Japhug

Sichuan has been a region of remarkable ethnolinguistic complexity since ancient times. Nowadays, it is still home to a host of typologically diverse Sino-Tibetan languages. Rife cross-linguistic interactions in this region have brought profound impact to the grammars of the local languages. Drawing on first-hand fieldwork data, this article examines three sets of Sino-Tibetan languages of Sichuan which exhibit morphosyntactic changes respectively under substratum, adstratum, and superstratum contact influences. The participating languages differ in each case (Tibetic Rgyalrong, Rgyalrong Qiang, Horpa Tibetic) but they all underwent varying degrees of structural convergence, leading to innovated inflectional morphology and syntactic patterns, and even altered grammatical profiles. Thus, to adequately explain the grammatical evolution of Sino-Tibetan languages of Sichuan, one must take into account the variegated contact phenomena existing in this area.

This study describes conditional constructions in Moroccan Arabic (henceforth MA) using a cognitive approach. Adopting the tripartite classification of conditionals namely factual, hypothetical, and counterfactual by Comrie (1986), this study examines conditional constructions that are introduced by the particles ila ‫)إال(‬ and kun ‫.)كون(‬ The analysis shows that there are two basic types of conditional constructions in MA depending on whether the 'if-clause' represents a possible condition (real conditional) as in: ila ilǝᶜbu mǝzyan, irǝbḥu 'If they play well, they will win'; or a contrary-tofact/impossible condition (unreal conditional) as in kun ğa, nǝmšiw kamlin 'If he came, we would go'. In real conditional constructions,

Negation is a controversial area of Korean syntax that has recently drawn considerable attention, particularly from native generative grammarians. Various analyses have been proposed, but all of these fail to capture the fact that the variable behavior of negation depends on certain constraints that are regular and predictable. ' This study is an attempt to throw some light on the nature of these constraints and to show that the variability is a natural result of a set of different but related rules.

趨向前綴是西夏語被劃分為羌語支語言的重要依據之一。這些動詞前綴 不僅傳達一定的空間意義，也是構成羌語支語言動詞時體式範疇的重要組成部分。 西田龍雄注意到西夏語動詞與趨向前綴的搭配存在一定靈活性，但靈活程度似乎不 及現代羌語支語言。這一現象至今尚未有系統研究。本文將現代嘉絨語支語法中動 詞“趨向可易性”的概念引入西夏語趨向前綴與動詞搭配的研究, 並通過梳理西夏語 系列一趨向前綴的語義層次，將區分西夏語動詞趨向可易性的三種情況，即明晰空 間意義之交替、詞彙化彈性、特殊時體範疇之交替。通過外部比較，本文將揭示西 夏語與現代嘉絨語支趨向前綴來自一個共同原始系統。在此基礎上，文章將借助現 代嘉絨語材料，將西夏語動詞所呈現出的“受限趨向可易性”歸因爲兩方面。一方面，西夏語位移動詞趨向可易性降低，很有可能受文獻材料制約;另一方面非位移動詞 的有限趨向可易性則可部分歸因為嘉絨語支共有的詞彙化彈性。本項研究將幫助我 們理解趨向前綴在嘉絨語支動詞形態中的歷史地位及發展趨勢。

San Diego Linguistic Papers 6 (2016) 66-121 Folk Definitions of Korean Ideophones Richard Kroeger University of California, San Diego Introduction Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words that have been defined cross-linguistically as “marked words that depict sensory imagery” (Dingemanse 2012: 655). While various languages have greater or lesser use and variety of these words, as a phenomenon they are ubiquitous. This paper makes two main contributions. First, it investigates the descriptive semantics and semantic typology of Korean ideophones, an understudied aspect of Korean ideophones. Second, it makes an empirical contribution by examining primary data obtained through a novel methodology, Folk Definitions, recently employed in Dingemanse (2015). The thesis examines data from a corpus of multimodal data on ideophones collected by the author with native speakers of the Seoul dialect of Korean. Research in ideophones cross-linguistically has been devoted to their unique pho...

