Oral pathology

Introduction: One of the prerequisite for the numerous endodontic and operative procedures is use of rubber dam which is an absolute necessity.
Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners about the rubber dam use during endodontic treatment of anterior and posterior teeth.
Materials and Method: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in the urban area of Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. 90 clinics which were having conservative and endodontics speciality were selected for the study. A prevalidated close ended questionnaire was used. Details about the basic sociodemographic characteristics, information with regard to rubber dam use during procedures, attitude of dentists towards its use and the reasons for whether non use of rubber dam was recorded.
Results: A total of 90 questionnaires were mailed to dental practitioners in the urban locality. With respect to response to the use of rubber dam during endodontic procedures 13.72% of males and 12.82% of females responded that they were always using the rubber dam,5.88% of males and 5.19% of females used rubber dam very oftenly.17.64% and 2.56% of male and female participants used it occasionally. With regard to rubber dam use for the endodontic treatment procedures of the root canal of posterior teeth 15.68% of males and 12.82% of females responded that they were always using the rubber dam,5.88% of males and 5.19% of females used rubber dam very oftenly.17.64% and 2.56% of male and female participants used it occasionally.
Conclusion: Hence it can be stated that for creating awareness among dental practitioners about the importance of rubber dam in endodontic procedure by continuing dental educations is the need of the hour to improve the quality of dental care.
Keywords: Rubber Dam, Endodontics, Knowledge, Attitude

Objectives: This study involves the preliminary evaluation of the attitude, knowledge, barriers towards and existing facilities present in doing research among the fresh dental graduates of Lahore Pakistan. Methodology: The research protocol for this cross-sectional study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of de'Montmorency College of Dentistry Lahore. Total 241 students were enrolled in the study through simple random probability sampling from two dental institutes and the duration of this study was April 2018 to May 2019. The subjects included in this study were fresh Dental graduate and postgraduate students within the 5 years of their graduation of both Government and private dental schools of Lahore Pakistan. A self-structured questionnaire was used for this study. The individual Proforma consisted of Demographic information, attitude toward Dental research and barriers toward dental research in local settings. Each question has three option, Yes, No and Don't know. Written and verbal consent was taken from each respondent before data collection. All participants were assured that their responses would remain secret. Data was entered into SPSS 20. Statistical analysis was performed in the form of frequency and percentage. Chi square of association was done and p value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Total 73% were female, 64.7% respondents were from private dental institutes, 81.7% were postgraduate students, 53.9% never did any research, 73.8 were demanding of research in under-graduation, 78% argued for availability of biostatician in dental institutes and 87% believed that supervisor can encourage them for a research in dentistry. Barriers highlighted in this study include lack of training in research 93.4%, lack of funding/ financial incentives for research 88.8%, the lack of concept of research/ lack of importance of research 88.0%, lack of mentor ship/guidance and reduced effectiveness of research 84.6%, lack of interdisciplinary team work 77.6%, and lack of conducive environment 74.7% in the dental schools of Lahore Pakistan. Research motivators for the fresh dental graduates include admission in post-graduation 78.4%, central induction policy 72.6%, interest in academia 76.8%, a requirement for admission in foreign universities 77.2%, a good career option 83.4%, and for future benefit of patients 77.2%.

Background: Dental Caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in childhood in developed and underdeveloped countries. As oral hygiene, dietary habits, behavioral factors, sociodemographic factors, awareness of the disease and its prevention are concerned, all are important to be known by an individual of a community or society. Fifteen years age group adolescents have erupted all permanent teeth in the oral cavity and this age group children are developing their habits, so these habits will persist through out their life. It was important to know their oral hygiene habits and the concept about the dental caries. It is beneficial to identify children at increased risk and associated predictive factors of caries and tooth brushing in childhood and adolescence in our population. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of dental caries (DMFT), oral hygiene practices and knowledge about tooth decay in 15 years age school going children. Methods: After the approval of institutional review board this study was conducted in the schools of Lahore having summer camp in July 2015. Study participants were school children, aged 15 years. Students of 9th and 10th classes attending summer camp were the sample of the study. A total 60 respondents were included in the study. Written permission was taken before their examination and interview. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding oral hygiene practices and knowledge about the dental caries. Data entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data was assessed by percentage and frequency, descriptive part was used for demographic variables, oral hygiene practices. To records the caries experience, Decayed, Missing, filled (DMF) caries index was used. Results: Total participants were sixty as n=60.Majority (80%) of the subjects or participants of the study were males and remaining were females. Total fifty-eight-point three percent (58.3%) respondents were caries free in this study while caries positive were 41.7 %. Total decayed teeth were 61 %, Missed teeth were 04 and total Filled (restored) teeth were 07% in the sample. Average DMFT score examined was 1.2. Among the respondents 43.3% said that they used to brush once a day, 48.3% twice a day and only 1 person had not the habit of doing brush. Similarly, only 5% had the habit of dental floss once or more times a day. Only 23.3% respondents were involved in doing Miswak once or twice a day. Very few number 11.7% were involved in using Manjan once or twice a day. But on the other side, 58.3% had the habit of water rinsing three or more times a day. Maximum number of persons involved in cleaning with tongue musculature was 15%

