Immunomodulatory

Objective: This study was aimed to access one of the hidden ANF in Indian bean and assessment of its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. Methods: Indian beans were processed and evaluated for the presence of ANF through HA activity. Bean-ANF was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP) and dialysis. Obtained Partially Purified bean-ANF (PPb-ANF) resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE, analyzed protease digestibility. The immunogenicity of PPb-ANF was characterized by producing polyclonal antibodies and checked for the presence of natural antibodies in healthy human sera. Pharmacological studies of PPb-ANF were assessed through anti-oxidant, immunogenic, anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer assays. Results: Partially purified Bean-ANF (PPb-ANF) showed significant specific HA activity up to 150 Units/mg compared to crude extract 9.3 of Units/mg. The PPb-ANF was identified to have more than 90% homogeneity in purity with an observed M W of 30-32 kD...

Indian gooseberry juice (20% (v/v) was reconstituted with 5% ginger juice (v/v) extracted from freshly harvested rhizomes, 2% each of turmeric rhizome powder and black pepper powder (w/v), followed by raising the total soluble solids to 13 0 Brix by adding sugar Keywords-Indian gooseberry, 2-galloyl glucose, capsaicinoids, WBC, bone marrow cellularity, curcuminoids.

Background: Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn (Asclepiadaceae) commonly known as ‘nannari’ is an Indian medicinal plant which is having ethno-medicinal uses as antioxidant, tonic and blood purifier. It is used in many Ayurvedic preparations like Drakshadi churna (general vitalizer), Shatavari rasayana (adaptogenic), and Yeshtimadhu taila (mild analgesic, rheumatism). Aim of the present study is to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of D. hamiltoni roots aqueous extract in rodents. Methods: D. hamiltoni aqueous extract (DHAE) was prepared by cold maceration. Two doses of DHAE (100 and 200 mg/kg, per os) were used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity in vivo and ex vivo through assessments of hemagglutination antibody titers, hematological profiles (Hb, WBC, RBC), delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), neutrophil adhesion, and carbon clearance. Results: DHAE at both dose levels evoked significant dose-dependent increases in antibody titers and DTH reactions induced by SRBC, and po...

Penyakit inflamasi sistemik yang kronis seperti reumatoid artritis, sistemik lupus eritematosus, multipel sklerosis memberikan beban, memerlukan biaya terapi yang besar dan menyebabkan kamatian. Paparan stres, antigen, polutan berkontribusi terhadap terganggunya signaling protein termasuk sistem imun. Protein Akt penting dalam maturasi, diferensiasi dan daya hidup sel myeloid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi metabolit sekunder dalam Curcuma zedaoria yaitu demethoxycurcumin, curcumenol dan germacrone dalam menghambat protein Akt, sehingga dapat dikategorikan sebagai agen imunomodulator. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melakukan prediski fisikokimia ligan (PkCSM), dan molekular docking antara proten Akt (3O96) dan 3 ligan demethoxycurcumin, curcumenol dan germacrone (PyRx). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa ligan yang digunakan memenuhi kriteria Lipinski's rule of five. Binding affinity yang didapatkan untuk demethoxycurcumin adalah-9,0kcal/mol, curcumenol adalah-7,9 Kcal/mol, germacrone adalah 7,3Kcal/mol sedangkan ligan uniknya yaitu IQO adalah 14.4 Kcal/mol. Binding affinity terendah adalah demethoxycurcumin yang menunjukkan bahwa demethoxycurcumin yang paling kuat dalam berikatan dengan protein Akt.

The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis, canc...

Penyakit inflamasi sistemik yang kronis seperti reumatoid artritis, sistemik lupus eritematosus, multipel sklerosis memberikan beban, memerlukan biaya terapi yang besar dan menyebabkan kamatian. Paparan stres, antigen, polutan berkontribusi terhadap terganggunya signaling protein termasuk sistem imun. Protein Akt penting dalam maturasi, diferensiasi dan daya hidup sel myeloid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi metabolit sekunder dalam Curcuma zedaoria yaitu demethoxycurcumin, curcumenol dan germacrone dalam menghambat protein Akt, sehingga dapat dikategorikan sebagai agen imunomodulator. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melakukan prediski fisikokimia ligan (PkCSM), dan molekular docking antara proten Akt (3O96) dan 3 ligan demethoxycurcumin, curcumenol dan germacrone (PyRx). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa ligan yang digunakan memenuhi kriteria Lipinski's rule of five. Binding affinity yang didapatkan untuk demethoxycurcumin adalah-9,0kcal/mol, curcumenol adalah-7,9 Kcal/mol, germacrone adalah 7,3Kcal/mol sedangkan ligan uniknya yaitu IQO adalah 14.4 Kcal/mol. Binding affinity terendah adalah demethoxycurcumin yang menunjukkan bahwa demethoxycurcumin yang paling kuat dalam berikatan dengan protein Akt.

