Investment Model

This paper applies a multiplier model analysis to the 2009/10 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Uganda to investigate the impact of private and public investments on the nation’s economic growth. We uncover a positive impact of general investments on growth, albeit with varying degrees of sectoral intensity. Infrastructural investments have the highest income multiplier effect on growth, followed by investments in the industrial and services sectors. We also uncover excess capacity in both the agricultural sector and the labor market; further,  that  the  returns  to  capital  from  each  unit  of  investment  more  than 
double the returns to labor. These results are robust to time series application for the period Q3-1997 to Q3-2015, where a stationary, long-run relationship between economic growth, public and private sector investment, and exports and imports of goods and  services is found. This period also marks a strong  unidirectional causality running from both public and private investments to GDP growth. Capital is increasingly driving growth, but at the expense of the agriculture sector and the labor market. It appears that for growth to be all inclusive, capital utilization needs to be complemented by strategies to absorb
any excess capacity in agriculture and the labor market. One way to address this is for government to use policy to steer the productive system toward the adoption of capital-led, labor-intensive technologies, in tandem with scaling up public infrastructural investment.

This paper contextualises the need for a focus on agricultural investment models and motivates the need for a deep understanding of natural resource rights and the wider institutional and governance environments facing smallholder farmers, in particular women. It then critically evaluates several models of agricultural investment that are sensitive to smallholders as well as a brief examination of large-scale land investments which have recently received much attention from policy makers and academics. Finally, it describes the current policy environment informing agricultural investment in developing countries, both internationally and from an Irish perspective. Several case-studies are used to illustrate the  investment models described while the responses to interviews carried out to complement this research are summarized to highlight the nature of the policy environment in Ireland and the challenges and opportunities it currently faces.

Öz Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Yatırım Modeli değişkenlerini örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel sinizm ve işten ayrılma niyeti değişkenleri ile ilişkilendirerek bir kuramsal model temelinde incelemektir. Çalışmada Yatırım Modeli değişkenlerinden iş doyumu, işe yatırım ve alternatif işlerin niteliklerinin değerlendirilmesi ile örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel sinizm ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya 24'ü kadın (%8.5) ve 259'u erkek (% 91.5) olmak üzere 283 çalışan gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak İşe Yatırım Ölçeği, Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği, Örgütsel Sinizm Ölçeği, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Veriler bağımsız gruplar için t – testi, korelasyon analizi, hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ve yapısal eşitlik modeli ile çözümlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 23 ve AMOS 22 programları kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, araştırmada ele alınan yaka türü değişkenine göre anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuş; örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel sinizm ve işten ayrılma niyeti ile Yatırım Modeli kapsamında oluşturulan denencelerin çoğuna destek elde edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modeli kapsamında ise Yatırım Modeli varsayımlarının iş ortamında (kısmen) desteklendiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, konuya ilişkin daha önce yapılan yerli ve yabancı araştırma bulguları ve ilgili alanyazın çalışmaları temelinde tartışılmış ve bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Abstract The main purpose of this study is developing a theoretical model which can explain the effect of the Investment Model variables on organizational commitment, organizational cynicism, and intention to leave. In this study, the relationships between organizational commitment, organizational cyncism and intention to leave were tested based on Investment Model variables, namely job satisfaction, job investment and evaluation of alternative jobs. 24 women (8.5 %) and 259 men (91.5 %) in total of 283 employees participated voluntarily in this study. Data were collected utilizing ''Job Investment Scale'', ''Organizational Commitment Scale'', ''Organizational Cyncism Scale'', ''Intention to Leave Scale'' and personal information form. Data were analyzed by independent groups t – test, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings of the study showed that there are significant differences between employee category and the variables of the study. Also, most of the hypothesis related to organizational commitment, organizational cynicism and intention to leave are supported. Investment Model is (partially) verified in industrial area. The findings of this study were discussed on the basis of the previous domestic and foreign researches done in the area and some suggestions were made.

Purpose – Strategic alliances involve uncertainty, interdependence, and vulnerability, which often create adverse situations. This paper seeks to understand how alliance managers respond to these adverse situations by examining the influence of four exchange variables on response strategies.

Design/methodology/approach – A scenario-based experiment provides empirical support for a typology consisting of seven conceptually and empirically distinct response strategies: exit, opportunism, aggressive voice, creative voice, considerate voice, patience, and neglect.

Findings – The results indicate that economic satisfaction, social satisfaction, alliance-specific investments, and the availability of attractive alternatives differentially and interactively affect response strategies.

Research limitations/implications – The study offers two main contributions to alliance literature. First, the seven response strategies accurately represent reactions that alliance managers use to deal with adverse situations. Second, the study findings validate and extend previous alliance research by highlighting that a comprehensive response strategy typology is necessary to disentangle the effects of the four exchange conditions on response strategy use, which fosters theory development and managers' ability to manage their alliances effectively.

Originality/value – The study contributes to the process perspective on strategic alliances by highlighting the various response strategies that alliance managers use to deal with adverse situations and their antecedents.

The present study explored the sexual, physical, psychological, and overall dating violence experiences, and related these experiences to Investment Model
variables among Turkish college women. Three hundred and ninety dating women from four universities in Ankara, Turkey completed the Satisfaction, Investment,
Alternatives, and Commitment subscales from the Investment Model Scale and the Sexual Coercion, Physical Assault, and Psychological Aggression subscales
from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. 79.5 percent reported at least one incident of violence in a dating relationship within the previous year.
Regression analyses indicated that satisfaction fully mediated the relations between physical, psychological, and overall dating violence victimization and
commitment, but not for sexual victimization. The results suggest that future research should explore the possibility that the dissatisfaction women experience
may be related to an increased likelihood of relation termination.