Halitosis

Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that may be the origin of concern not only for a possible health condition but also for frequent psychological alterations which may lead to social and personal isolation. The most frequent sources of halitosis that exist in the oral cavity include bacterial reservoirs such as the dorsum of the tongue, saliva and periodontal pockets. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are the prominent elements of oral malodour. Genuine halitosis and pseudo-halitosis should be in the treatment realm of dental practitioners. Clinical Relevance: Halitosis can be a symptom of underlying systemic disease, therefore the exact diagnosis and its source (oral or non-oral) is important in the proper approach to its management.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of chewing gums containing probiotic bacteria on oral malodour. The null hypothesis was that no difference would be displayed compared with placebo gums. M&M. Twenty-five healthy young adults with self-reported malodorous morning breath completed this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The design included run-in and wash-out periods interspersed by two intervention periods of 14 days each. The subjects were instructed to chew one gum in the morning and one in the evening containing either two strains of probiotic lactobacilli (L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289) or placebo. The outcome measures were (i) organoleptic scores (0–5) by a certified test panel, (ii) concentration of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measured with a Halimeter and (iii) concentration of VSC after a cysteine rinse. Registrations were made at baseline and after each intervention period. Differences between the groups were assessed by no...

Periodontitis prevalence remains high. Peri-implantitis is an emerging public health issue. Such a high burden of disease and its social, oral and systemic consequences are compelling reasons for increased attention towards prevention for individuals, professionals and public-health officials. 16 systematic reviews and meta-reviews formed the basis for workshop discussions. Deliberations resulted in 4 consensus reports. This workshop calls for renewed emphasis on the prevention of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. A critical element is the recognition that prevention needs to be tailored to the individual needs through diagnosis and risk profiling. Discussions identified critical aspects that may help in the large-scale implementation of preventive programs: i) a need to communicate to the public the critical importance of gingival bleeding as an early sign of disease, ii) the need for universal implementation of periodontal screening by the oral health care team, iii) the role of...

Halitosis is the offensive or disagreeable odour that may emanate from the mouth. In 80%-90% of cases, bacterial activities especially on the dorsum of the tongue are implicated. Current studies on halitosis accessed from electronic databases were appraised in the light of prevalence, impact and control of halitosis. Halitosis has a worldwide occurrence with a prevalence range of 22% to 50%. Due to the associated social and psychological effects, it should be taken seriously in all affected patients. Oral healthcare professionals ought to be well informed, because their office(s) are usually the first points of call for the affected patients.

Methods: A subsample of 767 subjects were selected from a community study (n = 1000) which investigated the association between psychological factors and clinical periodontal attachment level (CAL). The sample included subjects with full-mouth mean CAL ≤2 mm ...

The aim of the study was to determine the longitudinal effect of an oral hygiene program on oral levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). The study subjects were randomly selected from patients attending a student course in operative dentistry and from staff members of our dental clinic. The test group (n = 30) received an oral hygiene training including professional toothcleaning (PTC), oral hygiene instruction, and motivation. The control group (n = 10) received no particular treatment. None of the subjects suffered from bad breath nor performed regular tongue cleaning. At baseline, immediately after PTC, one week, and four weeks thereafter we measured the oral hygiene status by means of the papillary bleeding index (PBI) and the oral concentrations of VSC by using a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter). Immediately after PTC, as well as one week, and four weeks after entering the program the PBI and the VSC-levels were significantly decreased as compared to the baseline values ...

Bad breath (halitosis, oral malodor) is a common condition, usually the result of microbial putrefaction within the oral cavity. Often, people suffering from bad breath remain unaware of it, whereas others remain convinced that they suffer from foul oral malodor, although there is no evidence for such. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether objective self-measurement of oral malodors is possible. Each of 52 volunteers was asked to sample the odor from his/her mouth, tongue, and saliva. Results were compared with (i) self-assessments prior to (preconception) and following (post-measurement) self-measurements; (ii) odor judge scores; (iii) dental measurements (plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth); (iv) volatile sulphide levels; (v) salivary cadaverine levels; and (vi) intra-oral trypsin-like activity. Among the self-measurements, only saliva self-scores yielded significant correlations with objective parameters. Despite the partial objectivity of...

