival maps are an invaluable source of information about the state of the geographical environment. They represent
the primary research material for analysis of changes in spatial characteristics of the environment. However, a prerequisite
for any reliable analysis is an accurate match between archival maps and contemporary cartographic materials
and the estimation of error inherent to every match. The most effective way of achieving this nowadays is to use GIS
software.
The aim of this work is thus to present and discuss georeferencing methods of archival paper maps that make a precise comparison with contemporary reference layers possible. Two alternative georeferencing methods for maps based or not based on a geodetic network are described, and the georeferencing of archival maps is discussed further by reference to the First, Second and Third Military Surveys of Galicia conducted by the MGI (Militärgeographisches Institut), and completed in 1783, 1863 and 1879 respectively.

Geoinformasiya modelinin yaradılmasında qarşıya çıxan əsas problemlərdən biri verilənlərin georeferens və interpolyasiya olunması məsələləridir. Məqalədə bu istiqamətdə müxtəlif miqyaslı rastr xəritələrinin transformasiyası məsələlərinə baxılmış, georeferens əməliyyatları çərçivəsində mövcud üsullar şərh olunmuş, interpolyasiyanın bir sıra deterministik və geostatistik üsulları öz əksini tapmışdır. Bundan başqa, geoinformasiya modelləşdirilməsi məqsədi ilə LIDAR və GeoEye-1 verilənlərinin analizləri aparılmışdır. Tədqiqatın məqsədi və aktuallığı Geoinformasiya sistemlərində yerinə yetirilən layihələrdə qarşıya çıxan əsas məsələlər georeferens əməliyyatları ilə bağlı olur. Bundan başqa, məkan məlumatlarının interpolyasiyası da lazım gəlir ki, bu da geoinformasiya modelləşdirilməsində mühüm əhəmiyyət kəsb edir. Obyekt və hadisələrin geoinformasiya modelləşdirilməsi bir sıra mərhələləri özündə əks etdirir. Bu mərhələlər tədqiq olunan obyekt və hadisələrin dəqiq atribut informasiyalara malik olmasından və onların məkan əlaqələrindən ibarətdir. Belə model obyekt və hadisənin konkret xüsusiyyətlərini özündə əks etdirməklə, mövcud vəziyyətin baxılmasına və proqnozlaşdırma zamanı səmərəli nəticələrin əldə olunmasına imkan verir. Bu zaman baxılan obyekt və hadisə reallıqda mövcud olmaya da bilər. Xüsusi təqdimetmə formasına aid olan geoinformasiya modellərinin yaradılmasında maraq kəsb edən məsələ tədqiq edilən obyekt və hadisənin hansı zaman intervalına aid olması deyil, onun xassələrinin, obrazının naturada daha dəqiq təsvirinin təmin edilməsidir. Belə ki, bizi əhatə edən aləm, obyekt və hadisələr mürəkkəb sistemi təşkil edir. Bəzən bu mürəkkəb və unikal sistemdə gedən hər hansı prosesin, həmçinin baş verən hadisənin bütün hissələri ilə öyrənilməsi mümkün olmur. Belə modellər həm mövcud vəziyyəti, həm də proqnozlaşdırma kimi xassələri özündə əks etdirir. Bunun üçün müxtəlif müasir yanaşmalar, metod və alqoritmlər mövcuddur. Geoinformasiya modelləri də müasir yanaşmalara əsaslanırlar və onların xüsusi özəllikləri ondan ibarətdir ki, onlar obyekt və hadisə haqqında geniş məlumat vermək imkanına malikdirlər. Buna səbəb, qrafiki və mətn verilənləri haqqında məlumatların həmin modellərdə cəmlənməsidir. Geoinformasiya modellərinin üstün cəhətlərindən biri də onların müvafiq koordinat sisteminə və kartoqrafik proyeksiyalara bağlanması, həmçinin məlum nöqtələrə əsasən trianqulyasiya şəbəkələrinin qurulmasıdır. Məhz bu səbəbdən, geoinformasiya modelinin yaradılmasında iştirak edən faktorlar arasında məkan verilənlərinin transformasiyası və interpolyasiyası xüsusi yer tutur və araşdırılması vacib olan məsələlər hesab olunur. Georeferens əməliyyatı özündə təsvirin miqyasa gətirilməsini, dönmə bucağının təyin olunmasını, qalıq və digər xətaların müəyyənləşdirilməsini və s. prosedurların aparılmasını nəzərdə tutur. Bu prosedurlar da təsvirin xassələrindən və onun hansı formaya transformasiya olunmasından asılı olaraq Affin və ya Polinom metodların tətbiqini tələb edir. Bunun üçün isə georeferens əsasında naməlum əmsallar təyin olunur və həmin üsulların geoinformasiya sistemlərində baxılmasına zərurət yaranır. Bu səbəbdən, georeferens üsullarının öyrənilməsi və müxtəlif miqyaslı təsvirlər üzrə hansı transformasiya metodlarının tətbiq olunmasının müəyyən edilməsi vacib məsələlərdəndir. Bu üsulların öyrənilməsi və mövcud metodların müqayisəli analizləri proqramlaşdırma məsələlərində də səmərəli nəticələrin əldə olunmasına xidmət göstərə bilər. Məlumdur ki, geoinformasiya sistemlərində obyekt və hadisələrin modelləşdirilməsi

Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are an exciting new remote sensing tool capable of acquiring high resolution spatial data. Remote sensing with UAVs has the potential to provide imagery at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The small footprint of UAV imagery, however, makes it necessary to develop automated techniques to geometrically rectify and mosaic the imagery such that larger areas can be monitored. In this paper, we present a technique for geometric correction and mosaicking of UAV ...

La georeferenziazione di una immagine satellitare o di una fotografia aerea rispetto a un sistema di coordinate di riferimento risulta un processo spesso indispensabile per la comprensione del palinsesto archeologico. Al tempo stesso essa richiede tempi lunghi (a volte ore) e grande accuratezza. Un aiuto perridurre i tempi di individuazione e selezione di corrispondenze fra immagini da georeferenziare e sistema di destinazione, aumentando la precisione a livello sub-pixel, viene oggi offerto da un nuovo set di strumenti gratuiti: AutoGR-Toolkit. Geo-reference of Images with AutoGR-Toolkit AutoGR-Toolkit is a set of Pythonscripts converted to “.EXE” files with py2exe v0.6.9. The purpose of thetoolkit is to facilitate and speedup the process of geo-referencing images withfree and open source tools and graphical user-friendly interfaces. It embeds 4scripts (GGRAB, AuttoGR-Sift, GeoRef Filtering, GeoTiff Converter) and 2 algorithmlibraries (ASift and GDAL) to assist the user in geo-refe...

El concepto de “Paisaje Cultural Marítimo” fue enunciado por vez primera por Christer Westerdahl  (Westerdahl 1992; Westerdahl 2011). Dicha teoría contempla el análisis de un yacimiento arqueológico o un objeto no como entidad independiente sino como parte integral del paisaje cultural marítimo. Se basa  en la combinación de datos arqueológicos relacionados con actividades marítimas o navales y los aspectos geográficos y oceanográficos propios. Uno de los múltiples análisis del territorio que permite esta teoría es la de la georreferenciación de planos históricos y noticias históricas. La combinación de estas variables  con datos arqueológicos, gracias a la ayuda de las TIG, puede explicar toda una serie de dinámicas ocupacionales y estrategias de explotación del territorio.

Historical cartography constitutes a factual basis for a diachronic analysis of the city, land an places. Historical maps often contain information that cannot be found in other written sources, such as, for example, place names, boundaries, and physical characteristics that have been altered or completely erased by modern development. Analyzing historical maps makes it possible to understand the territory’s current configuration – which is the result of choices made in the past – and to critically assess evolutionary dynamics. The interventions of the past influence the present-day conformation in the same way that today’s interventions may someday influence the future.
The development of information technology has recently allowed an evolution in the methods of investigation and dissemination of historical maps, thanks to the introduction of intuitive and immediate interfaces, giving immediate access to complex functions and making them easier to be used than they were in the past. Generally, we are witnessing to a wide spread of new applications, even in disciplinary fields traditionally not involved in computer science, which are characterized by the simplicity in managing complex analysis and by the presence of tools for the visualization of results from a non expert wide public.
Descriptive and cognitive aspects of historical maps can be emphasized in a system where historical, geographical or economic data can be integrated; this tool, which are able to relate heterogeneous information in order to increase and improve their management and communicability, represent, in our time, the basic equipment for every research.
This paper deals with the Europe maps of Coronelli, contained in the Atlante Veneto, and wants to better understand which is the projective system better suitable to these historical cartography.
Recently a collection of ancient maps was found in the Institute of Marine Sciences of CNR in Venice. The collection includes maps, perspective views, pilot books, atlas (such as the Coronelli’s one that was used for the projective analyses) and ancient manuscripts: this work took into account a selection of maps and documents representing the Venice Lagoon, the Adriatic coast and a part of Europe.
The first part of this research focused on the application of a scientific method for digital acquisition of historical cartography; thanks to the Geomatic tools and especially to digital photogrammetry it is possible to acquire metric, semantic and symbolic information and also the three-dimensional shape of the geometrical support to correct the deformations occurred over time.
The applied procedure of recovery and valorisation of historical cartography is divided into three different phases: acquisition, georeferencing and data elaboration of maps in a digital environment. This paper underlines the application of a scientific procedure for the conservation and valorisation of the historical Cartographic Heritage, particularly considering the geodetical and projective content of european maps of Coronelli: as often stated in literature, most of the maps are topographically not accurate, especially regarding the north-south orientation (mainly because the magnetic declination was not known yet), and the projective system is not well defined. The georeferencing process and the residual analyses can offer some considerations on this topic.

