Immunomodulatory

Probiotics confer immunological protection to the host through the regulation, stimulation, and modulation of immune responses. Researchers have shifted their attention to better understand the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics, which have the potential to prevent or alleviate certain pathologies for which proper medical treatment is as yet unavailable. It has been scientifically established that immune cells (T-and B-cells) mediate adaptive immunity and confer immunological protection by developing pathogen-specific memory. However, this review is intended to present the recent studies on immunomodulatory effects of probiotics. In the early section of this review, concepts of probiotics and common probiotic strains are focused on. On a priority basis, the immune system, along with mucosal immunity in the human body, is discussed in this study. It has been summarized that a number of species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium exert vital roles in innate immunity by increasing the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and phagocytosis of macrophages and mediate adaptive immunity by interacting with enterocytes and dendritic, Th1, Th2, and Treg cells. Finally, immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in different animal models have been extensively reviewed in this paper. Therefore, isolating new probiotic strains and investigating their immunomodulatory effects on cytokine profiles in humans remain a topical issue.

Life-threatening infectious diseases are on their way to cause a worldwide crisis, as treating them effectively is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form an ancient type of innate immunity found universally in all living organisms, providing a principal first-line of defense against the invading pathogens. The unique diverse function and architecture of AMPs has attracted considerable attention by scientists, both in terms of understanding the basic biology of the innate immune system, and as a tool in the design of molecular templates for new anti-infective drugs. AMPs are gene-encoded short (<100 amino acids), amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and cationic amino acids arranged spatially, which exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. AMPs have been the subject of natural evolution, as have the microbes, for hundreds of millions of years. Despite this long history of co-evolution, AMPs have not lost their ability to kill or inhibit the microbes totally, nor have the microbes learnt to avoid the lethal punch of AMPs. AMPs therefore have potential to provide an important breakthrough and form the basis for a new class of antibiotics. In this review, we would like to give an overview of cationic antimicrobial peptides, origin, structure, functions, and mode of action of AMPs, which are highly expressed and found in humans, as well as a brief discussion about widely abundant, well characterized AMPs in mammals, in addition to pharmaceutical aspects and the additional functions of AMPs.


Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07388551.2011.594423

Taranjebin manna is a substance produced by Poophilus nebulosus Leth. (Aphrophoridae) larva that feed from host plant Alhagi maurorum (Leguminosae). In Persian ethnomedicine, it is used as an antipyretic, antiviral, antimicrobial, demulcent, and adaptogen. But it is contraindicated in acute fever and some infections. This controversy might be due to its immunomodulatory properties. This study evaluated immunomodulatory properties of Taranjebin and its macromolecules. Taranjebin solution was prepared as described in traditional literature. After dialysis and precipitation, the macromolecules were isolated on DEAE Sephadex A-25. The cytotoxic/proliferative properties of Taranjebin and its isolated macromolecules on human Jurkat E6.1 cells were investigated (15.62-1000 μg/mL) using WST-1 reagent. Three of 4 isolated acidic polysaccharides inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations higher than 31.25 μg/mL (IC50 range of 44.81-147.97 μg/mL). ...

Background: There has been an increase in demand for soy and its products, with soy protein having a huge market in particular. Several reports have established how soy protein hydrolysates (SPHs) yield better physiological properties and play essential functional roles than the crude soy protein.

Objective: To investigate the immunomodulatory and acute toxicity of soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) produced with pepsin protease in mice and rats.

Methods: Soy protein hydrolysate was enzymatically produced using pepsin, with E/S (enzyme to substrate ratio) of 0.5% (250 u/mg) and hydrolysis time of 4h. Afterwards, the SPH effects on murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis were investigated in vitro. Confirmation studies were explored in rats’ sera IgG and IgA, and the acute toxic effect of SPH was observed in mice subjects.

Results: The hydrolysate increased the levels of splenocytes (stimulative index of 10.141 – 10.811) and peritoneal macrophages (phagocytic index of 1.285 – 1.721). Furthermore, the concentrations of sera IgG and IgA obtained from SPH-fed rats ranged from 0.198 – 0.345 mg/ml and 0.0184 – 0.0194 mg/ml, respectively in comparison with the soy protein isolate (SPI) -fed rats
(0.208 – 0.322 mg/ml and 0.0188 – 0.0189 mg/ml, respectively). Additionally, 10 mg dose of SPH stably elicited serum IgG in contrast to other doses, while there was a general decrease in the amounts of IgA obtained in the rat subjects. Moreover, there was no acute toxic effect recorded in the mice subjects.

