Historical

The career of the third Viscount Palmerston as foreign secretary and prime minister has been thoroughly studied, but few are aware that he was one of the first Irish landlords to finance the emigration of starving tenants during the great Irish famine. Although the first boatloads of emigrants were well outfitted, by the end of 1847 Palmerston stood accused of cruelly mistreating his departing tenants. One Canadian official compared conditions on the vessels he chartered to those of the slave trade. Given the tremendous detail with which historians have scrutinized Palmerston's long career, it is surprising that no thorough account of either the management of his Irish estate or of his emigration scheme has ever been written. An examination of the programme under which 2,000 residents of Palmerston's Sligo estate fled to America in 1847 adds significantly to our understanding of the career of one of Britain's most important nineteenth-century statesmen, the complicated m...

What is history? History can simply be defined that it is a comprehensive study of the past events and also the account of human deeds. Carr defined history as ‘an unending dialogue between past and present.” (E.H.Carr, 1999) Hence every event and the activities of the contemporary society are largely guided by the deeds of the past. Social development is a continuous process and in this process history plays a major role. There is the connection between the past and present.

We can divide Esperanto literature into four historical periods. The first (1887–1920) was characterised by the important role of translations. The second period (1921–1945) was marked by the development of poetry and also, to some extent, of prose and drama. The third period (1946–1974), while beset with difficulties, continued the development started in the second period and made some new innovations, especially in poetry. The fourth period (since 1975) has so far been a period in which the novel and experimental poetry have flourished. Unlike the earlier periods, the fourth period is no longer dominated by a small group of authors and influential literary magazines: Esperanto literature is now more diverse and fragmented, leaving space for different schools and linguistic styles.

The Bakhtiyari tribe is one of thelargest indigenous tribes in the Southwest of Iran which hashad a great impact on the geopolitical and social development of the region.The Bakhtiyari Tribe's vast repertoire of folklore, poetry, music and culturehas fascinated travelers to this land for centuries, yet only sparseinformation can be gleaned from the existing foreign sources about the originsand role of the Bakhtiyari tribe in the development of the history of Iran. Themajority of sources containing such information are in Persian and have yet tobe translated. The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical andunbiased perspective regarding the origins of the Bakhtiyari tribe and their documented role in the history of Iranup to the early 20th century ; in addition to the introducing of thePersian sources containing such references.

The effects of trauma on refugees are long-lasting, both physically and mentally. The primary objective of this paper is to broaden the scope of theoretical knowledge on refugee trauma by building on refugee, Post-Colonial, Trauma and Feminist theories, and emphasizing refugee trauma as a consequence of multiple historical, social and political constraints which are embedded in the personal experiences of refugees. By incorporating these various theories, the author proposes an integrated model to aid service providers in identifying the various trauma factors associated with refugees, as well as to facilitate the development of efficient service delivery mechanisms for this population.

Uprisings by royal sons against their fathers were a common phenomenon in the politics of medieval Europe, but one that, so far, has not been fully explored in the context of the thirteenth century. This was, however, a period during which numerous norms and mechanisms were developed that continued to define the Latin West well into the early modern period. This article uses three case studies (England 1173; Germany 1234; and Castile 1282) to outline both shared features of medieval European politics at large, and characteristic differences between central regions of the medieval West.

Penelitian menggunakan historis atau penelitian sejarah merupakan model penelitian yang berbeda dari penelitian lainnya. Disebabkan oleh pengaruh instrumen yang berbeda, variabel, pendekatan hingga ke teknik penyelesaian objek penelitian. Namun, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa satu penelitian dengan penelitian lainnya memiliki kesamaan, yaitu penelitian yang bersifat sistematis dan memiliki kepribadian peneliti yang bertanggung jawab.

It is fact that there are some essential differences between French theory and American thinking in Comparative Literature. We note that the credit for the development of American thinking in Comparative Literature goes to some great American writers we should study their views in the Concept of Comparative Literature. We should also mention the differences between National Literature, General Literature and World Literature, to explain the concept of Comparative Literature in Europe and United States. We study American theories in the light of the conditions have been declared by French School in this concept to analyse the differences between them.