The research of past cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly popular among archaeologists. The aim of this paper is to present some examples of the possible use of archival maps of Silesia that were issued from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century in the study on the reconstruction of cultural landscape. The other goal is to discuss problems that are connected with working on such sources using GIS-based methods and techniques. The study concentrated on the issue of evaluating the accuracy of the presented cartographic sources. This stage of research is crucial for further analysis of historical maps and the information they contain.

Los mapas antiguos han sido una herramienta básica para la Geografía, como útil didáctico y como elemento de síntesis en el análisis histórico de los territorios, que los geógrafos hemos utilizado habitualmente. Sin embargo, el incremento de mapas de este tipo accesibles en internet y la popularización de herramientas SIG para desarrollar su análisis han alterado las formas de trabajo tradicionales. La posibilidad de georreferenciar mapas antiguos e interrelacionarlos geométricamente con otras cartografías ha abierto nuevos caminos para la investigación. Desde esta perspectiva, a partir
del análisis de la revolución que ha supuesto
la georreferenciación en las cartotecas online,
esta contribución plantea algunas pautas para georreferenciar mapas antiguos en los dos SIG de código abierto más populares: QGIS y gvSIG. Se pretende con ello reflexionar sobre la relevancia de la georreferenciación como herramienta útil para contextualizar los mapas antiguos y obtener datos de ellos, poniendo en valor el patrimonio cartográfico.

In this paper, a methodology for the calculation of rough exterior orientation (EO) parameters of multiple large-scale overlapping oblique aerial images, in the case that GPS/INS information is not available (e.g., for old datasets), is presented. It consists of five main steps; (a) the determination of the overlapping image pairs and the single image in which four ground control points have to be measured; (b) the computation of the transformation parameters from every image to the coordinate reference system; (c) the rough estimation of the camera interior orientation parameters; (d) the estimation of the true horizon line and the nadir point of each image; (e) the calculation of the rough EO parameters of each image. A developed software suite implementing the proposed methodology is tested using a set of UAV multi-perspective oblique aerial images. Several tests are performed for the assessment of the errors and show that the estimated EO parameters can be used either as initial approximations for a bundle adjustment procedure or as rough georeferencing information for several applications, like 3D modelling, even by non-photogrammetrists, because of the minimal user intervention needed. Finally, comparisons with a commercial software are made, in terms of automation and correctness of the computed EO parameters.

AutoGR-Toolkit verion 1.0 is a set of Python (http://python.org/) scripts converted to “.EXE” files with
py2exe v0.6.9 (http://www.py2exe.org/). The purpose of the toolkit is to facilitate and speedup the
process of georeferencing images with free and open source tools and graphical user-friendly interfaces.
It embeds 4 scripts (GGrab, AutoGR-Sift, GeoRef Filtering, GeoTiff Converter) and 2 algorithm libraries
(ASift and GDAL) to assist the user in geo-referencing one image on another one according to the specific
geographical projection. The use of the software does not require any special skill and it allows the user
to go from input to output in few minutes, still keeping the option to customize almost every parameter
to improve final accuracy. This paper describes the basic principles and functionality behind each tool in
the Toolkit, with some stress tests and results derived from their systematic use. AutoGR-Toolkit is freely
available at the URL http://www.ims.forth.gr/AutoGR.

Geographers have widely relied on old maps as didactic devices and as elements of synthesis in the historical analysis of given territories. However, the recent generalization of immediate access to this type of cartographic representation in digital repositories, and the popularization of geographic information technologies through open access tools have altered the traditional focus. The possibility of georeferencing old maps and interrelating them with other cartographies has opened up new roads for research. Acknowledging the methodological revolution encouraged by georeferencing online map libraries, the article proposes basic guidelines with which to georeference old maps in the most popular open source Geographic Information Systems (GIS): QGIS and gvSIG. The object is to reflect on the relevance of georeferencing as a useful tool to contextualize old maps and obtain better data from them, valorising cartographic heritage.

La georeferenziazione di una immagine satellitare o di una fotografia aerea rispetto a un sistema di coordinate di riferimento risulta un processo spesso indispensabile per la comprensione del palinsesto archeologico. Al tempo stesso essa richiede tempi lunghi (a volte ore) e grande accuratezza. Un aiuto per ridurre i tempi di individuazione e selezione di corrispondenze fra immagini da georeferenziare e sistema di destinazione, aumentando la precisione a livello sub-pixel, viene oggi offerto da un nuovo set di strumenti gratuiti: AutoGR-Toolkit.

