Inca Chronology
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Recent papers in Inca Chronology
The basic chronology of Inca imperial expansion in Andean South America derives from historical accounts from the Spanish Colonial era, but several issues with this traditional chronology have arisen in recent decades. Advances in... more
The basic chronology of Inca imperial expansion in Andean South America derives from historical accounts from the Spanish Colonial era, but several issues with this traditional chronology have arisen in recent decades. Advances in radiocarbon dating and calibration now give us some ability to refine or rebuild the chronology, and guidelines for obtaining the most useful dates are discussed. Dates recently obtained from the site of Chamical in the southern highlands of Ecuador are evaluated according to those guidelines, and they suggest Inca expansion to the north began one to two decades earlier than allowed in the traditional chronology. The chronology of Inca expansion presented in the Spanish chronicles is called into question by these and other dates, and by a reconsideration of the nature of sources of Inca history utilized by Spanish writers. Evidence suggests a primary Inca form of recording provincial conquests resulted in lists that were ordered geographically. However, those records were interpreted by colonial writers as being chronologically ordered, which led to written histories of Inca expansion that are not consistent with the actual historical sequence of events. As a result, the preferred approach to building a chronology of Inca expansion should be based on radiocarbon dates, with historical sources used to supplement rather than structure the timeline.
The chronology of the Inca conquest of Northwest Argentina has been questioned in recent years since the obtaining of new radiocarbon dates. In the Quebrada de Humahuaca is suggested that the Inca occupation started within the time span... more
The chronology of the Inca conquest of Northwest Argentina has been questioned in
recent years since the obtaining of new radiocarbon dates. In the Quebrada de Humahuaca is
suggested that the Inca occupation started within the time span ranging from 1410 to 1430
AD. From new radiocarbon dates obtained at Juella archaeological site, within a context that
brings us to the Regional Developments Period (1250-1450 AD), we meditate about how this
process of conquest could have been. A process that involved the complete emptying of the
settlement and the partial abandonment of others. Also will present the spatial changes
imposed by the Incas in the region, which included the remodeling of local villages, the
construction of a new production landscape and the relocation of populations.
recent years since the obtaining of new radiocarbon dates. In the Quebrada de Humahuaca is
suggested that the Inca occupation started within the time span ranging from 1410 to 1430
AD. From new radiocarbon dates obtained at Juella archaeological site, within a context that
brings us to the Regional Developments Period (1250-1450 AD), we meditate about how this
process of conquest could have been. A process that involved the complete emptying of the
settlement and the partial abandonment of others. Also will present the spatial changes
imposed by the Incas in the region, which included the remodeling of local villages, the
construction of a new production landscape and the relocation of populations.
The chronology of the Inca Empire has traditionally relied on ethnohistoric dates, which suggest that a northern expansion into modern Ecuador began in AD 1463 and a southern expansion into modern Argentina began in AD 1471. We test the... more
The chronology of the Inca Empire has traditionally relied on ethnohistoric dates, which suggest that a northern expansion into modern Ecuador began in AD 1463 and a southern expansion into modern Argentina began in AD 1471. We test the validity of these dates with two Bayesian models, which show that the ethnohistoric dates are incorrect and that the southern expansion began before the northern one. The first model of seven dates shows that the site of Chamical, Ecuador, was first occupied cal AD 1410–1480 (95% probability) and has a high probability of being built prior to the ethnohistoric date. The second is an outlier model of 26 14 C dates and 19 thermoluminescence (TL) dates from 10 sites along the empire's southeastern limit in northwestern Mendoza, Argentina. Here, the Inca occupation began cal AD 1350–1440 (95% probability), also earlier than the ethnohistoric date. The model also suggests that the Inca occupation of Mendoza lasted 70–230 yr (95% probability), longer than previously thought, which calls for new perspectives on the timing and nature of Inca conquests and relationships with local groups. Based on these results, we argue it is time to abandon the traditional chronology in favor of Inca chronologies based on Bayesian models.