This paper surveys anticausativization in Gyalrongic languages and makes some synchronic and diachronic observations and generalizations about this phenomenon. Although anticausativization has been discussed for individual Gyalrongic languages at length, this is the first paper to synthesize all current information on anticausativization in Gyalrongic, bringing all this knowledge under one roof. This paper will also utilize newly collected Stosde fieldwork data with anticausative verbs and interact with the recent typological research on anticausativization, e.g., Inglese (2022). I will begin with the form and function of anticausative verbs for each Gyalrongic language. Gyalrongic anticausative derivation is accomplished through voicing the onset. In East Gyalrongic languages, the voicing of the onset for the anticausative stem is triggered by a nasal preinitial, but in West Gyalrongic languages (except for some Bragmda' rTa'u examples) the nasal preinitial has been lost, but the voicing of the onset remains. Next, I will investigate the semantic range of anticausative verbs. There are four broad semantic categories that Gyalrongic anticausative verbs generally fall into, increasing in negative outcomes: Separation (‘split’, ‘separate’, ‘tear’), Removal (‘take away’, ‘wipe’, ‘eliminate’), Altering Physical Structure (‘burn’, ‘bend’, ‘melt’), and Destruction (‘burst’, ‘disassemble’, ‘collapse’). Furthermore, I will look into issues concerning animate vs. inanimate subject compatibility, subject volitionality, and compatibility with other derivations (e.g., causatives). Finally, I will discuss the diachrony of anticausativization in Gyalrongic, identifying all known anticausative verb cognates across the languages. The issue of directionality of derivation (from transitive to intransitive) has already been well demonstrated (see Jacques 2021: 918-920; Gates et al. 2022), but I will provide more evidence to support this argument, for example, Bragmda ' rTa'u pkɯk/kɯ ‘to bend’ → ⁿɡɯk ‘be bent’ compared with Japhug kɤɣ ‘bend’ → ŋgɤɣ ‘be bent’. Jacques (2021: 918-919) states three lines of evidence in support of a transitive to intransitive directionality for Gyalrong languages (aspiration neutralization, recent productivity of nasal prefixation for loanwords, and the sigmatic prefix’s inability to cause devoicing); and this evidence will be examined and built upon for the rest of Gyalrongic.

This work shows that the complement-taking verb 偽 ŋjweH 'pretend' in the Archaic Chinese dialect of the Zuozhuan specifically selects nominalized complements in 者 tɕaeX. It then discuss the additional implications of this fact for the typology of complementation and the etymology of this verb.

Prix du numéro: 60 francs (+ frais de port pour l'étranger) Payable par chèque établi à l'ordre de: Madame l'Agent comptable de l'Université Lyon 2 à envoyer à l'adresse ci-dessus. PHOLIA PHOLIA (ISSN 0992-4396) est une publication annuelle qui rassemble des contributions consacrées à la PHOnétique et à la LInguistique Africaine. Elle contient des articles écrits en français ou en anglais par les membres du Laboratoire de Phonétique et Linguistique Africaine (LAPHOLIA) ou par des chercheurs dont les travaux sont directement liés aux projets du laboratoire. Cette équipe, implantée à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2, fait partie du LACITO (Laboratoire des Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, UPR 3-121 du CNRS) et collabore avec le GRECO Communication Parlée. Les thèmes de recherche de l'équipe sont:- l'analyse interne et comparative des langues bantu;- la phonétique expérimentale comme aide à la décision phonologique: application aux systèmes ...

布農語詞彙後加成分 (suffixal component) 可分為後綴 (suffix) 與依附詞 (clitic) 兩類。儘管在過去研究有過不少討論，如李俐盈 (2010，郡社方言)、黃慧娟與施朝凱 (2018)，但以往族語書寫或是學者研究有時並無特別區別這兩者的差異，例如鄭恒雄 (1977，巒社方言)、戴智偉 (de Busser 2009，丹社方言)、李俐盈 (2018，郡社方言)，在兩種後加成分的區辨上並未明確說明。然而，從音韻上，我們仍可區分兩者的不同，尤其是布農語中同音 (homophonous) 而分屬兩類的後加成分，例如：=ang (持續貌依附詞，durative clitic)、-ang (祈使式後綴，imperative suffix)，以卡社方言為例：mi-qúmic=ang「還活著」、mi-qumíc-ang「請好好活著，引伸為感謝之意」。由此可見，後綴與依附詞的差異，無論是在音韻結構或是語義呈現上，都須受到重視。
本文以布農語卡社方言為主，同時參考其他布農語方言，針對後綴與依附詞的差異進行探討。音韻方面的區別，大致有：1. 重音轉移 (stress shift) 發生與否 2. 喉塞音或軟顎音 /k/ 的加插 (insertion) 3. 元音換位 (metathesis) 及單元音化 (monophthongization) 發生與否 4. 長元音 (long vowel) 保留與否。除了上述形態─韻律 (morpho-prosodic) 差異之外，本文也會討論同音後綴與依附詞的語義區別，並提供一些在族語書寫及教學上的建議。