Objectives: To investigate the impact of gustatory stimulants of salivary secretion (GSSS) on Sjögren's syndrome patients’ self-perception of xerostomia, oral healthrelated quality of life (OHRQoL) and salivary secretion. Methods: A total of 110 Sjögren's syndrome patients were randomly allocated to be treated with either a malic acid lozenge or a citric acid mouthwash and then crossed over. Before and after the interventions, the Xerostomia Inventory 5 (SXI-5-PL) and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14-PT) questionnaires (both in the Portuguese language) were administered to patients. Unstimulated, mechanical and gustatory stimulated salivary flows were determined. Repeated measures and between-subject analyses were performed. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: After the intervention and within each group, both GSSS elicited a reduction in the SXI-5-PL and OHIP-14-PT scores and an increase in salivary output, significant in the malic acid lozenge group. The malic acid treatment resulted in a greater effect size and percentage improvement than citric acid mouthwash. The malic acid lozenge also produced a significant greater salivary output than the citric acid rising solution. Conclusions: In Sjögren's syndrome patients, lozenges containing malic acid increased saliva production and xerostomia relief, resulting in improved quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To integrate the available data published on glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical/radiological and histopathological features. METHODS: An electronic search was undertaken in May/2017. Eligibility criteria included publications having enough clinical/radiological/histological information to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: Fifty-eight publications (169 GOCs) were included. The lesion was slightly more prevalent in men than in women. There was a high prevalence in the fifty/sixth decades of life, in the anterior regions, and in mandibles. Lesions were commonly associated with bone expansion (73%) and unilocular radiological appearance (61.5%). GOC was found to be associated with tooth displacement or an unerupted tooth (30.9%), cortical bone perforation (26%), presence of clinical symptoms (24.3%), root resorption (13.9%). Microscopic parameters most commonly were observed in GOCs-in at least 95% of the lesions: presence of hobnail cells, intraepithelial microcysts, epithelial lining with variable thickness. The presence of apocrine snouting was the microscopic parameter less often found (40.4%). CONCLUSION: Although the recurrence rate of GOCs is not as high as previously believed, it is a relevant phenomenon (21.6%). Adjunctive procedures after enucleation should be considered. None of the clinical/radiological and histopathological features evaluated had a statistically significant effect on the recurrence rate.

BACKGROUND:
In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.
AIM OF THE WORK:
In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
RESULTS:
The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.
KEYWORDS:
garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells

Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being the Candida albicans. It is one of the common side effect associated with long term use of systemic corticosteroids. The purpose of this case report is to discuss the Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis in 24 Negroid Female Libyan patient on long term use of systemic corticosteroids therapy who came to the department of Oral Medicine, Surgery, and Diagnosis at the Faculty of Dentistry, Libyan International Medical University with the clinical appearance of Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis.
Proper patient management with successful treatment protocol, and follow up were performed to overcome the patient presenting symptoms, and to eliminate the corticosteroids therapy related problems.