Measurement of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) by portable sulphur monitors (Halimeter, OralChroma) is a common practice for diagnosis of oral malodour. In this study, the clinical value of these devices was examined. Two hundred and eighty patients with bad breath complaints attending a halitosis consultation were enrolled. Organoleptic scores were given by a trained and calibrated judge, before measurement of the VSC levels (Halimeter, OralChroma), to avoid any bias. Significant correlations were found between the organoleptic assessment, the Halimeter, and the OralChroma (R=0.74 for organoleptic versus Halimeter; 0.66 for organoleptic versus OralChroma; 0.63 for Halimeterversus OralChroma). The sensitivity and specificity (with regard to the organoleptic score) to detect patients with/without oral malodour for the Halimeter were 63% and 98%, respectively, and for the OralChroma 69% and 100% when using the cutoffs suggested by the manufacturer. By lowering these values, sensitivity could be improved without a significant decrease in specificity (both devices). We concluded that the measurement of the VSC levels can be used as an adjunct to the organoleptic assessment. Thresholds should be revisited in order to improve their clinical utility. These devices can prove the absence of malodour in case of pseudo-halitosis.

Objective: To determine the effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization.

Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment (age 11–16 years) were selected from the orthodontic department of Suleyman Demirel University. Patients were divided into two groups with random distribution of brackets; 23 patients were treated with self-ligating brackets (group SLBs), the others with conventional brackets (group CBs). Halitosis measurements and periodontal and microbial records were obtained before the placement of brackets (T0), 1 week later (T1), and 5 weeks after bonding (T2). Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing index (BOP), were obtained from all the bonded teeth. Halitosis measurements were performed at the same time. Microbial samples were obtained from the buccal surfaces of all the bonded teeth. Data were analyzed by using a repeated-measurement analysis of variance test for the comparison of parameters between groups and times.

Results: Periodontal parameters and halitosis results were higher in the CBs group than in the SLBs group (P < .05). In the SLBs group, halitosis and BOP values revealed no pronounced changes between T1 and T2 (P > .05). Intra- and intergroup comparisons showed that there were no statistically significant differences for microbial colonization between all the time intervals (P > .05).

Conclusion: Bracket type has an effect on halitosis and periodontal status. Therefore, self-ligating brackets may be advised in order to prevent patients from developing halitosis and to increase the likelihood of good oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment.

While the product Listerine has become ubiquitous with bad breath, this wasn't always the case. Its history is both a study of medicine and marketing that involves a long list of participants. Having its roots in the development of antiseptic surgery its success as a " health " product is an early example of a pharmaceutical company utilizing direct to consumer advertising. Even more astounding is how the Lambert Pharmaceutical Company created a condition more than they created a product. In a paper presented to the surgical section of the British Medical Association in Dublin on August 9 th , 1867 physician and surgeon Dr. Joseph Lister explained his principle of the germ theory and the use of carbolic acid. He stated that the chemicals " …appear to exercise a peculiarly destructive influence upon low forms of life, and hence is the most powerful antiseptic with which we are presently acquainted. " Lister went on to explain in detail his methodology of first attempting to destroy microorganisms (referred to as germs) that may have been introduced into the wound at the time of injury as well as postoperatively. While Lister would eventually go on to become regarded as the father of antiseptic surgery it would take many years for the profession of medicine to fully accept his ideas, this was especially true in the United States. In one of his attempts to enlighten US surgeons, Lister made a presentation at the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876. Among those in attendance, that day was Dr. Joseph Joshua Lawrence, a surgeon and Robert Johnson a pharmacist. Both men would go on to revolutionize the market for antiseptic oral hygiene in the United States. " But when it has been shown by the researches of Pasteur that the septic property of the atmosphere depended not on the oxygen or any gaseous constituent, but on minute organisms suspended in it, which owed their energy to their vitality, it occurred to me that decomposition in the injured part might be avoided without excluding the air, by applying as a dressing some material capable of destroying the life of the floating particles. Upon this principle, I have based a practice. " Joseph Lister, address to the British Medical Association in Dublin in 1887: [1]

Methods: A subsample of 767 subjects were selected from a community study (n = 1000) which investigated the association between psychological factors and clinical periodontal attachment level (CAL). The sample included subjects with full-mouth mean CAL ≤2 mm ...