La cartografía con la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías está de moda, el consumo de mapas a gran escala es una realidad gracias a Google Maps y los GPS. Estas tecnologías han hecho llegar su influjo también a la cartografía antigua, a la que le están dando un nuevo aire con la modernización en el uso y tratamiento de los mapas antiguos. Los procesos que hacen esto posible son, entre otros, la digitalización, la georreferenciación y la publicación web. Estos dos últimos procesos se realizan con los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). El objetivo de este artículo es obtener un listado de requisitos que debe de cumplir un SIG para realizar estos procesos de forma satisfactoria para el usuario, al igual que poner a prueba el software libre QGIS con este listado. La finalidad de esta investigación es ofrecer conocimientos y herramientas válidas para los bibliotecarios, archiveros y
otros profesionales de la información que quieran revitalizar sus colecciones cartográficas.

With the arrival of new technologies the cartography is in fashion, the consumption of large-scale maps is a reality thanks to Google Maps and the GPS. These technologies have also
brought their influence to ancient cartography, which is giving a new air with the modernization in the use and treatment of ancient maps. The processes that make this possible are, among others, digitization, georeferencing, and web publishing. These last two processes are carried out with the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The objective of this article is to obtain a list of requirements that a GIS must fulfill in order to perform these processes satisfactorily for the user, as well as to test the free software QGIS with this listing. The purpose of this research is to provide valid knowledge and tools for librarians, archivists, and other information professionals who want to revitalize their cartographic collections.

The digital tools that allow georeferencing may serve as a foothold for the study of the reception of a text that has generated a large number of translation throughout the world over the centuries. In the case of “Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia” (1647) by B. Gracián we have around 80 texts in some thirty languages. Such numbers require the use of automation for some stages of the analysis, although to enable the use of a program, the data must be structured in a certain way and, even, distorted. However, the need to reduce information and present exclusively unambiguous data encourages further data analysis. In the present article we offer a reflection on the problems that arose during the elaboration of maps of translations of Gracián’s work, together with a commented example of maps generated in this process («Chronology and geography of the translations of Oráculo»).

During the last decades, the active participation of the inhabitants in the
interpretation, management and planning of landscape has assumed an increasingly important role, thanks to the challenges and understandings provided by the European Landscape Convention which advocated the participation and enhanced the role of the populations as fundamental sources of information. Despite the difficulties linked to the valorization of such assets, the comparison between expert and public views can favour the production of new knowledge as long as these information and sources could be compared and connected through fruitful approaches. The present contribution finds his roots in the development of Friuli Venezia Giulia Regional Landscape Plan and, adopting a participatory approach, tried to investigate the perceived landscapes of risk and degradation. The focus is on three categories of areas and sites perceived as degraded, specifically those resulting from the massive presence of abandonment former military areas, hydrogeological problems and, finally, quarry activities. After presenting the most relevant aspects and the results of the geo-cartographic analysis, the limits and opportunities of the research are highlighted. On the one hand, similarly to other participatory projects, the analysis presents problems in terms of quality and territorial coverage, on the other hand, it offers reflections on the possible synergies between local and expert knowledge.

This work introduces a Mobile Stereo Mapping System (MSMS) designed for remote operation onboard unmanned vehicles for navigation and rapid collection of 3D spatial data through direct georeferencing and integration of optical and multiple navigation sensors. By avoiding the need for ground control points, the system offers a low-cost mapping solution for both kinematic and static cases, rapid deployments, high data resolutions, and low risk to operators. Position estimation of the camera is based on differential GPS, loosely coupled in a Kalman filter with a low-cost Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Attitude is estimated from gyroscope data, aided by accelerometer and magne-tometer data to compensate for gyro drift. Two low-cost consumer digital cameras are calibrated and time-synchronized with the GPS/IMU to provide directly georeferenced stereo imagery. The MSMS determines mapping coordinates using photogrammetric solutions modified for direct georeferencing. A calibration process has been developed for the sensor components and the integrated system itself to determine systematic errors and biases, and to determine the relative geometry of the sensors. Object space accuracies (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)) in the range of 1/100 at camera-to-object distances of about 30m were achieved using wide baseline overlapping images taken from two separate positions of the stereo-metric MSMS. The system design and the calibration and mapping accuracy of the MSMS are presented and assessed using field testing.

In an historically contextualized overview of the earliest extant version of the Yujitu, engraved on stone under the Liu Yu regime but believed to be a copy of a Northern Song map, the paper analyzes factors that complicate its georeferencing. The paper introduces a new algorithm for nonlinear georeferencing, applying it to 45 points and finding that the placement of sites on the north-south axis must have been based on latitudinal observation. Despite the Yujitu‘s startlingly modern appearance, the paper finds that there are areas in which it reflects a loyalty to classical texts.