Interrogation

Criminal discovery v. The Right against Self-Incrimination has been a persistent debate when the topic of discussion is a Narco-Analysis test. I wish to understand the relevance of a Narco test in today’s scenario when the gravity of the crimes being committed to has increased. It has always been so in the Criminal Law that the greater right must be leaned towards. The right of society to live. To live in peace and security and with dignity. So, when the rights of the accused are pitted against that of an entire society, the former seems rather feeble. But even then, the courts take measures to equally weigh and protect the rights of both the parties. How does one place the legality of the Narco test in such a scenario? The technological advancement that the test provides takes strands in providing justice and in increasing the conviction rate in India. In that case what should be the actual standard for judging the validity of the Narco test? Through this paper, I wish to analyze the validity of the test and the relevance of the test today in the light of the gravity of the crimes and the urgency to deliver justice.

Purpose. The gathering of human intelligence (HUMINT) is of utmost importance, yet the scientific literature is silent with respect to the effectiveness of different information elicitation techniques. Our aim was to remedy this by conducting the first scientific test of the so-called Scharff technique (named after the successful German WWII interrogator). Method. We developed a new experimental paradigm, mirroring some main features of a typical HUMINT situation. The participants (N = 93) were given information on a planned terrorist attack, and were instructed to strike a balance between not revealing too much or too little information in an upcoming interview. One third was interviewed with the Scharff technique (conceptualized to include four different tactics), one-third was asked open questions only, and the final third was asked specific questions only. The effectiveness of the three techniques was assessed by a novel set of objective and subjective measures. Results. Our main findings show that (1) the three techniques did not differ with respect to the objective amount of new information gathered; (2) the participants in the Scharff condition perceived (as predicted) that it was more difficult to read the interviewer's information objectives; and (3) the participants in the Scharff-and the Open-question condition (incorrectly) perceived to have revealed significantly less information than the participants in the Specific question condition. Conclusions. We presented a new experimental paradigm, and new dependent measures, for studying the effectiveness of different information elicitation techniques. We consider the outcome for the Scharff technique as rather promising, but future refinements are needed.

Accidental smothering is not uncommon and, do occur during detention and interrogation, but not many cases are reported
in the literature. Here I am reporting a case of accidental smothering, first from India, where the victim was being interrogated
by three accused. When he started shouting for help, they wrapped a brown tape and greenish cloth around the mouth
and nose covering both of them. The person initially resisted, but suddenly collapsed and died.

This doctrinal publication was superseded in 2006 by FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collection Operations. It covers doctrinal guidance for Counterintelligence and HUMINT/Interrogation operations at echelons Corps and below prior to 2006. I am not the author of this work. I am posting it to provide publicly-available primary source material in support of intelligence history.

This study of the latin word quin is a diachronic study. The development of the functions of quin is considered from the third century B.C. to the fourth century A.D., using a corpus containing most of the works of the Latin writers (given by the CD-Rom CLCLT-5).
The meaning of quin and the way it is used are analysed from several complementary viewpoints. First of all, the different functions of quin – interrogative adverb, enunciative particle, coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction introducing completive, circumstancial or even relative clauses – had to be identified from a syntactic point of view. The meaning of the word was also to be defined more accurately, as well as the way it evolved: an interro-negative adverb of cause derived from a former adverb of manner; a particle indicating impatience on the part of the speaker; an additive connector; a subordinating conjunction showing sometimes a negative, sometimes a positive meaning. Lastly, the role of quin in communication had to be described using the theory of pragmatics, especially when it appears in interrogations having the illocutionary force of an order or of an assertion, and when it is employed as an argumentative connector introducing a reinforcement.
The uses of quin are the main subject of this work, but not the only one, for they have always been regarded as part of a wider linguistic system. The interrogative use of quin has been compared to the use of the other interrogative adverbs of cause (quidni, also negative, and employed in a very similar way, cur (non), quare (non) and quomodo (non)) for its meaning, its frequency and its evolution. The adversative coordinating conjunctions at, sed, uerum and immo have been studied at the same time as the coordinating conjunction quin which, though having additive meaning, is employed in similar contexts, and, of course, the additive coordinating conjunctions et, atque and -que have been considered as well. Finally, the use of quin as a subordinating conjunction has been refered to that of qui, of quominus, of ne and ut (non) and of infinitive clauses.