Quand Evans-Pritchard, anthropologue du gouvernement coloniale au Soudan, faisait ses recherches chez les Azande, il a enregistre un grand nombre de textes : quelques-uns sur l'histoire et la societe des Azande, et un grand nombre de contes amusants et educatifs dans lesquels Ture, l’hero mythique, est le protagoniste. Ture est un « trickster », qui demontre des traits de caractere qui normalement ne se combinent pas dans une seule personne. D’un cote, il est un bienfaiteur qui a donne de l'eau et de la nourriture a l'humanite. D’un autre cote, il est une personne rusee qui, quand il decouvre de la bonne nourriture quelque part, est saisi par l'ultime envie de l'avoir. D'habitude, il depend de l'assistance d'un ami ou d'un membre de la famille pour obtenir cette nourriture, qui assez souvent appartient a une tierce personne. Neanmoins, il n'hesite pas de tricher encore son collaborateur afin de profiter tout seul de cette nourriture. Il est au...

RÉSUMÉ La tradition descriptive du wolof admet généralement que les constructions telles que l’inversif, l’inchoatif, le causatif, la nominalisation, etc. sont obtenues en adjoignant un suffixe à un radical. Or, un tel modèle morphologique basée sur le mot, implique le recours à un catalogue de règles phonologiques qui ne sont pas évidentes dans la grammaire du wolof. Notre propos consiste à démontrer que le système morphologique du wolof accorde plus d’importance au squelette-CV qu’à une trame phonétique. L’analyse proposée permet donc d’éliminer un certain nombre de paradoxes découlant de la conception habituelle de la morphologie du wolof, et d’en proposer une image moins complexe, mais plus cohérente.

ii The objective of this thesis is to provide a description and analysis for conditional sentences and relative clauses that express conditional meanings in Modern Standard Arabic and the Taif Dialect. It argues that the conditional sentence that is intro-duced by the conjunction Pin in Modern Standard Arabic is always a real conditional, whereas the conditional sentence that is introduced by the conjunction law is an un-real conditional. In addition, the thesis suggests that the apodosis in the Taif Dialect plays a main role in identifying the type of conditional. In this case, if the apodosis contains kān or yikūn, the conditional is unreal. Otherwise, the conditional sentence is real. Also, the thesis argues that the conditional sentence is a complex sentence that has two clauses, a subordinate clause and matrix clause. The subordinate clause is introduced by the conditional conjunction and expresses the condition while the matrix clause gives the result. The subordinate or the...

This study examines the structure of conditional constructions in Buwal and their functions. Conditionals in Buwal can be divided into four major categories according to how they are marked: possible, counterfactual, necessary and concessive. Possible conditionals include both reality and unreality conditionals. The usual order is for the protasis to precede the apodosis, but the reverse order is also possible. All types of tense/aspect marking are possible in both the protasis and the apodosis with variations arising from semantic rather than grammatical restrictions. The possible conditional marker can also function as a temporal marker in certain contexts. In a conditional construction, the protasis provides a framework or background for the apodosis.

In voice and alignment typology, a categorical distinction is generally made between inverse systems on the one hand and symmetrical voice systems on the other. A major reason for distinguishing between these two types is the assumption that inverse systems are governed by a hierarchy involving grammatical, semantic, and ontological criteria, while symmetrical voice systems are based on discourse-pragmatic factors. However, the two types also have several important properties in common, in particular the fact that they have more than one nonderived transitive construction. Based on data from three native languages of South America, we show that the line between the two types is not always easy to draw, and that features of the inverse type can coexist with those of the symmetrical-voice type in the same language.

Philip Canestrelli’s grammar of Kutenai (a language indigenous to northern Idaho), A Kootenai Grammar, was originally published in Latin in 1894. The grammar’s few English translations have not been linguistically informed, which has rendered the grammar, the earliest documentation of Kutenai, unavailable for revitalization efforts. To make Canestrelli’s work accessible to English speakers, I am referencing multiple editions of the grammar, a partial translation, and modern linguistic work on Kutenai to produce an English translation that is true to Canestrelli’s original meaning but still useful for modern linguists. A Kootenai Grammar contains 144 pages. By May 2020 I will have completed translation of approximately 50 pages. I am supplementing the English translation with notes that compare Canestrelli’s analysis of Kutenai, which is based on Latin grammatical categories, to modern analyses of Kutenai. These annotations include notes on Canestrelli’s interpretation of various pro...