Soft tissue augmentation with autogenous grafts is widely used in various disciplines of dentistry. Indicated in partially and fully edentulous patients to augment areas with reduced width of keratinized gingiva, as well as to increase soft tissue volume. The following case report describes an unusual presentation of pre-prosthetic surgery, where ridge reconstruction was done using a free gingival auto graft. A 26 year male patient was referred to the clinic for pre prosthetic surgery. On examination, teeth 21-23 [FDI notation] were missing. A swelling of size 3 X 2 cm approximately was seen obliterating the vestibule in the same region [Fig-1]. [Fig-1]: Pre-operative view The lesion was mildly tender and firm on palpation. Patient had a history of trauma 6 months ago, during which he lost his upper anterior teeth and had a laceration on the lip. Improper suturing technique by the primary health aid provider resulted in the diminished depth of the vestibule. The patient also noticed a mass developing gradually in the same region. Aspiration biopsy was performed to rule out to rule out any vascular pathology. Radiographic examination showed normal bone morphology. A pre-prosthetic surgery involving the excision of the lesion followed by ridge reconstruction was planned. Treatment plan was elaborated to the patient, and a written informed consent was acquired.The surgical procedure is as follows: local anesthesia was administered, a horizontal vestibular incision was given below the lesion and the whole lesion was excised [Fig-2].

Panoramic radiographs are often used to screen edentulous patients before complete denture fabrication. However routine use of OPG (Orthopantomogram) of edentulous patients is being questioned because of the cumulative effects and cost of radiation exposure. However, the recent studies have shown that the pre-treatment radiographic examination of edentulous patients is critical in the treatment planning, as it has revealed significant findings, which are not visible clinically.
Keywords: Edentulous, Orthopantomogram, Impacted, Teeth

Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of blood with defective RBCs that assume sickle shape, have short lifespan leading to vascular occlusion that can affect any organ in the body. It can show a variety of oral manifestations affecting the soft tissues and teeth. Dental pulp could show aseptic necrosis without any trauma or caries or restoration of the involved tooth. In this case report, we present a case of dento-alveolar abscess formation of the left mandibular molar in a patient with sickle cell disease. It had a sudden onset, the involved molar had only enamel caries and the lesion subsided with a course of antibiotics. Our patient also had enamel hypomineralization of maxillary incisors.

Oral Lichen planus is a common immunological inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder. A 38-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with the chief complaint of burning sensation of oral cavity and bleeding gums since one year. A provisional diagnosis of erosive lichen planus with desquamative gingivitis was given. After initial treatment, drug delivery tray for increased efficacy of drug at local level was considered. Maxillary and mandibular drug delivery trays were made and trimmed upto the level of marginal gingiva. 10mg Prednisolone tablet was crushed and mixed with normal saline and applied on the margins of both the trays. The trays were placed in the oral cavity such that the paste comes in contact with the marginal gingiva. The trays were kept in mouth in same position for 20 minutes. The patient was given instructions to repeat the procedure three times daily and was asked to report after 7 days. After 7 days there was 50% reduction in gingival erythema and burning sensation was reduced to (VAS 1/10). The patient was kept under periodic follow up since one year and is free of lesions. In the present case report we have explored the use of local drug delivery system for treatment of desquamative gingivitis in OLP and also have reviewed other new treatment modalities. Continuous development in management protocol for OLP is required due to recent increase in the incidence of malignant transformation rate even in the non-risk population group.
Keywords: Erosive OLP, Desquamative gingivitis, Local drug delivery trays, Newer treatment modalities.

Oral cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in the world, with a delayed clinical detection, poor prognosis, without specific biomarkers for the disease and expensive therapeutic alternatives. This review aims to present the fundamental aspects of this cancer, focused on squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC), moving from its definition and epidemiological aspects, addressing the oral carcinogenesis, oral potentially malignant disorders, epithelial precursor lesions and experimental methods for its study, therapies and future challenges. Oral cancer is a preventable disease, risk factors and natural history is already being known, where biomedical sciences and dentistry in particular are likely to improve their poor clinical indicators.

Background: Various methods are used to collect evidence from a crime scene, and with the advancements in forensic
science, most techniques are a common and necessary part of all criminal investigation. Cheiloscopy or lip print analysis
is one important technique which facilitates the identification of suspects, and like finger prints, lip prints left at the crime scene may be collected and analyzed. Highlights: This article gives an overview of cheiloscopy and its use as a vital tool in crime investigation.
Conclusion: Cheiloscopy can be used in par with other standard methods of crime investigation in future.
Keywords: Cheiloscopy; Lip Prints; Forensic Science.