The organisation of the book is based on the syntactic analysis of the uses of quin. The first part covers the non-subordinating uses of the word (as an interrogative adverb, an enunciative particle and a coordinating conjunction) and the second part covers its subordinating uses. Links between the different uses – mainly diachronic links – are also underlined in the conclusions.
The first part is divided into three chapters devoted to the three different non-subordinating uses of quin. The interrogative use is studied first because it appeared to be the most fundamental and most ancient use of the word. After examining the origin and formation of the lexem and the development which lead to the interrogative use of quin exemplified in the Latin texts, we describe, mostly from a pragmatical point of view, the kind of interrogations it introduces. These are interro-negative questions containing an external negation; they are rhetorical and induce a negative confirmation (“There is no reason why…”). They always have the derived illocutionary force of an assertion, from which is derived in turn, most of the time, an illocutionary force of ordering. We compare the use of quin to that of quidni, which is very similar, except that an interrogation introduced by quidni is employed to back up what was said before, while an interrogation introduced by quin expresses a discordance and disagreement. The other interrogative adverbs of cause accompanied by a negation are not specialised in the way quin and quidni are; they can introduce any kind of question. They tend to supersede the specialised interrogative adverbs, whose formation is also more opaque (the negation -n or -ni is not so easily recognisable). Cur non is the most used of these adverbs in classical latin, but it is in turn replaced, in the language of the Christian writers, by quare non and quomodo non, whose formation is more conspicuous.
The second chapter deals with the enunciative particle. In this use, quin accompanies a verb in the imperative or in the subjunctive of ordering and whishing, and it expresses the impatience of the speaker. The pragmatic value of the interrogations introduced by quin and the process of illocutionary derivation described in the preceding chapter enable us to connect the interrogative use and the use as an enunciative particle. The latter could be the result of a reanalysis of some of the interrogations expressing an order introduced by quin.
In the third chapter, we first define the semantic and pragmatic meaning of quin as a coordinating conjunction. Quin is an additive connector expressing reinforcement. The adversative meaning it is sometimes assigned is due to the context only: the ambiguity (often caused by the presence of a negation) of the sentences in which quin can apparently commute with the adversative connectors at, sed, uerum or immo is shown. Particular attention is paid to the differences between quin and immo, which both express a reinforcement: the additive connector quin introduces a new argument which is added to the preceding one, while the adversative connector immo corrects the preceding assertion by a more accurate one. We then show that quin undergoes an evolution from coordination between sentences to coordination inside the sentence. But the use of quin as a coordinating conjunction inside the sentence is limited in comparison with the use of et, atque ot -que. We also point out that the coordinating particle quin is often associated to other lexems which give it more strength (quin etiam, quin et, quin immo, quin potius); in the third and fourth centuries A.D., it no longer appears alone. Finally we suggest that this use of quin could have come from interrogations introduced by quin having the illocutionary force of an assertion, which would have been reanalysed.