Objective: To determine the effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization. Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment (age 11–16 years) were selected from the orthodontic department of Suleyman Demirel University. Patients were divided into two groups with random distribution of brackets; 23 patients were treated with self-ligating brackets (group SLBs), the others with conventional brackets (group CBs). Halitosis measurements and periodontal and microbial records were obtained before the placement of brackets (T0), 1 week later (T1), and 5 weeks after bonding (T2). Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing index (BOP), were obtained from all the bonded teeth. Halitosis measurements were performed at the same time. Microbial samples were obtained from the buccal surfaces of all the bonded teeth. Data were analyzed by using a repeated-measurement anal...

Os cáseos amigdalianos afetam uma significativa porcentagem da população. As cirurgias, conservadoras ou não, têm sido as únicas alternativas viáveis de tratamento. Entretanto, ainda hoje não há um método econômico e não-invasivo de tratamento que apresente resultados satisfatórios. OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo são avaliar a eficiência de um enxaguatório, cujos ingredientes ativos associam substâncias oxigenantes e antimicrobianas, na diminuição da formação dos cáseos amigdalianos e da saburra lingual, cuja etiologia é semelhante à dos cáseos, e avaliar a redução da concentração dos compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSVs). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico e experimental, randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi utilizada uma amostra de 50 voluntários, com queixa de tonsilite crônica caseosa há mais de um ano. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2005, nas cidades de São Paulo e Campinas. RESULTADOS: Para o grupo que utilizou a solução placebo, não houve correlação entre as variáveis nem significância estatística nos resultados. Para o grupo que utilizou o enxaguatório, os resultados foram significativos em todos os quesitos analisados. CONCLUSÕES: O novo enxaguatório demonstrou ser uma alternativa conservadora viável para o tratamento da tonsilite crônica caseosa, sendo eficiente também na redução da formação de saburra lingual e concentração dos CSVs.

Objective: Prevalence of obesity and related diseases has increased in Ghana. Dietitians have essential skills to prevent and manage dietary diseases. However, little is known about dietetic practice in Ghana. This paper describes the history and current state of dietetics prac-tice in Ghana. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 13 die-titians and six dietetic interns in February 2012. The questionnaire collected data on perceptions about die-tetics practice, career progression, and challenges in dietetics practice in Ghana. Key informant interviews (KII) on history of dietetics in Ghana were also held with four retired dietitians, and two dietetics educators. Additional KII were conducted with the Chief dietitian, two officers of the Ghana Dietetic Association, and

Halitosis (bad breath) can be a cause of anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress, with pathological changes in the oral
microbiota playing an important role in its development. Despite its prevalence, studies on the microbiology of halitosis are rare in Nigeria. This study determines the presence of five putative periodontal pathogens viz: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola on the tongue dorsa of halitosis and non-halitosis patients using a 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction assay. Furthermore, an association of these bacteria with oral malodour [as assessed by volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measurements] with
a portable sulphide monitor, the Halimeter (Interscan Corp, Chatsworth, California), was performed. The results showed that the prevalence of halitosis in this environment as defned by VSC level above 160 ppb is 14.9%. Halitosis is afected by gender with males having it more than the females. Males also tend to present more with self-reported complaints of halitosis than females. Age does not appear to contribute to the incidence of halitosis. Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis,
P. intermedia are responsible for increased production of VSCs in halitosis patients while A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola appear to play no part in the production of VSCs. Evaluation of halitogenic bacteria and VSCs may potentially become a surrogate biomarker for monitoring halitosis. Targeted assessment of putative halitogenic bacteria may provide a rapid point-of-care diagnostic tool for halitosis.