The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the dates... more
The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the dates (n=178) into three different groups (G1, G2, and G3), according to the quantity and quality of contextual information, and the possibility of effectively verifying this information through published articles. The interpretation was mainly based on the dates showing the best information regarding the origin and context of the samples (28 of the G1, and 36 of the G2). Our results indicate that the Inca advance started towards the beginnings of 15th Century AD in the northernmost part of Argentina and rapidly continued southwards, probably reaching the province of Mendoza some 50 years later. This study confirms the differences between the ethnohistoric chronology and the radiocarbon data, previously pointed out by other authors. Moreover, it suggests a sequence of at least three stages in which the Incas would have incorporated the existing territories until ca. 24°, 28°, and 34° 30' S, respectively. This is the first global study of Inca chronology in Argentina, and the first time that dates are classified to determine their level of context information and reliability.---------------------------------------------- Resumen: La finalidad de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento sobre la cronología de la expansión incaica en el Collasuyu, mediante el análisis de todas las dataciones radiocarbónicas publicadas de sitios incaicos en Argentina. Evaluamos y clasificamos todas las fechas (n = 178), en tres grupos diferentes (G1, G2 y G3), de acuerdo con la cantidad y calidad de la información contextual, y con la posibilidad de verificarla, de manera efectiva, a través de los artículos publicados. La interpretación se basó principalmente en las fechas que revelan la mejor información sobre el origen y el contexto de las muestras (28 del G1 y 36 del G2). Nuestros resultados indican que el avance incaico comenzó a principios del siglo XV d. C., en el extremo norte de Argentina, y culminó unos cincuenta años después en la provincia de Mendoza. Este estudio confirma las diferencias entre las dataciones radiocarbónicas y las fechas etnohistóricas previamente señaladas por otros autores. Además, sugiere una secuencia de al menos tres etapas en las que los incas habrían incorporado los territorios existentes hasta ca. 24°, 28° y 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este es el primer estudio global sobre la cronología inca en Argentina, y es la primera vez que las fechas son clasificadas y utilizadas según su nivel de información, contexto y confiabilidad.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the... more
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to broaden the information available on the chronology of the Inca expansion in Collasuyu by analyzing all radiocarbon dates obtained in Argentina’s Inca sites. We evaluated and classified all the dates (n=178) into three different groups (G1, G2, and G3), according to the quantity and quality of contextual information, and the possibility of effectively verifying this information through published articles. The interpretation was mainly based on the dates showing the best information regarding the origin and context of the samples (28 of the G1, and 36 of the G2). Our results indicate that the Inca advance started towards the beginnings of 15th Century AD in the northernmost part of Argentina and rapidly continued southwards, probably reaching the province of Mendoza some 50 years later. This study confirms the differences between the ethnohistoric chronology and the radiocarbon data, previously pointed out by other authors. Moreover, it suggests a sequence of at least three stages in which the Incas would have incorporated the existing territories until ca. 24°, 28°, and 34° 30' S, respectively. This is the first global study of Inca chronology in Argentina, and the first time that dates are classified to determine their level of context information and reliability.
Keywords: Center-west Argentina, Collasuyu, Inca chronology, Inca domination, northwest Argentina, radiocarbon dates.
Cronología radiocarbónica de la expansión incaica en Argentina
Resumen: la finalidad de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento sobre la cronología de la expansión incaica en el Collasuyu, mediante el análisis de todas las dataciones radiocarbónicas publicadas de sitios incaicos en Argentina. Evaluamos y clasificamos todas las fechas (n = 178), en tres grupos diferentes (G1, G2 y G3), de acuerdo con la cantidad y calidad de la información contextual, y con la posibilidad de verificarla, de manera efectiva, a través de los artículos publicados. La interpretación se basó principalmente en las fechas que revelan la mejor información sobre el origen y el contexto de las muestras (28 del G1 y 36 del G2). Nuestros resultados indican que el avance incaico comenzó a principios del siglo XV d. C., en el extremo norte de Argentina, y que culminó unos cincuenta años después en la provincia de Mendoza. Este estudio confirma las diferencias entre las dataciones radiocarbónicas y las fechas etnohistóricas previamente señaladas por otros autores. Además, sugiere una secuencia de al menos tres etapas en las que los incas habrían incorporado los territorios existentes hasta ca. 24°, 28° y 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este es el primer estudio global sobre la cronología inca en Argentina, y es la primera vez que las fechas son clasificadas y utilizadas según su nivel de información, contexto y confiabilidad.
Palabras clave: centro-oeste argentino, Collasuyu, cronología incaica, dominio inca, fechados radiocarbónicos, noroeste argentino.