In the second part of the book, the various subordinating uses of quin are studied together, since they are generally quite similar. Chapter four shows the functions of quin, which can introduce completive clauses functioning as subject, object, complement of a modal verb expressing possibility, apposition to a noun, extraposition, complement of a noun or of an adjective. It can also introduce circumstancial clauses, mostly with consecutive meaning, but also with causal (non quin …) and even sometimes comparative meaning (non aliter … quin …). Lastly, quin introduces a particular kind of relative clause, in phrases like nemo est quin…; in these clauses, the subordinating conjunction functions as a relative pronoun but does not show any variation of case and gender.
Chapter five is a review of the verbs introducing quin-clauses. They belong to a restricted number of semantic fields. The main ones are those of uncertainty and opposition, but those of removal, possibility, activity and declaration are also well represented. We study the development of the two main semantic fields over seven centuries (from the third century B.C. to the fourth century A.D.) and show how new verbs come to be used inside a given field. We also examine the way other phrases including quin-clauses appear and decline or disappear.
In the sixth chapter, we discuss the question of negation in sentences including quin-clauses. We first describe the nature of the syntactic constraint according to which a clause introduced by quin can only appear in the government of a negative clause. There are various kinds of exceptions, but they do not invalidate the basic principle, and real exceptions are very few. We show that the necessity of a negation or negative meaning in the main clause can only be explained by an interrogative origin of the subordinating quin. A rhetorical question introduced by quin could have been reinterpreted as a subordinate clause, and, due to its meaning (“there is no reason why…”), it could only follow a sentence expressing lack of opposition, lack of doubt, etc. We then consider the variations in the meaning of quin, which is sometimes negative, sometimes positive, and suggest an explanation based on the meaning of the sentence considered as a whole (depending on the presence of a negation in the main clause and on the meaning of the main verb). These variations can also be related to the hypothesis of an interrogative origin of subordinating quin. We finally show that the negation of quin as a subordinating conjunction is external, as it is when quin is an interrogative adverb.
In the last chapter, we compare quin-clauses with other subordinate clauses. The lack of similarities between the uses of quin and those of qui tends to confirm that quin is not derived from the association of this subordinating qui with an enclitic negation. Quominus is often used like quin, and the two conjunctions sometimes influenced each other because of their proximity. But quominus, unlike quin, can appear after a positive main clause; this difference and some others can be accounted for by the origins of the two conjunctions, which are not similar. Ne-clauses also show a number of similarities with quin-clauses. Lastly, the clauses introduced by quin can be equated with clauses introduced by ut non, but appear to be closer to infinitive clauses, generally sharing their assertive value.
The conclusion recapitulates the evolution of quin, from its interrogative to its coordinating and to its subordinating use. It underlines a few evolutive processes and reviews again some facts pertaining to negation.

This thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. A novel experimental set-up (as well as new dependent measures) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of different human intelligence gathering techniques. Participants were given information about a planned terrorist attack, asked to take on the role of “sources”, and instructed to be semi-cooperative in a subsequent interview.
In Study I (N = 60), interviews were conducted over the phone. The Scharff technique (conceptualized to include five tactics) was compared to the direct approach (a combination of open-ended and specific questions). The Scharff technique resulted in relatively more new information and led sources to underestimate how much new information they revealed. With the Direct Approach, sources overestimated how much new information they revealed.
In Study II (N = 119), interacting parties met face-to-face and the sources were allowed to lie. Two versions of the Scharff technique were compared to the direct approach. The Scharff confirmation technique made use of claims that included the correct alternative while the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique made use of a mix of correct and incorrect claims. The Scharff confirmation technique resulted in more new information than the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique and the direct approach. Sources interviewed using the Scharff techniques had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives and underestimated their contribution of new information. Sources interviewed using the direct approach overestimated how much new information they revealed.
In Study III (N = 200) the interview techniques were used with four different types of sources varying in both their levels of cooperation and capability to provide information as follows: (a) less willing/less able, (b) less willing/more able, (c) more willing, less able, and (d) more willing/more able. The Scharff technique was compared to the direct approach. Overall, the Scharff technique resulted in relatively more new information, particularly when interviewing less cooperative sources. Furthermore, sources interviewed using the Scharff technique had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives and consistently underestimated their contribution of new information.
This thesis provides a psychological framework for and a conceptualization of the Scharff technique. Furthermore, the thesis introduces an experimental set-up mirroring a human intelligence interaction and offers a new set of dependent measures for mapping the efficacy of intelligence gathering techniques. In sum, this thesis provides support for the Scharff technique as an effective tool for eliciting information from human sources.