Patologia orală – domeniu interdisciplinar la granița dintre mai multe specialități medicale, strâns corelate cu medicina dentară propriu zisă, care se ocupă cu studiul afecțiunilor neodontale și nechirurgicale ale cavității orale, anexelor acesteia și ale regiunilor anatomice vecine. Patologia orală are ca scop diagnosticarea și tratarea unor afecțiuni mai puțin frecvente, care pot cauza consecințe serioase pacienților dacă nu sunt recunoscute, diagnosticate și tratate precoce. Diagnosticarea și tratarea precoce sunt dificil de realizat deoarece aspectul clinic la debut este subtil și multe trăsături clinice nu sunt distinctive => examenul histopatologic este necesar pentru a determina natura exactă a leziunii. Medicul dentist trebuie să fie capabil să facă un prim diagnostic diferențial: • Particularitățile clinice ale cavității orale fără modificări patologice; • Variațiile normalului; • Listă de afecțiuni care ar putea fi prezente.

benign intraosseous tumors that histologically contain giant cells.
Various entities in the jaws may share this histological feature including
hyperparathyroidism, cherubism, and central giant cell granuloma. It
can be classifi ed as: aggressive and non-aggressive, based on clinical
and radiographic characteristics. Traditional treatment has been
surgical excision, the extension of which can vary from simple curettage
to block resections, the use of curettage combined with cryotherapy or
peripheral ostectomy has also been reported. Recurrence rates after
surgical treatment range from 11 to 49%; however, in aggressive lesions,
rates of up to 72% have been reported. We present a case of a patient
with a central giant cell lesion with aggressive behavior was treated
with surgical resection with a favorable outcome.

Authors: Dr. Claudio Catalán P.1, Prof. Dr. Milton Ramos M.2, Guillermo Quezada R.3 Cristian Núñez4 , Iris Espinoza S.5, Dra. Ana Richard1.
Osteosarcoma is a rare malignancy of the bone that usually arises in the long bones. Involvement of the oral cavity is rare. They present various clinical and histological aspects, as well as variable disease progression and outcome. This article shows a case report of a 29-year-old male who presented swelling near the right maxillary incisor in a year. The periapical radiographic view showed a slight circular radioopacity relative to the middle third of the roots of teeth 1.1 and 2.2 In Computed Tomography was seen one single pedunculated lesion with internal calcification and a slight mark on the vestibular cortex. The Photomicrograph show osteoid matrix separated by a matrix of irregular spindle and angular shaped cells. All of this is suggesting the diagnosis of osteosarcoma parostal.The treatment comprised partial maxillectomy and reconstruction of the area, using bone of Tibia with the help of a biomodel. After the surgery, he will have radiotherapy and the following controls.

Congenitally missing teeth (CMT), or as usually called hypodontia, is a highly prevalent and costly dental anomaly. Besides an unfavorable appearance, patients with missing teeth may suffer from malocclusion, periodontal damage, insufficient alveolar bone growth, reduced chewing ability, inarticulate pronunciation and other problems. Treatment might be usually expensive and multidisciplinary. This highly frequent and yet expensive anomaly is of interest to numerous clinical, basic science and public health fields such as orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, prosthodontics, periodontics, maxillofacial surgery, anatomy, anthropology and even the insurance industry. This essay reviews the findings on the etiology, prevalence, risk factors, occurrence patterns, skeletal changes and treatments of congenitally missing teeth. It seems that CMT usually appears in females and in the permanent dentition. It is not conclusive whether it tends to occur more in the maxilla or mandible and also in the anterior versus posterior segments. It can accompany various complications and should be attended by expert teams as soon as possible.
KEYWORDS:

Complications; etiology; hypodontia; prevalence; risk factors; tooth abnormalities; treatment

Oral mucosa is subjected constantly to external and internal stimuli that can give rise to reactive lesions. These lesions are non-neoplastic in nature. They manifest a spectrum of diseases that range from developmental, inflammatory, and reactive to neoplastic changes. Reactive lesions are typically gives response to chronic inflammation caused by various forms of low grade chronic irritations to the oral mucosa such as dental plaque and calculus, sharp edges of grossly carious teeth, faulty dental restorations, chronic biting habits, ill-fitting dental/oral appliances and food impactions. These lesions have a very similar appearance to benign neoplastic proliferations. This similarity is troublesome in differential diagnosis among them. Different types of localized reactive lesions of oral cavity are focal fibrous hyperplasia (FFH), pyogenic granuloma (PG), irritational fibroma, peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG), peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF), fibro-epithelial hyperplasia/polyp, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, and inflammatory gingival hyperplasia.