Abstract: The exploration of the immunomodulatory potential of pineapple metabolites holds promise for substantial implications across several fields, encompassing medicine, pharmacology, nutrition, and public health. This study explores potential immune-regulating properties of secondary pineapple metabolites beyond bromelain, using computational techniques. Pineapple juice's secondary metabolites were identified via LC-MS-based metabolomics, selected using KNApSAcK Kanaya and Dr. Duke's databases. A heatmap was generated with Orange v.3.27.0. Bioactivity predictions utilized the PASS Online webserver, while ADMET properties were forecasted. Network pharmacology explored metabolite interactions with protein targets. Molecular docking focused on compounds against receptors, choosing robust interactors for dynamic simulations. Our findings revealed that certain metabolites from pineapple juice/fermented juice exhibited interactions with proteins associated with proinflammatory cytokines. Specifically, the molecular docking results indicated that the carbohydrate moiety of bromelain (CMB) interacted strongly with TLR2, while 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid showed strong interactions with NLRP3 (inflammasome). The flexibility and stability of these complexes were further assessed through molecular dynamics simulations conducted over a time of 50-ns. The MM-PBSA calculations also indicated low binding free energies between these complexes, suggesting strong molecular interactions. These findings suggest that CMB may interact with TLR2 and 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid may interact with NLRP3, highlighting their potential as immunomodulatory agents. However, further experimental studies are warranted to confirm the therapeutic efficacy of these molecules and investigate their mechanisms of action in vivo.

The ferrocenyl diphenol 1 [1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐ferrocenyl‐but‐1‐ene] displays strong cytotoxic effects against a variety of cancer cells. In the present study we have evaluated the immunomodulatory and antiparasitic activities of compound 1 and its protected dipalmitate analogue 2. We have furthermore compared the antiparasitic results of 1 and 2 with the organic analogue, 3 [1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐but‐1‐ene], where the ferrocenyl group has been replaced by a phenyl ring. When assayed against normal (noncancerous) splenocytes, all compounds were considered nontoxic. Compound 1 inhibited NO production by macrophages, inhibited concanavalin A‐induced lymphoproliferation, and was active against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Compound 2 had lower activity in all assays performed. Surprisingly, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited similar and significant activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 3.50 and 1.33 µM, respectively. Compound 3 showed a...

Background and Aim: The use of antibiotics is associated with many side effects, with the development of bacterial resistance being particularly important. It has been found that dogs and their owners host similar resistant bacteria. This contributes to increased concurrent bacterial resistance and a possible trend of increased bacterial resistance in humans. Thus, using probiotics in dogs is an alternative option for preventing and reducing the transmission of bacterial resistance from dogs to humans. Probiotics are characterized by their potential to endure low pH levels and high concentrations of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacilli are more acid-tolerant and resistant to bile acid, so they are ideal probiotics to be added to the canine diet. According to the previous studies, the benefits of Lactobacillus are a stable nutritional status and greater digestibility, along with improved fecal scores and reduced ammonia in dogs. However, no studies have been conduct...

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethanolic extract rosella calyx pretreatment on increasing secretion of IL-10 and IL-14 on SD rats treated with DMBA. Methods: Rats were treated with a dose of ethanol extract of roselle with 10, 50 and 100 mg / kg BW once daily for 21 days, then treated with DMBA 15mg / rat single dose. One week after DMBA treatment lymphatic organs of mice were taken and the expression of IL-10 and IL-14 were observed by immunohistochemistry using the appropriate antibodies. Further more it was observed using a microscope at 400x magnification. Result: The results showed that the obtained were analyzed using t-test to determine to what the effect of increased secretion of IL-10 and IL-14 between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: Rosella calyx extract is potential to develop as immunomodulatory agent

Nutrition can modulate host immune responses as well as promote anticancer effects. In this study, two nutritional supplements, namely gamma-tocotrienol (γT3) and Spirulina, were evaluated for their immune-enhancing and anticancer effects in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer (BC). Five-week-old female BALB/c mice were fed Spirulina, γT3, or a combination of Spirulina and γT3 (Spirulina + γT3) for 56 days. The mice were inoculated with 4T1 cells into their mammary fat pad on day 28 to induce BC. The animals were culled on day 56 for various analyses. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in tumor volume was only observed on day 37 and 49 in animals fed with the combination of γT3 + Spirulina. There was a marked increase (p < 0.05) of CD4/CD127+ T-cells and decrease (p < 0.05) of T-regulatory cells in peripheral blood from mice fed with either γT3 or Spirulina. The breast tissue of the combined group showed abundant areas of necrosis, but did not prevent metastasis to the...

Therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has shown promise in inflammatory bowel disease—leveraging their immunosuppressive and regenerative properties. However, the potential immunogenic complications of allogenic MSCs sourced from different tissues raise concern. Thus, we assessed the fitness and functionality of autologous intestinal MSCs as a potential platform for cellular therapy. Mucosal biopsy-derived MSCs from Crohn’s disease (n = 11), ulcerative colitis (n = 12), and controls (n = 14) were analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry for doubling-time, morphology, differentiation potential, and immunophenotype. Gene expression, cell-subtype composition, along with surface marker and secretome changes after IFN-γ priming were measured by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing coupled with a 30-plex Luminex panel. MSCs expanded ex vivo demonstrate canonical MSC markers, similar growth kinetics, and tripotency regardless of the patient phenotype. Global transcription patterns ...

Objective: Knowing that it contains gingerol chemicals, red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has the potential as a natural immunomodulator. Immunomodulating substances can affect how the human immune system responds by helping to keep the body in a homeostatic state and rebalancing immune system imbalances. The goal of this study was to find out of the extract of red ginger inoculated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (FMA) in different concentrations affected the reduction of IL-6 levels in test animals' serum in vivo. Methods: Twenty-four white male mice were used in this study. Additionally, they were split into six groups, with the negative control group received 0.5% Na CMC. The experimental group received red ginger extract at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW, and "Stimuno" 50 mg/kgBW, whereas the positive control received the Pfizer vaccine. The Pfizer vaccination was administered intramuscularly on day 0 to experimental animals in the positive control and experimental groups. Following that, they underwent a 14-day oral red ginger extract test. Using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, the test was carried out to measure the concentration of IL-6 in the serum. Results: The findings illustrated that the dose variations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW had a significant impact on the drop in IL-6 levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that red ginger ethanol extract, in a variety of dosages, may lower IL-6 levels. The largest reduction in IL-6 levels was seen in the extract test group at a dose of 100 mg/kgBW.

Objective: The present study was carried out to formulate and evaluate C. mangga extract as granule mass in a capsule dosage form as well as investigate its immunostimulatory effects. Methods: The granule mass was evaluated for its bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, and flow ability. Meanwhile, capsule weight and disintegration time were determined to evaluate the C. mangga capsule. The immunostimulatory effects of extract in capsule dosage form were investigated by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and IgG production. There were six formula prepared (F1-F6). Formula F1-F6 were vary according to the component of adsorbent (Corn starch/polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and filler (maltodextrin/Avicel/lactose) to obtain the optimum formula. Results: The granule mass of all formula had a good flow ability and free-flowing properties according to the Carr's index (10.26±3.38 to 17.54±1.60) and flowing time (1.05±0.05 to 1.60±0.08 seconds). Of all the capsule formula, F2 capsule containing dry extract of C. mangga with Avicel as the filler met the standard requirement in terms of disintegration time (2.15±0.76 min) and weight uniformity (the deviation was below than 7.5%). The capsule of C. mangga extract enhanced the paw thickness as compared to those of the negative control (P<0.05). The level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was also increased after treatment with the capsule of C. mangga extract. Conclusion: The results suggest that the capsule of C. mangga extract has immunostimulatory effects, emphasizing its potential to be used for the treatment of infectious and immunodeficiency diseases.

Objective: Punarnava is a controversial drug i.e. its true botanical identity has not been ascertained, and several different species are used as Punarnava. It is a part of many medicinally important traditional formulations. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India describes three different species-Roots of Boerhaavia diffusa, Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhaavia verticillata. The present work deals with the microscopic, macroscopic and phytochemical comparison of the roots of these species of Punarnava, so as to differentiate them and establish their quality parameters. Methods: Roots of these three species were collected, and their comparative morphological, microscopical (transverse section, powder study) and the phytochemical (screening, tannin estimation) study was performed. Results: Roots of Boerhaavia diffusa showed morphological characteristics which clearly distinguished it from the other species. They showed the presence of well developed and stratified cork, abnormal vascular bundles which were discontinuous, and a central cavity, presumably formed due to the disintegration of tissues. Boerhaavia verticillata showed the presence of xylem bundles arranged in the form of a 'X'-shaped cross in the central region. Thick-walled cork cells and pitted xylem vessels were present only in Boerhaavia diffusa root powder, whereas bundles of fibrovascular tissue were present only in the powder of Boerhaavia verticillata. Tannin content was found to be highest in Boerhaavia diffusa roots. Conclusion: The present investigation will help herbal industries and traditional medicinal practitioners to detect adulteration of the medicinally important immunomodulator Boerhaavia diffusa by Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhaavia verticillata, which are considered to have no immunomodulatory activity.