Болгарская частица да не би является наиболее частотным средством выражения апрехенсивного значения (‛беспокойство о возможности нежелательной ситуации’) в болгарском языке. Она способна эксплицитно выразить все семантические компоненты апрехенсивного значения даже вне поддержки лексики и контекста. При этом в зависимых клаузах частица да не би регулярно выступает как маркер апрехенсивного значения (исключения единичны и связаны с особыми случаями оформления косвенного вопроса), в то время как при употреблении в независимых высказываниях у нее есть и иные модальные функции. Регулярное выражение апрехенсивной семантики в зависимых конструкциях на фоне неоднозначной семантики независимых употреблений характерно для многих апрехенсивных показателей в языках мира.
В то же время синтаксические ограничения на употребление частицы да не би не позволяют квалифицировать ее как универсальный показатель апрехенсивного значения в болгарском языке

Abstract:

This article, written for the Polygraph Journal, is a condensed compilation of a germinal study that provided current successful methods for obtaining confessions during interrogations. The foundation of the study derived from active-duty police detectives that illustrated methods they used to gain confessions from suspects in criminal cases. The study also provided a literature review of past practices of renowned interrogation techniques that collaborated with oral interviews with police investigators from selective east coast and west coast law enforcement agencies.

Army study of Soviet interrogation and indoctrination operations against German and Japanese prisoners in World War Two and of Chinese/North Korean operations against American POWs in the Korean War. I am not the author of this work. I am posting it to provide publicly-available primary source material in support of intelligence history.

RESUMO:

Este trabalho pretende elaborar uma tipologia doutrinária e exemplificativa de perguntas proibidas com o objetivo particular de identificar, ainda que incompletamente, as “perguntas que puderem induzir a resposta” e as “perguntas capciosas”, cuja formulação é proibida pela legislação processual brasileira. A finalidade prática de uma tipologia de perguntas proibidas repousa no desenvolvimento de um instrumental jurídico de controle apto a reduzir a discrição judicial na aplicação das normas interpretadas dos artigos 459 do Código de Processo Civil e 212 do Código de Processo Penal, compreendidas como autênticas regras que impõem limitações probatórias de valor epistemológico e caracterizam-se pela qualidade de sobredireito (Überrecht) processual, sendo aplicáveis em todas as circunstâncias nas quais ocorre uma atividade inquiritória (judicial ou extrajudicial), de forma a regular o método pelo qual deve ser feita inquirição sobre fatos. Para tanto, recorre-se ao pensamento tipológico ou, de maneira mais específica, à catalogação de tipos reais normativos (também chamados de tipos empíricos) na elaboração de uma tipologia subordinada ao conceito de perguntas proibidas e fundada sob o critério da sugestionabilidade interrogativa. A partir dos tipos e dos subtipos catalogados, a tipologia de perguntas proibidas permite pôr em correspondência, por meio de um raciocínio analógico, a norma proibitiva e a formulação de uma determinada pergunta no âmbito da atividade inquiritória com o propósito de controlar as perguntas formuladas. Além disso, quando os tipos e os subtipos jurídicos catalogados não bastam para exercer o controle da aplicação das normas que proíbem a formulação de determinadas perguntas, são formados cânones ou tópicos jurídicos, justificáveis pela proporcionalidade ou pela razoabilidade, que, conjuntamente à tipologia, fornecerão o fundamento suficiente para que se enuncie uma regra de garantia da analogia com vistas a solver problemas jurídicos não solucionados exclusivamente com base no pensamento tipológico. Por fim, após a formação de tópicos jurídicos que complementem a tipologia de perguntas proibidas previamente elaborada, efetua-se um checklist ou um passo a passo para sistematizar as questões inerentes ao exercício de controle sobre as perguntas formuladas e, ao mesmo tempo, permitir acesso aos instrumentos argumentativos para o exercício do contraditório.


ABSTRACT:

This thesis intends to elaborate a dogmatic and exemplary typology of forbidden questions with the particular aim of identifying, albeit incompletely, the “leading questions” and “misleading questions” which are currently prohibited in Brazilian procedural legislation. The practical purpose of such typology rests on the development of a legal control framework able to diminish judicial discretion in application of rules interpreted in articles 459 of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and 212 of the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure, understood as authentic rules that impose evidentiary constraints of epistemological value and are characterized by their overriding (Überrecht) quality, being applicable in all circumstances when a fact investigation (judicial or extrajudicial) takes place, as to regulate the method by which the fact inquiry should be done. Therefore, a typologycal thinking is used, or in a more specific way, the cataloging of real normative types (also known as empiric types) in elaboration of a typology subordinate to the concept of forbidden questions and founded on the criteria of interrogative suggestibility. Starting from the cataloged types and subtypes, through an analogical reasoning, the forbidden questions typology allows to put both the prohibitive rule and the formulation of a given question regarding the fact investigation in correspondence, with the purpose of control over the questions asked. Moreover, when the cataloged legal types and subtypes are not sufficient for exerting control over the application of rules that ban the formulation of certain questions, legal canons or topics are created, justifiable by proportionality or reasonableness, which together with the typology will supply enough rationale for an analogy-warranting rule to be enunciated with the aim of solving legal problems not solved with exclusive use of typologycal thinking. Lastly, after the formulation of legal topics that complement the forbidden questions typology previously elaborated, a checklist or step-by-step is done in order to systematize questions inherent to the exercise of control over formulated questions and at the same time allow access to argumentative tools for the exercise of the adversarial principle.

Since the demise of logical positivism accusations of talking nonsense in philosophy have mainly been made by Wittgensteinians.  But some of these latter are as free with words like 'nonsense', 'senseless' and 'meaningless' as any logical positivist.  One such is Rupert Read, who is prepared to write off the whole of metaphysics as nonsense.  Condemnations of this sort have in recent years largely been ignored by other philosophers, which is surprising in view of their apparent importance.  It is equally surprising that the evident problems with accusations of talking nonsense have been largely ignored by those who are still prepared to make them.

Oleszkiewicz, S. (2016). Eliciting human intelligence: A conceptualization and empirical testing of the Scharff technique. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. This thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. A novel experimental set-up (as well as new dependent measures) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of different human intelligence gathering techniques. Participants were given information about a planned terrorist attack, asked to take on the role of “sources”, and instructed to be semi-cooperative in a subsequent interview. In Study I (N = 60), interviews were conducted over the phone. The Scharff technique (conceptualized to include five tactics) was compared to the direct approach (a combination of open-ended and specific questions). The Scharff technique resulted in relatively more new information and led sources t...

Geopolitics in the Person: Specialists in the study of war have attended to the role of the battlefield, to napalm and ammunition, to tanks and submarines. But the story of war lies not in the epic, Monica Kim maintains, but in the small: in the personal. Kim's book opens the door on private battles that make war an intimate encounter. She shows us a new terrain that speaks to the deeply private aspects of war manifested in "paper bureaucracy" written in blood and tattooed on the bodies of soldiers in interrogation rooms and POW camps throughout the Korean peninsula during the Korean War. The door is opened on various interrogation rooms where we hear various interrogators trying to make the interior exterior: this is the terrain of modern war. On the scale of the epic, at distance, war delineates into relatively clear lines. And the interrogation room was assumed by many states to offer a place for dealing with the human impulses of fear, violence and power. It was assumed that such impulses would clearly delineate. But interrogation rooms are theatres where Monica Kim uncovers the intimacy of war, and intimacy is complex. The story of war is in these details. It is messy and imperfect and Kim masterfully demonstrates that these moments are inflected with countless individual pasts that knot together in ways that are not stoic or objective, but heavy with geopol-itics personally lived. Monica Kim takes us to moments of war where no gun is fired yet a battle of recognition between states rages nonetheless. We go behind closed doors where war sits between ordinary men who embody the history of states that accept and refuse them simultaneously. This is the battlefield. One that takes place repeatedly between the "distilled essence" of state and subject where the soldier is at once citizen and weapon. Through her tireless research Monica Kim shows that the interrogation room was essential terrain where a soldier's personal

The 9/11 attacks and the subsequent increase of counterterrorism laws and regulations in Western democracies have also spurned heavy debates on torture and ill-treatment of captured terrorist suspects. However, while the Netherlands did deploy troops to Afghanistan and adopted new laws and policies regarding counterterrorism, debates on torture remained marginal. Indeed, the Netherlands has not suffered the pressure of a constant high terrorist threat, or endured a catastrophic terrorist attack. However, the author argues that there are more reasons for the lack of heated discussions. While this article does not intend to lift the Dutch case to an exemplary one, it illustrates how Dutch government authorities made good use of the benefits of hindsight regarding torture debates and incidents elsewhere and were able to apply lessons regarding accountability and oversight concerning interrogation issues at home successfully