Cronologia de radiocarbono da expansão inca na Argentina
Resumo: o objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o conhecimento da cronologia da expansão inca no Collasuyu, analisando todas as datações de radiocarbono publicadas de sítios incas na Argentina. Avaliamos e classificamos todas as datas (n = 178) em três grupos distintos (G1, G2 e G3) de acordo com a quantidade e qualidade das informações contextuais e com a possibilidade de sua verificação efetiva pelos artigos publicados. A interpretação baseou-se principalmente nas datas que apresentam as melhores informações sobre a origem e contexto das amostras (28 do G1 e 36 do G2). Nossos resultados indicam que o avanço inca começou no início do século XV d.C., no extremo norte da Argentina e culminou cerca de 50 anos depois na província de Mendoza. Este estudo confirma as diferenças entre a datação por radiocarbono e datas etno-históricas, previamente indicadas por outros autores. Além disso, sugere uma sequência de pelo menos três etapas nas quais os Incas teriam incorporado os territórios existentes até ca. 24°, 28° e 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este é o primeiro estudo global da cronologia inca na Argentina e é a primeira vez que as datas são classificadas e utilizadas de acordo com seu nível de informação de contexto e confiabilidade.
Palavras-chave: centro-oeste da Argentina, Collasuyu, cronologia inca, datação por radiocarbono, domínio inca, noroeste da Argentina.
Keywords: Center-west Argentina, Collasuyu, Inca chronology, Inca domination, northwest Argentina, radiocarbon dates.
Cronología radiocarbónica de la expansión incaica en Argentina
Resumen: la finalidad de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento sobre la cronología de la expansión incaica en el Collasuyu, mediante el análisis de todas las dataciones radiocarbónicas publicadas de sitios incaicos en Argentina. Evaluamos y clasificamos todas las fechas (n = 178), en tres grupos diferentes (G1, G2 y G3), de acuerdo con la cantidad y calidad de la información contextual, y con la posibilidad de verificarla, de manera efectiva, a través de los artículos publicados. La interpretación se basó principalmente en las fechas que revelan la mejor información sobre el origen y el contexto de las muestras (28 del G1 y 36 del G2). Nuestros resultados indican que el avance incaico comenzó a principios del siglo XV d. C., en el extremo norte de Argentina, y que culminó unos cincuenta años después en la provincia de Mendoza. Este estudio confirma las diferencias entre las dataciones radiocarbónicas y las fechas etnohistóricas previamente señaladas por otros autores. Además, sugiere una secuencia de al menos tres etapas en las que los incas habrían incorporado los territorios existentes hasta ca. 24°, 28° y 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este es el primer estudio global sobre la cronología inca en Argentina, y es la primera vez que las fechas son clasificadas y utilizadas según su nivel de información, contexto y confiabilidad.
Palabras clave: centro-oeste argentino, Collasuyu, cronología incaica, dominio inca, fechados radiocarbónicos, noroeste argentino.
Cronologia de radiocarbono da expansão inca na Argentina
Resumo: o objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o conhecimento da cronologia da expansão inca no Collasuyu, analisando todas as datações de radiocarbono publicadas de sítios incas na Argentina. Avaliamos e classificamos todas as datas (n = 178) em três grupos distintos (G1, G2 e G3) de acordo com a quantidade e qualidade das informações contextuais e com a possibilidade de sua verificação efetiva pelos artigos publicados. A interpretação baseou-se principalmente nas datas que apresentam as melhores informações sobre a origem e contexto das amostras (28 do G1 e 36 do G2). Nossos resultados indicam que o avanço inca começou no início do século XV d.C., no extremo norte da Argentina e culminou cerca de 50 anos depois na província de Mendoza. Este estudo confirma as diferenças entre a datação por radiocarbono e datas etno-históricas, previamente indicadas por outros autores. Além disso, sugere uma sequência de pelo menos três etapas nas quais os Incas teriam incorporado os territórios existentes até ca. 24°, 28° e 34° 30' S, respectivamente. Este é o primeiro estudo global da cronologia inca na Argentina e é a primeira vez que as datas são classificadas e utilizadas de acordo com seu nível de informação de contexto e confiabilidade.
Palavras-chave: centro-oeste da Argentina, Collasuyu, cronologia inca, datação por radiocarbono, domínio inca, noroeste da Argentina.
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