The study examined determination of microbial load on fried meat and chicken sold in Awka and its environment. Laboratory analysis of the sample(fried beef meat and fried chicken) shows that the samples collected from five different locations contain different microbial load and fungi such as Staph species, mould fungi among others. The microbial load of the sample are all below W.H.O approved standard and are therefore considered safe for human use. Therefore, the study recommended that Meat seller should ensure that their meat is processed under high hygienic condition as this will help reduce high incidence of bacteria and fungi contamination. Meat seller should also endeavour to keep their meat in clean selling device to avoid contamination by bacteria and fungi and Government should ensure that spoiled meat are not sold to the public to help reduce people from being infected.

Bell's palsy is defined as an idiopathic unilateral facial nerve paralysis, usually self-limiting. Bell's palsy was first described by Charles Bell and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis (>80%). Immune, infective and ischemic mechanisms are all believed to play a role in the development of Bell’s palsy, but the precise cause remains unclear. From corticosteroids to botulinum injections, wide therapeutic approaches have been employed for treating bell’s palsy. Here, a case management and brief review of bell’s palsy is discussed.
Keywords: Palsy, Idiopathic, Ischemic, Botulinum.

Lymphomas constitute the third most common neoplasm in head and neck region arising from the lymphoreticular system. Malignant lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin’s disease and non‑Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). NHL comprises approximately 5% of head and neck malignancies and displays a wide range of appearances comparable with Hodgkin’s disease. Hodgkin’s and non‑Hodgkin’s lymphomas are seen in the head and neck region, but extranodal disease, with or without lymph node involvement, is more common among NHL patients. Extranodal involvement includes the areas such as Waldeyer’s ring (i.e., the tonsils, pharynx, and base of the tongue), salivary glands, orbit, paranasal sinuses, and thyroid glands. There are several classification systems for categorizing NHL out of which WHO classification for lymphoid neoplasms is mostly followed. This review describes the pathogenesis of NHL and explains some of the important NHL (Marginal zone B‑cell Lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma).

Introduction: Dental care is the most common unmet health care need in children with special health care needs. The aim of this study was to assess and compare oral health status and treatment needs of institutionalized and non institutionalized children between the ages of 5 and 13 in Navi Mumbai, India. Material and Methods: The study consisted of 100 institu-tionalized and 100 non institutionalized children disabled. For each child, caries, oral hygiene status and treatment need was assessed. Results: The institutionalized disabled children showed lower caries experience in both primary and permanent teeth as compared to that of non institutionalized disabled children. Poor oral hygiene was seen in institutionalized disabled children as compared to non institutionalized disabled children. Conclusions: The oral hygiene measures used and degree of mental retardation were significantly associated with oral hygiene status in both institutionalized and non institutionalized disabled children.

Introduction: A supernumerary tooth is an additional tooth to
the normal series and can be located in almost any region of
the dental arch. It can come across as an inadvertent finding
on a radiograph or following spontaneous eruption. Multiple
supernumerary teeth are associated with cleft lip and palate,
cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner’s syndrome. This study
attempts to evaluate the frequency, demographics, epidemiological
characteristic history, different clinical parameters,
eruptive complications and presence of any associated pathology
or syndrome in subjects of a specific community of India
with supernumerary tooth.
Material and Methods: A total of 16,249 patients of 5-65
years of age were screened over a period of one year. Along
with proper history taking, the identification of the supernumerary
tooth was confirmed clinically and radiologically.
Data relating to gender, age, location, morphology, axial inclination
and presence of associated pathology or syndromes
with respect to supernumerary tooth were recorded.
Results: A total of 200 supernumerary teeth were observed
in 127 patients (63.5%) of whom 92 were males (72.4%) and
the rest females (27.6%). Of the 200 supernumerary teeth, 119
(93.7%) were erupted and seen clinically whereas 81 teeth
(63.77%) were impacted and were accidental findings on radiographs.
Besides these, several other data were collected.
Conclusion: The identification of this anomaly provides a
clue towards the possibility of any complication, pathologies,
other related dental anomalies, syndromes and familial association
in the Bengali population of Burdwan district, West
Bengal, India.
Keywords: Cleidocranial dysplasia; Gardner’s syndrome;
Mesiodens; Prevalence; Supernumerary