Conclusion: In light of the results, it is possible that SPH prepared with pepsin has the potential of improving the immune system, and may therefore be used as immunomodulatory or functional food product.

Keywords: Soy protein hydrolysates, splenocyte proliferation, immunomodulatory, phagocytosis and pepsin

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combina...

This study investigated the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative potentials of gelatin hydrolysates from seabass skins in cell model systems. Gelatin hydrolysates were extracted from seabass skins using different processes and enzyme concentrations. The ability of the hydrolysates to protect against H 2 O 2-induced DNA damage was assessed on U937 cells using the Comet assay, and one of the samples showed DNA protective effects. All samples showed immunomodulatory potential by significantly (P < 0.05) reducing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1b production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Antiproliferative activities of seabass skin hydrolysates were measured using human colon cancer (Caco-2) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines as the model cell cultures. The inhibition of cell proliferation of Caco-2 and HepG2 cancer cells occurred in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 1–25 mg mL À1. Therefore, seabass skin hydrolysates prepared using an appropriate process could serve as a potential functional food ingredient with various health benefits.

Deficiency of immunity after every surgical intervention? Which is accompanied with a serious illness, anesthesia, many
drugs (antibiotics), develop deficiency of immunity. And adhesive disease of peritoneum is the most frequent complication
of surgical operations. In accordance with some scientist, - implantation of the most effective antiadhesive polymeric agents,
can be the cause of development deficiency of immunity too. In experiments in white rats were studies indexes of immunity
in experimental abdominal adhesive process with implantation of prophylactic agent Mesogel. Were proved by experiments,
that immunomodulators. Derinat and Longidasa can correct the disorders of immunity in postoperative period.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory
activity for methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum whole
plant with various models as Drug induced myelosuppression, T- cell
population,  Haemagglutination  titer,  Delayed  hypersensitivity  and
Carbon clearance at different doses as 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and
500  mg/kg  b.w.  In  drug  induced  myelosuppression,  methanolic
extract  of  Trigonella  foenum  graecum  showed  restoration  of
haematological parameters as compared to Azathioprine (negative
control)  treated  group.  In  T-cell  population,  methanolic  extract  of
Trigonella  foenum  graecum  has  shown  significant  increase  in
lymphocytes  and  T-cell  rosettes  formation  when  results  were
compared with standard (Levamisole). At doses 300 mg/kg and 500
mg/kg methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum has shown
significant  potentiation  of  DTH  response  after  24h  challenge.
Methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, has also showed
significant increase in antibody titer as compared with standard. In
carbon  clearance  test,  the  phagocytic  index  was  significantly
increased for methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum. Thus
methanolic  extract  of Trigonella  foenum  graecum whole  plant  has
showed significant immunostimulatory activity.

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combina...

Some dietary carbohydrates are quite healthy when consumed as part of a balanced diet, while others can be toxic, especially if overconsumed. They can be simple sugars, oligo- or polysachharides. Simple sugars like fructose, glucose and sucrose have a high glycemic index. Polysaccharides are compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically and have
a low glycemic index. Water-soluble polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes can enhance and/or activate immune responses in macrophages and the complement  system. For example, six kinds of α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianus have potent anti-tumor activities. Their discovery led to the development of a synthetic α -GalCer for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. It activates invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKTs) by binding to CD1 receptors on antigen-presenting cells. There are also esters made from reactions between fatty acids and glucose, called fatty acid glycosides. Several of
these have been isolated from the popular fruit called noni (Morinda citrifolia). They have been shown to inhibit inflammation
and activate cannabinoid 2 (CB2), but inhibit cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, while decreasing the production of IL-4 and increasing the production of IFN-γ. Many other fatty acid glycosides have been tentatively identified in ten out of ten other fruits that were analyzed. So, fatty acid glycosides could be an important, but underappreciated part of the nutritive value and health effects of many fruits.