What is the constitutional textual basis for key statutes that constrain the national security apparatus and condition the President’s ability to direct it – statutes that are neither spending limitations, nor war declarations or authorizations for the use of military force (AUMFs), nor militia laws?  There are a series of such statutory frameworks, including the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Posse Comitatus Act and its relatives (particularly parts of the Insurrection Act), Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), the covert action statute, anti-torture laws, and the War Powers Resolution.  The best or at least strong additional textual footing for these statutes, this article argues, is Article I, Section 8, Clause 14 of the Constitution.  This clause gives Congress the power “To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces.”  Although the common assumption is that this Land and Naval Forces Clause is a single enumerated power, this article theorizes the Clause as providing Congress two powers: a well-recognized Internal Regulation power over military justice and other internal affairs of the national security apparatus, and also an External Government power over operations.  This article analyzes the Clause’s text, counter-authoritarian origins, and its constitutional interpretation since the Founding Era.  This article argues for the Clause’s constitutional rediscovery and embrace as primary textual footing for a series of vital statutory frameworks that govern the military and the Intelligence Community at the intersection of liberty and security.  These include the Posse Comitatus Act, the Insurrection Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Covert Action statute, torture statute, War Powers Resolution, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs), and the emerging statutory framework regarding cyber operations.  Ultimately, the Clause’s power is contingent: Congress must use it and other legal actors must give life to its statutes and constitutional values for it to be meaningful.

Psychology's controversial role in torture in settings like Abu Ghraib, Bagram, and Guantánamo fractured a comforting façade and raised questions about how we can best serve the profession. The controversy confronts us with choices about what our profession is, what it means, what it does—who we are, what we mean, what we do. It asks whether our lives and organizations reflect professional ethics or guild ethics. Professional ethics protect the public against abuse of professional power, expertise, and practice, and hold members accountable to values beyond self-interest. Guild ethics place members' interests above public interest, edge away from accountability, and tend to masquerade as professional ethics. Psychology's path to involvement in torture began before 9/11 and the "war on terror" with a move from professional ethics to guild ethics. In sharp contrast to its previous codes, APA's 1992 ethics code reflected guild ethics, as did the subsequent 2002 code (APA, 2002). Guild ethics are reflected in the questionable nature of APA's, 2006, 2007a, 2008a, and 2015 policies on interrogation and torture. This article examines tactics used to maintain the façade of professional ethics despite over a decade of publicized reports—in newspapers, professional journals, books, reports published by human rights organizations, and other widely available sources—of documentary evidence of psychology's organizational involvement in what came to be called "enhanced interrogations." It asks if we use versions of these tactics in our individual lives. If a credible identity, integrity, and professional ethics are not reflected in our individual lives, it is unlikely they will thrive in our profession and organizations.

Although operations were amateurish at the beginning, by the last year of the Civil War, military intelligence operations grew from a simple compilation of reports into a robust fusion of different information sources that presented accurate and employable intelligence to battlefield commanders. Information came from a number of different sources. Spies reported unit positions and activities. Interrogators collected information from captured prisoners, deserters, and refugees. Scouts and cavalry reconnoitered enemy positions. Wiretappers intercepted telegraph messages while signalmen observed semaphore messages relayed atop towers between headquarters. Balloonists observed the battlefield from the air while photographers and engineers collaborated to produce maps and of the land just over the next ridge. Couriers delivered newspapers from enemy cities and the staff intelligence officer compiled all these reports to brief the commander. Protecting the rear of their respective armies, special agents and investigators conducted counterintelligence-capturing or misleading enemy collectors.