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and localization of tight junction proteins (TJPs) or claudins in the keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) and to correlate with its biological behavior. Study Design. Five claudins (-1,-3,-4,-5, and 7) were examined immunohistochemically in 25 KCOTs and compared with 10 dentigerous cysts (DCs) and 10 radicular cysts (RCs). Results. Marked claudin-3 loss of expression in KCOT basal layer (n ¼ 24/25; 96%) compared with DCs (n ¼ 1/10; 10%) and RCs (n ¼ 5/10; 50%) (P < .05) suggests that claudin-3 downregulation may indicate altered or loss of basal cell polarity and impaired barrier function of KCOT lining epithelium and this might contribute indirectly to its biological behavior. In contrast, claudins-1,-4,-5, and-7 distribution patterns were less distinctive in all three entities, suggesting that these TJP molecules probably play limited roles in influencing their different growth potentials. Conclusion. Present findings suggest that differential claudin expressions in the lining epithelium of KCOTs, DCs, and RCs probably reflect their neoplastic or nonneoplastic nature. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:652-659)

Patient satisfaction levels in any health institute are a key performance indicator of quality health care. We constructed a 36-item questionnaire and distributed it over a three-month period (from February to April 2014) to 301 patients treated in various departmental clinics at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital. The survey addressed satisfaction with facilities, helpfulness of the staff , progress of treatment, quality of care and treatment with dignity and compassion. Patients were overall satisfi ed with the treatment received (84.1%), with particular satisfaction for doctors and faculty supervisors being courteous (73.4%, and 61.0%, respectively), and addressing their concern (54.3% and 60.0%, respectively). Dissatisfaction was found with the patient relations' attitude (48.2%) and professionalism (49.6%), and the majority of patients claimed to be very unsatisfi ed with the referral system (69.0%) and the diffi culty in contacting the clinics (72.0%). The results of the present study revealed that King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital provides quality dental services to its patients and there is an overall high rate of patient satisfaction for the treatment and services rendered by the institute. However there are still issues and some concerns such as patient relation communication skills and referral system professionalism that have to be addressed in order to improve the patient experience.

The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate fast
dissolving oral films of Zolmitriptan using sodium alginate, xanthan
gum and sodium starch glycolate, guar gum. The suitable plasticizer
and its concentration were selected on the basis of flexibility, tensile
strength and stickiness of the film. The films are prepared by solvent
casting method and characterized by UV, FTIR studies. The films
were evaluated for disintegration time, Folding endurance, Tensile
Strength, Mouth dissolving time, Thickness, content uniformity and
In-vitro dissolution studies. The F5 formulation has given 98.5% drug
release within 6 minutes and has a tensile strength of 1.80 MPa.

Background: Biochemical studies in evaluation of cancer have shown that various substances alter quantitatively in the serum during tumour development and are referred to as tumour markers, one such marker is Serum Lipid Profile. Materials and Method : In the hospital based study 50 clinically & histopathologically proven patients of OSMF & OSCC 10 healthy age and sex matched controls were studied. Serum lipid profile in the form of (i) Total cholesterol, (ii) LDL cholesterol (iii)HDL cholesterol (iv) VLDL cholesterol (v) triglycerides were analyzed. Results:The results of the present study show evidence of an inverse relationship between the serum lipid profile values of TC,TG, LDL and OSCC. The serum HDL was significantly increased in OSMF group compared to the control group.

Dental plaque is defined clinically as a structured, resilient yellow grayish substance that adheres tenaciously to the intra-oral hard surfaces i.e teeth including removable and fixed restorations. It is primarily composed of micro-organisms. One gram of plaque contains approximately 1011 bacteria. Any individual may harbor 150 or more different species. Non bacterial microorganisms that are found in plaque include archaea, yeasts, protozoa and viruses. Nowadays application of novel imaging and molecular techniques has created great understanding about dental plaque. This article is an insight of host and guest relation of dental plaque in terms of micro-organisms as guest and humans as host.
Keywords: Dental plaque, Biofilm, Oral Microflora