Tridax procumbens is a plant used majorly in Indian traditional medicine. This is rich in alkaloids, steroids, carotenoids, flavonoids (such as catechins, centaurein and bergenins), fatty acids, phytosterols, tannins and minerals. Concoctions of extracts from T. procumbens leaves, stem, flower, and roots are used to treat patients suffering from diabetes, arthritis, inflammatory reactions and even applied to open wounds. The medicinal value of extracts has been evident by in vitro/in vivo assay of antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, vasorelaxant, anti-leishmanial and mosquitocidal activities. Still, there is derth in the studies on isolation, characterization and evaluation of active principles from the extracts. This current review article gives comprehensive information about the T. procumbens taxonomy, morphology, geographical distribution, phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities.

Background: As the world witnessed the outbreak of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19), a disorder developed as a result of a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), increasing genetics with healthcare evidence suggest a corresponding leadership to SARS as well as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Aim: The aim of this review is to highlight Immune response of human body toward COVID-19. Materials and methods: This was a narrative review. A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE using the keywords, Immune Response; COVID-19; Vaccination; SARS-Cov-2; ACE2; Coronavirus; MERS. Results: A flow of viral components passes to the body by means of nostrils, mouth and eyes. SARS-CoV-2 is in a position to continue to become unnoticed extended than numerous influenza or coronaviruses. Its proteins can accomplish entry by unlocking the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein in the lung ...

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and standardize a polyherbal preparation (POL-6) and evaluate its use in treating oxidative, inflammatory and immune disorders. Methods: The individual hydroalcoholic extractions of Hypericum perforatum, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and Camellia sinesis dried plant materials were done, and POL-6 was prepared by mixing them in (1:2:2:2:2:1) proportions. POL-6 has been standardized on the basis of organoleptic properties, physical characteristics, and physicochemical properties. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using free radical scavenging methods for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, (DPPH) and nitric oxide assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was done by albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assays. Cell viability assay was used for immunomodulatory activity measurement by cultivating peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: The results obtained from physical and chemical parameters evaluation shows that the contents of preparation present are within permissible limits. In in-vitro antioxidant studies POL-6 showed significant antioxidant activity when tested in 1-1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide assays. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory investigation, POL-6 exhibited significant inhibition against albumin denaturation and significant protection against membrane stabilization assay. POL-6 also exhibit significant immunomodulatory activity at low doses, when tested in cell viability assay. Conclusion: The results from this study rationalize the medicinal use of POL-6 in oxidative, inflammatory and immune disorders.

Objective: Pergularia daemia [PD] Forsk, commonly called "Veliparuthi" in Tamil belongs to the family of Asclepiadaceae. It has been used by villagers as traditional folk medicine for various ailments such as antipyretic, anti-venom, emmenagogue, anti-helminthic, and to treat malarial fever, infantile diarrhea. Scientific reports revealed several pharmacological properties of PD extract. Preliminary in vitro studies on the plant revealed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the plant. So the present study planned to investigate the in vivo stress alleviating the potential of PD extract on noise stress induced model of wistar albino rats. Methods: Adult Wistar albino rats were exposed to pure tone noise stress for 45 min for one day and the effect of ethanolic PD extract on plasma corticosterone, organ weight body weight ratio of lymphoid organs and adrenal gland, immunological parameters like total leucocyte count, differential leukocyte, neutrophil adherence test and candida phagocytosis was studied. Results: Results revealed that acute stress significantly increased the plasma corticosterone level [p<0.001] and decreased the organ weight body weight ratio of the spleen [p<0.001] and thymus [p<0.01]. It also significantly decreased the total leucocyte count [p<0.001], percentage of neutrophils [p<0.001], eosinophils [p<0.004] and lymphocytes [p<0.001], neutrophil adherence [p<0.001] and enhanced the phagocytic index and avidity index [p<0.001] in acute noise stress exposed groups. Administration of PD extract significantly prevented those acute noise stress-induced changes [p<0.001]. Conclusion: We can be PD extract protected against the noise stress induced changes in albino rats and this stress alleviating and immunomodulatory potential of the plant may be attributed to the phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in it.

