Immunomodulatory

Life-threatening infectious diseases are on their way to cause a worldwide crisis, as treating them effectively is becoming increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form an ancient type of innate immunity found universally in all living organisms, providing a principal first-line of defense against the invading pathogens. The unique diverse function and architecture of AMPs has attracted considerable attention by scientists, both in terms of understanding the basic biology of the innate immune system, and as a tool in the design of molecular templates for new anti-infective drugs. AMPs are gene-encoded short (<100 amino acids), amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and cationic amino acids arranged spatially, which exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. AMPs have been the subject of natural evolution, as have the microbes, for hundreds of millions of years. Despite this long history of co-evolution, AMPs have not lost their ability to kill or inhibit the microbes totally, nor have the microbes learnt to avoid the lethal punch of AMPs. AMPs therefore have potential to provide an important breakthrough and form the basis for a new class of antibiotics. In this review, we would like to give an overview of cationic antimicrobial peptides, origin, structure, functions, and mode of action of AMPs, which are highly expressed and found in humans, as well as a brief discussion about widely abundant, well characterized AMPs in mammals, in addition to pharmaceutical aspects and the additional functions of AMPs.


Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07388551.2011.594423

Probiotics confer immunological protection to the host through the regulation, stimulation, and modulation of immune responses. Researchers have shifted their attention to better understand the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics, which have the potential to prevent or alleviate certain pathologies for which proper medical treatment is as yet unavailable. It has been scientifically established that immune cells (T-and B-cells) mediate adaptive immunity and confer immunological protection by developing pathogen-specific memory. However, this review is intended to present the recent studies on immunomodulatory effects of probiotics. In the early section of this review, concepts of probiotics and common probiotic strains are focused on. On a priority basis, the immune system, along with mucosal immunity in the human body, is discussed in this study. It has been summarized that a number of species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium exert vital roles in innate immunity by increasing the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and phagocytosis of macrophages and mediate adaptive immunity by interacting with enterocytes and dendritic, Th1, Th2, and Treg cells. Finally, immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in different animal models have been extensively reviewed in this paper. Therefore, isolating new probiotic strains and investigating their immunomodulatory effects on cytokine profiles in humans remain a topical issue.

Objective: The present study evaluated the antioxidant and
immunomodulatory activity of methanol extract of the bark of
Bombax ceiba in normal and immunosuppressed mice models.
Materials and Methods: In vivo immunomodulatory and antioxidant
activity of Bombax ceiba methanol extract was evaluated by
assessing its effect on Hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer, delayed
type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response, hematological profile (Hb,
WBC, RBC), lipid per oxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH),
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and cytokine release.
Results: The animals treated with Bombax ceiba methanol extract
showed increase in antibody titer values 11.2 ± 0.30 and 13.1 ± 0.27
at 150 and 300 mg/kg (p.o.) dose and DTH reaction induced by
SRBC was also found significant (P < 0.001). Also it caused increase
in hematological profile, GSH, SOD, CAT activity and significantly
decreased LPO levels in cyclophosphamide-induced
immunosuppressed mice. The extract treated animals showed a
significant up regulation of (IL-6 and TNF-α) cytokines in
comparison to control group animals.
Conclusion: These findings suggested that the methanol extract of
Bombax ceiba possessed promising immunostimulant properties
which could be ascribed, in part, to its anti-oxidant capacity.

This study investigated the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative potentials of gelatin hydrolysates from seabass skins in cell model systems. Gelatin hydrolysates were extracted from seabass skins using different processes and enzyme concentrations. The ability of the hydrolysates to protect against H 2 O 2-induced DNA damage was assessed on U937 cells using the Comet assay, and one of the samples showed DNA protective effects. All samples showed immunomodulatory potential by significantly (P < 0.05) reducing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1b production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Antiproliferative activities of seabass skin hydrolysates were measured using human colon cancer (Caco-2) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines as the model cell cultures. The inhibition of cell proliferation of Caco-2 and HepG2 cancer cells occurred in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 1–25 mg mL À1. Therefore, seabass skin hydrolysates prepared using an appropriate process could serve as a potential functional food ingredient with various health benefits.