Plants gums are complex mixtures of different polysaccharides with a variety of biological activities and pharmaceutical applications. Few studies have focused on physicochemical and biological properties of gums obtained from different plants. This study was designed to determine potential pharmaceutical and pharmacological values of the gum exudates and its isolated biopolymers obtained from Astragalus myriacanthus Boiss [syn. Astracantha myriacantha (Boiss.) Podlech] (Fabaceae). The physicochemical, rheological, and mucoadhesion properties of the gum and its fractions was measured at 7, 27, and 37 °C with and without the presence of NaCl (1%). Also, the structural and immunomodulatory properties of several water soluble biopolymers isolated using ion exchange and size exclusion chromatographic methods were investigated on Jurkat cells at concentrations of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL. The consistency and shear-thinning property of the gum and its fractions decreased as temperature increased. In the presence of NaCl, the consistency increased but no regular pattern was observed regarding to shear-thinning behavior. The mucoadhesion strength was 40.66 ± 2.08 g/cm 2 which is suitable for use as a formulary mucoadhesive polymer. The isolated biopolymers had proteo-arabinoglycan structure. Their molecular weight was calculated to be 1.67-667 kDa. One biopolymer had a proliferative effect and others had dose dependent cytotoxic/proliferative properties. The crude gum and its insoluble fraction showed suitable mucoadhesion, swellability and rheological properties which makes them suitable for designing drug delivery systems. The gum proteo-arabinoglycans with different molecular weight and structures had different immunomodulatory properties.

Probiotics confer immunological protection to the host through the regulation, stimulation, and modulation of immune responses. Researchers have shifted their attention to better understand the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics, which have the potential to prevent or alleviate certain pathologies for which proper medical treatment is as yet unavailable. It has been scientifically established that immune cells (T-and B-cells) mediate adaptive immunity and confer immunological protection by developing pathogen-specific memory. However, this review is intended to present the recent studies on immunomodulatory effects of probiotics. In the early section of this review, concepts of probiotics and common probiotic strains are focused on. On a priority basis, the immune system, along with mucosal immunity in the human body, is discussed in this study. It has been summarized that a number of species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium exert vital roles in innate immunity by increasing...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple organ involvement, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and the haematopoietic system, with a large number of complications. Despite years of study, the etiology of SLE remains unclear; thus, safe and specifically targeted therapies are lacking. In the last 20 years, researchers have explored the potential of nutritional factors on SLE and have suggested complementary treatment options through diet. This study systematically reviews and evaluates the clinical and preclinical scientific evidence of diet and dietary supplementation that either alleviate or exacerbate the symptoms of SLE. For this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases only for articles written in the English language. Based on the currently published literature, it was observed that a low-calorie and low-protein diet with high contents of fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols contain sufficient potential macronutrients and micronutrients to regulate the activity of the overall disease by modulating the inflammation and immune functions of SLE.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of propolis extract to the population of regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 +) expressing IL-10 and TGF-β in vivo (DMBA-induced breast cancer in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats).

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was found to have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties in addition to good cell-binding and selective proliferation in replicating cells. At the same time this virus has the ability to introduce T-cell co-stimulatory activity and induce cytokines such as IFN-a, IFN-b and TNF-a that affect T-cell recruitment and activation. As an attractive therapeutic strategy, the immunotherapy has raised the attention due to promise for treating a number of different cancer disorders. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of low titres (10 HA/ml) of NDV ZG1999HDS or NDV La Sota on TLT (Human macrophage cell line) cocultured with PBMC were analysed. During the activation, the level of NO, H 2 O 2 , lysozyme and induced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus mutans) and against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter Baumanii) and the cytokine secretion, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-α during the immunomodulation were evaluated. At first, the macrophage activation by the NO »burst«, H 2 O 2 and lysozyme level increased (Figure 1). After the binding to the macrophages (TLT macrophage cell line) and interaction with the PBMC, the decrease of GM-CSF, as well as an increase of TNF-α and IFN-γ was found. Concomitantly, the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α) and the different increase of IL-1α, IL-2 and IL-4 was recorded. Mainly the influences on different Cytokines were higher in the case of NDV ZG1999HDS than of NDV LaSota. In induction of the antibacterial response, induced by Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus mutans) the effect was 1/3 higher with NDV ZG1999HDS than with NDV La Sota. Against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter Baumanii) this was not so clear.

Vitamin D has a major role in calcium absorption and maintenance of healthy bones. Vitamin D is also involved in cancer, cardiovascular system, allergic diseases, immune regulation and immune disor¬ders. Irradiation of food as well as animals produces vitamin D and more than 90% of previtamin D3 synthesis in the skin occurs in the epidermis. Vitamin D receptor has been found in many cells including T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells and Tregs, and it selectively binds with high affinity to its ligand. Vitamin D binds its receptor VDR, resulting in transcription of a number of genes playing a role in inhibition of MAPK. Its effect may be also mediated by the direct activation of PKC. Vitamin D has the ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, IFN-gamma and IL-2; while it increases the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. In B cells, vitamin D3 have also been shown to suppress IgE antibody class switch partly through the inh...