Revived by the events of 11 September, the ticking bomb scenario and the underpinning attention to torture as a method of interrogation have become ubiquitous in public and academic debate. Beyond the debates, the ticking bomb scenario also continues to underpin policies of torture. It is frustrating that so much attention, and credibility, is given to this category of so-called 'interrogational torture'. We remain far from understanding the practice. This chapter shows how the ticking bomb hypothetical inhibits understanding of the practice of torture and how it operates to neutralise the ideology of torture. The acceptance of the ticking bomb scenario as a legitimate point of debate, and as a legitimate basis of policy, simultaneously and paradoxically, facilitates the practice-torture is greeted as exceptional rather than understood as a continuous practice of violence. By exposing the ideology, it is possible to reveal the way in which the ticking bomb scenario serves as a more palatable proxy for the erasure of 'political subjectivity', and the creation of new political subjectivities, in the 'war on terror', in the Empire and in the metropole. Torture is not about information and is not a method of interrogation. Torture is about the subjugation, pacification or correction of those constructed as not fully human, barbarians or sinners. The ticking bomb scenario, like the torture it encodes, is an instrument of the civilising mission.

The American Psychological Association (APA) denied for years reports of evidence that APA had covertly supported, enabled, and provided cover for torture during the war on terror. However, extensive additional documentary evidence in the book Pay Any Price by Pulitzer Prize winning investigative reporter James Risen led APA to hire a former special prosecutor to investigate the claims. The Hoffman report validated and extended the prior findings by Risen and a decade of other books, articles in newspapers and professional journals, and reports from human rights and humanitarian organizations exploring APA's role in the war on terror and the stark contrast between APA's ethics policies and public statements and its behavior. This appendix discusses the Hoffman report, it's implications, and both reliable measures of and diverse barriers to meaningful change.

Lieutenant Colonel (then Major) Douglas Pryer's study of the U.S. Army's interrogation operations in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM between May 2003 and April 2004 is the most difficult professional book I have ever read. The difficulty lies not in Pryer's style. The Fight for the High Ground is lucid and clear. Pryer's book details a descent into an amoral abyss by leaders from theater commanders to individual interrogators during OIF.

This thesis is the administrative history of the Art Looting Investigation Unit's (ALIU), which in November 1944 was established to gather intelligence information regarding Nazi art looting and the movement of looted assets and properties in Europe.  I focus primarily on the ALIU’s memoranda and reports found at the National Archives.  This information includes how the unit led its investigations, and how the unit subsequently recommended the detaining for prosecution of numerous art looting suspects.  Under the auspices of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter-intelligence Branch, X-2, the ALIU investigated over 700 individuals suspected of art plundering, leading to the interrogations of 21 prominent German art dealers and art historians.  The ALIU investigations describe Nazi attempts to sell looted art, movement of art into the Reich, purchasing and selling of confiscated art, and names of dealers and agents engaged in acquiring and selling looted art.  The ALIU reports also trace Germany’s economic and financial growth and decline, and the movement of assets within the Reich. The War Crimes Commission used the ALIU reports as prosecution evidence in the Nuremberg Trials of Alfred Rosenberg and Hermann Göring.  I conclude that despite its landmark investigations, the ALIU was ultimately unsuccessful in having the art looting suspects fully prosecuted.

Interrogation is a Language Universal (LU), i.e., it exists in all natural languages. However, every language has undeniable particularities. Lama 3 and French 4 , two languages from different language families, are a good illustration of these realities. A comparative study of interrogatives of both languages shows many similarities as well as dissimilarities. This article is aimed at presenting a comparative typology of interrogative markers and constructions in Lama and French. It consists of a morphosyntactic analysis of the interrogative markers and their different functions implied in the construction of interrogative sentences. French uses an interrogative copula est-ce que and the verbal inversion to form total interrogation, while Lama makes use of postpositional morphemes to formulate fundamental interrogation. Both languages form partial interrogation with adverbial and relative markers, but Lama goes further with the use of noun class interrogative markers. This study contributes to establish language universals and particularities in both languages at formal and functional levels. Résumé La ''question'' est un universaux du langage, c'est-à-dire, il n'existe point de langue sans constructions interrogatives. Le lama et le français, deux langues issues de familles linguistiques différentes, illustrent bien ces réalités. La comparaison des deux langues fait ressortir à la fois des points de divergence et des similitudes mineures. Le présent article a donc pour objectif 3 Lama (ISO 639-3 las): Niger