Some dietary carbohydrates are quite healthy when consumed as part of a balanced diet, while others can be toxic, especially if overconsumed. They can be simple sugars, oligo- or polysachharides. Simple sugars like fructose, glucose and sucrose have a high glycemic index. Polysaccharides are compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically and have
a low glycemic index. Water-soluble polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes can enhance and/or activate immune responses in macrophages and the complement  system. For example, six kinds of α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianus have potent anti-tumor activities. Their discovery led to the development of a synthetic α -GalCer for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. It activates invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKTs) by binding to CD1 receptors on antigen-presenting cells. There are also esters made from reactions between fatty acids and glucose, called fatty acid glycosides. Several of
these have been isolated from the popular fruit called noni (Morinda citrifolia). They have been shown to inhibit inflammation
and activate cannabinoid 2 (CB2), but inhibit cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, while decreasing the production of IL-4 and increasing the production of IFN-γ. Many other fatty acid glycosides have been tentatively identified in ten out of ten other fruits that were analyzed. So, fatty acid glycosides could be an important, but underappreciated part of the nutritive value and health effects of many fruits.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory
activity for methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum whole
plant with various models as Drug induced myelosuppression, T- cell
population,  Haemagglutination  titer,  Delayed  hypersensitivity  and
Carbon clearance at different doses as 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and
500  mg/kg  b.w.  In  drug  induced  myelosuppression,  methanolic
extract  of  Trigonella  foenum  graecum  showed  restoration  of
haematological parameters as compared to Azathioprine (negative
control)  treated  group.  In  T-cell  population,  methanolic  extract  of
Trigonella  foenum  graecum  has  shown  significant  increase  in
lymphocytes  and  T-cell  rosettes  formation  when  results  were
compared with standard (Levamisole). At doses 300 mg/kg and 500
mg/kg methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum has shown
significant  potentiation  of  DTH  response  after  24h  challenge.
Methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, has also showed
significant increase in antibody titer as compared with standard. In
carbon  clearance  test,  the  phagocytic  index  was  significantly
increased for methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum. Thus
methanolic  extract  of Trigonella  foenum  graecum whole  plant  has
showed significant immunostimulatory activity.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of propolis extract to the population of regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 +) expressing IL-10 and TGF-β in vivo (DMBA-induced breast cancer in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats).

Background: There has been an increase in demand for soy and its products, with soy protein having a huge market in particular. Several reports have established how soy protein hydrolysates (SPHs) yield better physiological properties and play essential functional roles than the crude soy protein.

Objective: To investigate the immunomodulatory and acute toxicity of soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) produced with pepsin protease in mice and rats.

Methods: Soy protein hydrolysate was enzymatically produced using pepsin, with E/S (enzyme to substrate ratio) of 0.5% (250 u/mg) and hydrolysis time of 4h. Afterwards, the SPH effects on murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis were investigated in vitro. Confirmation studies were explored in rats’ sera IgG and IgA, and the acute toxic effect of SPH was observed in mice subjects.

Results: The hydrolysate increased the levels of splenocytes (stimulative index of 10.141 – 10.811) and peritoneal macrophages (phagocytic index of 1.285 – 1.721). Furthermore, the concentrations of sera IgG and IgA obtained from SPH-fed rats ranged from 0.198 – 0.345 mg/ml and 0.0184 – 0.0194 mg/ml, respectively in comparison with the soy protein isolate (SPI) -fed rats
(0.208 – 0.322 mg/ml and 0.0188 – 0.0189 mg/ml, respectively). Additionally, 10 mg dose of SPH stably elicited serum IgG in contrast to other doses, while there was a general decrease in the amounts of IgA obtained in the rat subjects. Moreover, there was no acute toxic effect recorded in the mice subjects.