Background and Aim: Various means and methods, including probiotics and biologically active additives, have been developed and proposed for production to increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body, regardless of the etiology of its decrease. This study aimed to find out the immune status of calves during the preweaning period in association with Vetosporin Zh, Normosil, and Gumi-malysh.

Materials and Methods: The research object was 30-day-old calves of black-and-white Holstein breed. The calves were divided into four groups of 20 heads each. The calves of the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively. The calves in the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively.

Results: On days 10 and 21 of the experiment, animal blood was collected to determine the content of total protein, protein fractions, immunoglobulins, T and B lymphocytes, phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of neutrophils, and circulating immune complexes (CIC). The combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic (dose, 20 mL) with Gumi-malysh (dose, 30 mL) per animal for 30 days in 1-month-old calves contributes to the increase in the number of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by 2.9%, 3.8%, and 0.96 and 2 g/L, respectively, while reducing the immunoglobulin M (IgM) level; an increase in the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and the phagocytic number by 7% and 1.8%, respectively, as well as a decrease in the CIC level with similar indicators in calves that were not treated with the agents.

Conclusion: The method used in the current study helps increase the number of T and B lymphocytes, increase IgA and IgG levels while reducing IgM levels, and increase the phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of blood neutrophils, as well as decrease the CIC level.

Adapalene (ADP) is a representative of the third retinoids generation and successfully used in first-line acne treatment. ADP binds to retinoic acid nuclear receptors. The comedolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory are the known ADP effects. Its safety profile is an advantage over other retinoids. ADP recently was found to be effective in the treatment of several dermatological diseases and photoaging besides the utility in the treatment of acne vulgaris. New biological effects of adapalene with therapeutic potential are highlighted in this review paper. Thus, adapalene could be a valuable therapeutic drug into the treatment of several types of cancer. Additionally, some neurodegenerative diseases could be treated with a suitable formulation for intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of an analogue of ADP has been proven. In different therapeutic schemes, ADP is more effective in combination with other active substances. New topical combinations with adapalene include ketoconazole (antifungal), mometasone furoate (anti-inflammatory corticosteroid), nadifloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and alfa and beta hydroxy acids. Combination with oral drugs is a new trend that enhances the properties of topical formulations with adapalene. Several studies have investigated the effects of ADP in co-administration with azithromycin, doxycycline, faropenem, isotretinoin, and valganciclovir. Innovative formulations of ADP also aim to achieve a better bioavailability, increased efficacy, and reduced side effects. In this review, we have highlighted the current studies on adapalene regarding biological effects useful in various treatment types. Adapalene has not been exploited yet to its full biological potential.

The effect of extraction methods using water, acid, Alcalase and Cellulase was studied on structure-bioactivity relationship of alginates from Colpomenia peregrina. Enzyme-assisted extractions produced alginates with the lowest protein (< 0.7%) and polyphenol (<5 mg GA/ g sample) contaminations. The molecular weight (Mw) of alginate extracted after acid treatment was 386.4 × 103 g/mol. The minimum Mw of 247.9 × 103 g/mol was determined for alginates extracted after Cellulase treatment. The specific volume of gyration (SVg) increased to > 0.57 cm3/g in enzymatically treated alginates. Alginate isolated after Cellulase treatment was nontoxic and stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells to release nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power were shown to be the highest for enzyme-treated. This study demonstrates the lab scale feasibility of extraction of alginate with the highest immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) is a well-known aquatic plant which has been used for the treatment of several disorders including skin disease, cough, inflammation, fever and many other disorders.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To explore the immunomodulatory activity of extract of rhizome (NNRE) and seed (NNSE) of the plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The immunomodulatory activity of NNRE and NNSE was evaluated using various in vivo models including the total and differential leukocyte count (TLC and DLC), nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction (NBT) test, neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic response and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC, 5 x 10(9)cells/ml) were used to immunize the animals. NNRE and NNSE at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg were administrated.
RESULT:
The TLC and lymphocyte count increased significantly but the neutrophil count was decreased for NNRE and NNSE treated groups compared to the control. A dose-dependent potentiation of DTH reaction induced by SRBC was observed from the extracts. The percentage of neutrophil adhesion to the nylon fiber was increased in NNRE treated groups (63.22 and 62.91%) compared to the NNSE treated group (54.86 and 54.23%). A potential phagocytic response was seen on treatment of the extracts, and significant changes were observed in the formation of formazone crystals.
CONCLUSION:
This finding suggests that the extract of rhizome and seed Nelumbo nucifera stimulate defense system by modulating several immunological parameters.