Prosthetic rehabilitation improves the patient&#39;s quality of life and oral health. The purpose of the present study was to assess the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) using Oral Chroma™ in patients wearing provisional and permanent fixed prosthesis, who were treated or not, with supportive non-surgical periodontal therapy. A total of 10 healthy patients not affected by periodontal disease and who needed the restoration of at least two edentulous single sites were included in the present study. Registrations of VSCs were carried out with a Gas Chromatograph OralChroma™ (Oral Chroma™, Abimedical, Abilit Corp., Osaka, Japan) one month after placement of the provisional restoration (group 1) and one month after placement of the final restoration (group 3). After each measurement, professional oral hygiene was carried out both on patients with provisional (group 2) and permanent prostheses (group 4) and VSC values were registered. The results showed that there were no st...

This article provides a narrative review of the literature on olfactory reference syndrome
(ORS) to address issues focusing on its clinical features. Similarities and/or differences with
other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, social anxiety
disorder (including a cultural syndrome; taijin kyofusho), somatoform disorders and
hypochondriasis, delusional disorder are discussed. ORS is related to a symptom of taijin
kyofusho (e.g. jikoshu-kyofu variant of taijin kyofusho) Although recognition of this
syndromes more than a century provide consistent descriptions of its clinical features, the
limited data on this topic make it difficult to form a specific diagnostic criteria. The core
symptom of the patients with ORS is preoccupation with the belief that one emits a foul or
offensive body odor, which is not perceived by others. Studies on ORS reveal some
limitations. Although there is a lack of data for validators, including symptom profile; familial
aggregation; environmental risk factors; cognitive, emotional, temperament and personality
correlates; biological markers; patterns of comorbidity; course of illness: and response to
treatment, current data suggest that ORS appears different form other disorders, but, this
difference is not enough to put this syndrome in a separate diagnosis., in DSM-5, ORS has its
place in the "Other Specified Obsessive- Compulsive or Related Disorder" category, in which,
this category is for patients who have symptoms characteristic for obsessive-compulsive and
related disorder but do not meet the full criteria for any specific obsessive-compulsive or
related disorder. Further studies are needed for understanding the nature, prognosis, treatment
and morbidity.

In this retrospective qualitative study, the researcher reviewed 55 client records of The Breath Odour Clinic. The purpose was to determine if individuals attended a clinic specialised in treating oral malodour for medical or social reasons. The study focused on the psychosocial and breath odour history. Clients had agreed to the use of information for research purposes. Society uses odour as a means to define and interact with the world. The olfactory, smelling experience is intimate, emotionally charged and connects us with the world. It follows that the smell from mouth breath odour can connect or disconnect a person from their social environment and intimate relationships. How one experiences one&#39;s own body is very personal and private but also very public. Breath odour is public as it occurs within a social and cultural context and personal as it affects one&#39;s body image and self-confidence. Body image, self-image and social relations mesh, interact and impact upon each...

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), present in a commercial dentifrice, on the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and tongue coating in a panel of periodontally healthy subjects. A two-step blinded, crossover, randomized study was carried out in 25 dental students with healthy periodontium; these were divided into two experimental groups: SLS (dentifrice with SLS) and WSLS (dentifrice without SLS). The volunteers received the designated dentifrice and a new toothbrush for a 3x/day brushing regimen for 2 periods of 30 days. A seven-day washout interval was used between the periods. The assessed parameters were: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), organoleptic breath (ORG), VSC levels by portable sulphide monitor before (H1) and after (H2) cleaning of the tongue, tongue coating wet weight (TC) and benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test from tongue coating samples. The intra-group analysis showed a ...

Halitosis is a general term denoting unpleasant breath arising from mouth, where odorous breath components could be originated from intraoral and/or extraoral. Classification includes genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Local and systemic factor play role in the process of halitosis. Diagnosis of halitosis can be made by analysing the degree and type of the presence of volatile compounds, as well as the identification of microbial components. Currently available treatments of halitosis includes local (mechanic and chemical) and systemic (probiotic) approaches. Probiotic is a new therapeutic approach for halitosis. Development of available probiotic-based halitosis treatments is significantly progressing and is overviewed herein.