Conclusion: In light of the results, it is possible that SPH prepared with pepsin has the potential of improving the immune system, and may therefore be used as immunomodulatory or functional food product.

Keywords: Soy protein hydrolysates, splenocyte proliferation, immunomodulatory, phagocytosis and pepsin

Taranjebin manna is a substance produced by Poophilus nebulosus Leth. (Aphrophoridae) larva that feed from host plant Alhagi maurorum (Leguminosae). In Persian ethnomedicine, it is used as an antipyretic, antiviral, antimicrobial, demulcent, and adaptogen. But it is contraindicated in acute fever and some infections. This controversy might be due to its immunomodulatory properties. This study evaluated immunomodulatory properties of Taranjebin and its macromolecules. Taranjebin solution was prepared as described in traditional literature. After dialysis and precipitation, the macromolecules were isolated on DEAE Sephadex A-25. The cytotoxic/proliferative properties of Taranjebin and its isolated macromolecules on human Jurkat E6.1 cells were investigated (15.62-1000 μg/mL) using WST-1 reagent. Three of 4 isolated acidic polysaccharides inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations higher than 31.25 μg/mL (IC50 range of 44.81-147.97 μg/mL). ...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple organ involvement, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and the haematopoietic system, with a large number of complications. Despite years of study, the etiology of SLE remains unclear; thus, safe and specifically targeted therapies are lacking. In the last 20 years, researchers have explored the potential of nutritional factors on SLE and have suggested complementary treatment options through diet. This study systematically reviews and evaluates the clinical and preclinical scientific evidence of diet and dietary supplementation that either alleviate or exacerbate the symptoms of SLE. For this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases only for articles written in the English language. Based on the currently published literature, it was observed that a low-calorie and low-protein diet with high contents of fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols contain sufficient potential macronutrients and micronutrients to regulate the activity of the overall disease by modulating the inflammation and immune functions of SLE.

Background and Aim: Various means and methods, including probiotics and biologically active additives, have been developed and proposed for production to increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body, regardless of the etiology of its decrease. This study aimed to find out the immune status of calves during the preweaning period in association with Vetosporin Zh, Normosil, and Gumi-malysh.

Materials and Methods: The research object was 30-day-old calves of black-and-white Holstein breed. The calves were divided into four groups of 20 heads each. The calves of the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively. The calves in the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively.

Results: On days 10 and 21 of the experiment, animal blood was collected to determine the content of total protein, protein fractions, immunoglobulins, T and B lymphocytes, phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of neutrophils, and circulating immune complexes (CIC). The combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic (dose, 20 mL) with Gumi-malysh (dose, 30 mL) per animal for 30 days in 1-month-old calves contributes to the increase in the number of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by 2.9%, 3.8%, and 0.96 and 2 g/L, respectively, while reducing the immunoglobulin M (IgM) level; an increase in the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and the phagocytic number by 7% and 1.8%, respectively, as well as a decrease in the CIC level with similar indicators in calves that were not treated with the agents.

Conclusion: The method used in the current study helps increase the number of T and B lymphocytes, increase IgA and IgG levels while reducing IgM levels, and increase the phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of blood neutrophils, as well as decrease the CIC level.

Deficiency of immunity after every surgical intervention? Which is accompanied with a serious illness, anesthesia, many
drugs (antibiotics), develop deficiency of immunity. And adhesive disease of peritoneum is the most frequent complication
of surgical operations. In accordance with some scientist, - implantation of the most effective antiadhesive polymeric agents,
can be the cause of development deficiency of immunity too. In experiments in white rats were studies indexes of immunity
in experimental abdominal adhesive process with implantation of prophylactic agent Mesogel. Were proved by experiments,
that immunomodulators. Derinat and Longidasa can correct the disorders of immunity in postoperative period.