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper deals with the antipassive construction that has raised considerable interest in the syntactic description of ergative languages over the last few decades (Dixon 1979). Often defined on structural grounds, antipassive is said to be a derived intransitive construction with a two-place predicate, the object argument of which is either suppressed or realized as an oblique (Polinsky 2005). Tradition-ally, the antipassive is related to the ergative system. Although some authors insist on the link between the antipassive and ergativity (Dixon 1979, Cooreman 1993), certain typologically-oriented publications extend discussions on antipassive phenomena to accusative languages (Heath 1976, Polinsky 2005, Creissels 2006). 

Iconic words are supposed to exhibit imitative relationships between their linguistic forms and their referents. Many studies have worked to pinpoint sound-to-meaning correspondences for ideophones from different languages. The correspondence patterns show similarities across languages, but what makes such language-specific correspondences universal, as iconicity claims to be, remains unclear. This could be due to a lack of consensus on how to describe and test the perceptuo-motor affordances that make an iconic word feel imitative to speakers. We created and analysed a database of 1,860 ideophones across 13 languages, and found that seven articulatory features, physiologically accessible to all spoken language users, pattern according to semantic features of ideophones. Our findings pave the way for future research to utilize articulatory properties as a means to test and explain how iconicity is encoded in spoken language. The perspective taken here fits in with ongoing research o...

Prix du numéro: 60 francs (+ frais de port pour l'étranger) Payable par chèque établi à l'ordre de: Madame l'Agent comptable de l'Université Lyon 2 à envoyer à l'adresse ci-dessus. PHOLIA PHOLIA (ISSN 0992-4396) est une publication annuelle qui rassemble des contributions consacrées à la PHOnétique et à la LInguistique Africaine. Elle contient des articles écrits en français ou en anglais par les membres du Laboratoire de Phonétique et Linguistique Africaine (LAPHOLIA) ou par des chercheurs dont les travaux sont directement liés aux projets du laboratoire. Cette équipe, implantée à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2, fait partie du LACITO (Laboratoire des Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, UPR 3-121 du CNRS) et collabore avec le GRECO Communication Parlée. Les thèmes de recherche de l'équipe sont:- l'analyse interne et comparative des langues bantu;- la phonétique expérimentale comme aide à la décision phonologique: application aux systèmes ...

Prix du numéro: 60 francs (+ frais de port pour l'étranger) Payable par chèque établi à l'ordre de: Madame l'Agent comptable de l'Université Lyon 2 à envoyer à l'adresse ci-dessus. PHOLIA PHOLIA (ISSN 0992-4396) est une publication annuelle qui rassemble des contributions consacrées à la PHOnétique et à la LInguistique Africaine. Elle contient des articles écrits en français ou en anglais par les membres du Laboratoire de Phonétique et Linguistique Africaine (LAPHOLIA) ou par des chercheurs dont les travaux sont directement liés aux projets du laboratoire. Cette équipe, implantée à l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2, fait partie du LACITO (Laboratoire des Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, UPR 3-121 du CNRS) et collabore avec le GRECO Communication Parlée. Les thèmes de recherche de l'équipe sont:- l'analyse interne et comparative des langues bantu;- la phonétique expérimentale comme aide à la décision phonologique: application aux systèmes ...

have between two and four mannerseries of initial stops. In the present paper we will trace the evolution of these series within the group, particularly as concerns the opposition of voice reconstructed for proto-Kiranti and found in all the modern languages of our sample except Limbu.

This is an attempt to document a narrative text, henceforth called 'Ghost's bride', told in the Stau language.1 I have transcribed Ghost's bride using the International Phonetic Alphabet, glossed each morpheme primarily according to Leipzig Glossing Rules, and translated the narrative line by line in Section 2. Even though much recent progress has been made in the analysis of Stau grammar, and the grammar of related Horpa lects, surprisingly little data is available online to verify the claims that have been made. Thus, this small con- tribution to Stau language documentation is a step in the direction of rectifying that problem; so that Stau data would be freely available and analyses would be reproducible. The narrative found here, 'Ghost's bride', is part of herder Tibetan (Amdo) folklore, and was originally told in Amdo Tibetan to the storyteller of the version found here. So in a sense this is a translated story: from Amdo into Stau. A large number o...

I am trying to compose a Tangut reader, this is a part of the Introdiction with the Tangut grammar. It is half-way through, but i am not sure, if it makes any sense at all. Hope to get some feedback. I am not sure about my interprerations of both Tangut and Tibetan, so any comments will be extremely appreciated