Gould, Kevin S.. "The Fight for the High Ground: The U.S. Army and Interrogation during Operation Iraqi Freedom, May
2003 – April 2004. By Douglas A. Pryer, Fort Leavenworth: CGSC Foundation Press, 2009.." Journal of Strategic Security
8, no. 3 (2015): 137-139.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.8.3.1464
Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss3/8

Rhetoric – which means correspondence of discourse to the conditions of the audience – has always been considered as the manifestation of the Quran’s inimitability and matchlessness. Accordingly, semantics has been invented to obtain an exact understanding of the different dimensions of rhetoric in discourse in general, and in the Divine Word in particular. This science sets out to inspect discourse since it conveys a connotative and implicational meaning. To this end, it addresses different kinds of discourse, including statement and composition. The latter can be divided into purposive and non-purposive branches, based on the point that if it is uttered to attain a purpose or not. The purposive compositions are highly important in semantics since they convey connotative meanings. Interrogation is one of the most useful types of this composition, which can be frequently found in the Quran, and examination of its connotative meaning is certainly effective on illumination of the Quran’s rhetoric and inimitability. Investigation of the interrogative sentences of the Quran reveals that only 19 Quranic interrogations have been used in their real meanings, i.e. to know the answer. The remaining majority of the interrogative sentences have been intended to convey figurative meanings like refutation, admonitory denial, tacit approval, rejection, surprise, persuasion, and equalization.

The impact of power in the criminal court discourse and the interrogation process is manifested in many factors such as context-specific conditions and differences in social position between a police investigator and the accused. This study intends to use politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson (1987) to explore and describe the role of politeness in the interrogation process. The aim of this study is to describe the relationship between power and politeness in promoting the interrogation process because politeness is embedded in power relations. Corpus consisted of eleven transcripts of the hearing randomly selected from criminal cases in public justice administration in Bushehr. The results showed that with the observance of politeness (Brown and Levinson's strategies), the interrogation route could not be well advanced, because the defendants refrain from answering questions due to lack of pressure and threat. But with pressure and harshness of the signs of power, the interrogation route can be well advanced.

The way of formal modeling of a hidden agenda of an interrogator is described in terms of Inferential Erotetic Logic. Two examples are given: one is based on a simple detective story, the other is based on an analysis of a judge’s strategy in the Turing Test.

This contribution presents an overview of the interrogative system of Ngəmba, a Ghɔmáláʔ variety of the Eastern Grassfields Bantu group in Cameroon. The Ngəmba interrogative system is characterized by the following typological profile: polar questions are formed by clause final enclitics which combine with a specific interrogative intonational pattern. Constituent questions are formed by question words which include pronouns, adjectives, and an interrogative verb. The basic array of primary question words for concepts such as WHO, WHAT and WHERE is considerably expanded by secondary and tertiary question words most of which are derived from primary WHAT. In a wider comparative perspective, Ngəmba stands out by two properties: (a) the presence of an interrogative verb, and (b) the fact that all instances of questions are morphologically marked, i.e. interrogative status cannot be expressed by intonation alone. While the paper focuses on the paradigmatic structure of the system of question words, their semantic contrasts, and individual etymologies, it will particularly flesh out a model of the emergence of the interrogative verb ghě/ ghʲɛ̌‘do what?’ from a contraction plus fusion of a prior verb DO with an interrogative element, as supported by comparative evidence from neighbouring Ghɔmáláʔ varieties. Key terms : Ngəmba, Grassfields Bantu, morphosyntax, interrogative verb, question words, interrogation

sprachvergleichenden Uberblick zeigen wir auf, wie diese Varietaten Frage­ satze bilden. Im Mittelpunkt unserer Untersuchung stehen die Strategien zur Fragesatzbildung ohne Subjekt-Verb-Inversion, der Gebrauch der Konjunk­ tion ehe im Fragesatz sowie im Fragesatz auftretende typische Verbformen. Des Weiteren diskutieren wir, inwiefern die syntaktische Variation im ratoromanischen Fragesatz mithilfe von generativen Analysen erfasst und erklart werden kann.