  Objective: This current study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris in male rats.Methods: Immunomodulatory activity was determined by measuring the carbon elimination rate, the total number of leukocytes and differential, as well as antibody titer. The treatment groups were divided into six groups, each group consisting of five male rats. The extract at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw was administered orally for 7 days. The carbon elimination was measured using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.Results: The ethanol extract of A. vulgaris at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight increased the carbon elimination and increased the number of total leukocytes and differential leukocytes, especially neutrophils and neutrophils rod segments as compared to the negative control group (CMC-Na 0.5%) (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: The ethanol extract of A. vulgaris possesses immunomodulatory effect.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the alcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens leaves in vivo. Methods: Immunomodulatory activity was determined by neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic activity, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Results: Oral administration of the extracts (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg bw, p. o) evoked a significant (**P<0.01) increased in percent of neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers. Both the extracts were also increased the antibody titre in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of both the compound significantly (**P<0.01) potentiated delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells and response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay. In this study indicated that leaves extracts possesses potent immune-modulatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The response was statistically significant when compared with the control (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Conclusion: The study stated that Ruta graveolens leaves extracts showed a significant stimulation of the cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immunity. Further investigations are required to determine its active constituents and also its mechanism of action.

Different species from the genus Lactobacillus are commonly used as probiotics (Zago et al., 2011). By definition, probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts (FAO/WHO, 2001). Their efficacy has been demonstrated for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections and allergic symptoms (Wohlgemuth et al., 2010). The general mechanisms of action that induce these beneficial results are: production of antibacterial substances; induction of defensin production by intestinal epithelial cells; competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria; influence on host microbiota and pathogenic bacteria; improved intestinal barrier function; modulation of host immune (Wohlgemuth et al., 2010). The predominant number of species applied as probiotics belong to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), named after the main end product of their carbohydrate metabolism. LAB are GramInternational Journal of Current Mic...

Objective: This study aims to formulate meniran extract into polymeric nanoparticles. Better stability of active substances in formulas compared to unformulated extracts is expected to increase immunomodulatory activity. Methods: Nanoparticles were formulated using ionic gelation method with chitosan and tripolyphosphate polymers. Optimize the mixture of nanoparticles using simplex lattice design (SLD) with the help of Design-Expert (DX) software. Evaluation of particle size and potential zeta using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Interactions between components were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and morphology of the lyophilization results observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Immunomodulatory tests using the latex assay method. The parameters tested included phagocytosis index, phagocytic activity, and nitric oxide secretion. Results: The optimum mixture of the formulation process was obtained in th...

Background Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies are being actively investigated in various inflammatory disorders. However, functional variability among MSCs cultured in vitro will lead to distinct therapeutic efficacies. Until now, the mechanisms behind immunomodulatory functional variability in MSCs are still unclear. Methods We systemically investigated transcriptomic variations among MSC samples derived from multiple tissues to reveal their effects on immunomodulatory functions of MSCs. We then analyzed transcriptomic changes of MSCs licensed with INFγ to identify potential molecular mechanisms that result in distinct MSC samples with different immunomodulatory potency. Results MSCs were clustered into distinct groups showing different functional enrichment according to transcriptomic patterns. Differential expression analysis indicated that different groups of MSCs deploy common regulation networks in response to inflammatory stimulation, while expression variation of...

Objective: The exploration of the anticancer potential of polysaccharide isolated from the methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) stem bark against breast cancer in DMBA-induced female albino Wistar rat models were examined by various hematological parameters. Methods: Analysis of Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC) and platelet level, Tumor markers Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA) and Cancer Antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) in the serum, was done in the normal, cancer and compound treated rats using specific kits. Histological studies were performed to examine the changes in the tissue morphology and cell patterns in breast tissue. Results: The decreased levels of RBC, WBC and platelets in 7,12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer (Group III) animals were revived to the normal conditions in polysaccharide treated breast cancer (Group IV) animals as that of normal (Group I). The level of tumor markers CEA and CA 15.3, was found elevated in serum of DMBA-induced breast cancer groups (Group III) when compared to their levels in the normal groups (Group I) whereas polysaccharide treatment (Group IV) prevented this rise in the levels of tumor markers. The histological studies on the breast tissue samples of all the groups showed the appropriate features where the normal (Group I) animals were characterized with normal cells uniformly arranged without any change in orientation and morphology, DMBA-induced cancer (Group III) animals showed an improper orientation of cells arranged as glandular structures, as nest, or cords of various sizes or as solid sheets foci of necrosis in some areas with margins infiltrating, pushing, circumcised or mixed and the polysaccharide treated (Group IV) animals showed results resembling that of the normal (Group I) animals. Conclusion: Thus, polysaccharide is proved as an effective chemo preventive agent against breast cancer.