Journalism practices

Автор раскрывает содержание и методические подходы к выполнению исследовательского проекта, посвященного проблеме понимания в современной журналистике. Понимание рассматривается в контекстах журналистской практики, изучения медиа и преподавания в журналистских школах. Комплексный проект реализуется в Санкт-Петербургском государственном университете.
The author describes the contents and methodical approaches
to implementation of the research project devoted to the problem
of understanding in modern journalism. The understanding is
considered in contexts of journalistic practice, studying of media,
and teaching at journalistic schools. The complex project is realized
in St. Petersburg State University.

This study addresses the positioning of Poland’s
public television network (TVP) within the
country’s contemporary political system. In
a democratic country, the media laws determine
journalism practices and the media content. In
this study, three perspectives of analysis were used
to assess the relationship between the process
of politicization and the selection and shaping
of news. Three areas of the TVP’s politicization
were focused on: media law, journalists, and
media content, to show the dependence between
these fields and how the news was shaped and
presented. Mixed methods of empirical research
were used to investigate the raised issues; the
authors focused on Polish parliament papers (N =
45) regarding the legal regulations of Polish public broadcasters during the period of 2015–2016;
conducted in-depth interviews with journalists
with TVP experience (N = 20); and performed a content analysis of the Polish public television
channel TVP1’s “Newsnight” news program
during the period of February 4–10, 2019. We
found that an increased level of politicization at
Poland’s TVP led to direct influence on the shape
and selection of news.

Previous studies have noted the dominance of official sources within the news process and their unique ability to shape media narratives. This research addresses the role and implications of news sources in contributing to the overwhelmingly positive portrayal of the anti-Mubarak opposition protesters within British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Furthermore, this paper will assess how the position of global political elites towards the protests in Egypt possibly opened up the editorial space within the news coverage of the revolution for the anti-Mubarak opposition movement to emerge as the dominant voice within the reporting.

This study which analyses the relation between the mainstream media and political power and its consequences on journalism in Turkey focuses on The Justice and Development Party (AKP) period started in 2002. How the mainstream media positioned against the political power, how AKP reorganized the media order, how these processes resulted in terms of journalism are questioned. In this study, AKP’s 13 years in power and the interventions they applied to media are analysed with critical political economy approach. In-depth interviews were made with 20 journalists whose majority was employed in the mainstream media in order to understand how journalism has changed during AKP period. The findings obtained from the research showed that the pressure on journalists increased in the last 13 years. Besides, the research gave a chance to discuss the interventions to the media with the examples inside.

Assistimos na modernidade a uma progressiva erosão dos “velhos” eixos estratificadores: a classe social e o trabalho. Contudo, as diferenças de género mantêm-se presentes nas sociedades contemporâneas e particularmente determinam muitas das assimetrias quotidianas, como no acesso ao espaço público, onde historicamente encontramos fortes indícios de segregação simbólica, traduzíveis num défice de participação cívica e política. A própria distinção entre “público” e “privado”, sendo no primeiro domínio dada primazia à participação masculina e relegando o segundo para a feminina, sofreu profundas mudanças, com as fronteiras a tornarem-se cada vez mais ténues. Observa-se assim, do ponto de vista profissional que aqui nos propomos analisar, uma interpenetração, patente na entrada de homens em atividades que eram um reduto feminino, mas também na crescente feminização de atividades historicamente masculinizadas. Neste contexto, a atividade jornalística configura-se como um campo profissional com duplo interesse analítico, não apenas pelo grande relevo que assume no espaço público mediático, mas também pelas próprias mutações que o campo tem sofrido. Assim, a presente análise intenta realizar um exame crítico sobre este campo e a sua atividade, sob o ponto de vista das questões de visibilidade, poder e género no particular âmbito regional. No sentido de operacionalizar este objetivo, recorrer-se-á a dados de natureza qualitativa, seis entrevistas aos responsáveis de oito publicações de índole regional, bem como aos dados referentes à aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a 34 profissionais das mesmas publicações.

В связи с перспективами и задачами теории журналистики рассматривается динамика объекта ее интереса – журналистской практики. Автор солидаризируется с теми исследователями, кто считает, что в условиях технологического прогресса наступает расцвет журналистики, хотя многие ее традиционные характеристики претерпевают изменения. Эта динамика заставляет пересмотреть ряд опорных положений в теории.
In connection with the perspectives and tasks of the journalism theory the dynamics of its object is being examined, namely the journalism practice. Author joins those researchers who believe that the blossoming of journalism comes thanks to technological progress, though many of its traditional characteristics are changed. Эта динамика заставляет пересмотреть ряд опорных положений в теории. This dynamics forces us to reconsider a number of basic representations in theory.

de Lisboa, tem em média à volta de 40 anos e possui uma licenciatura ou, no mínimo, frequentou uma instituição de ensino superior. O Empregos Online descreve-lhe agora em traços gerais o perfil do jornalista português a partir de um estudo desenvolvido pelo CIES-Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia do ISCTE em parceria com o Sindicato dos Jornalistas e o Observatório da Comunicação (Obercom) há poucos dias divulgado na íntegra. Região de trabalho Lisboa é a zona do país privilegiada para exercer a actividade jornalística no país, com quase dois terços dos respondentes ao inquérito (63,7%). percentagem ainda assim inferior à verificada em estudo similar realizado há três décadas, quando a área geográfica da capital concentrava cerca de 80% dos profissionais do sector. Na região Norte encontra-se um em cada seis jornalistas no activo (16,6%), a região Centro é a área de trabalho de 8,4% dos jornalistas enquanto o Alentejo (3,7%), Algarve (2,6%), Açores (1,9%), Madeira (1,5%) e estrangeiro (1,5%) representam franjas residuais. Idade Os jornalistas portugueses têm, em média, 39,9 anos. A faixa etária entre os 35 e os 44 anos é a mais frequente (38%), seguindo-se as mais próximas a essa: 25/34 anos (25,3%) e 45/54 anos (21%). Os mais jovens (até 24 anos) representam apenas 6,6% dos jornalistas e os jornalistas mais experientes (a partir de 55 anos) são somente 9,1%. Escolaridade Relativamente à análise de 1987, o aumento da escolarização talvez seja a maior mudança na caracterização sócio-demográfica dos jornalistas portugueses nestes últimos 30 anos. Se há três décadas atrás, menos de 40% dos jornalistas tinham chegado à universidade e apenas 15% tinham completado uma licenciatura, hoje em dia perto de 80% tinham, no mínimo, frequentado estudos superiores.

Automated news production is a growing phenomenon which can be considered as a continuation of automation in newsrooms as well as an avatar of data driven journalism. Considering that no human being can compete with those information systems, this research intends to focus on how they can be complementary to human journalists. It supposes to define the relationship between journalism and automation technologies, to establish the conditions of a fruitful man-machine association, and to examine the potential incidences of automation on professional practices. This research is based on a multidisciplinary theoretical framework, which has framed two ethnographic studies lead in two Belgian newsrooms in 2017 and 2018. The first experience consisted in developing an automated web application that collects, stores, and generates real time stories, providing analysis about air quality data in Brussels and supporting a wider investigative project. If data are providing facts, they tell nothing about the causes and the consequences of air pollutants. The object of the second experience is to support financial journalists in their daily routines, with the automation of the live reporting of stock markets data. Although everything seems to separate the two newsrooms observed, both in terms of size and of structure, the points of convergence are to be found in the purpose of these technologies, which in both cases endorse the double status of object and tool of journalism. But to be used, their intrinsic characteristics must encounter journalistic requirements and values which should be embedded within the design. Representations play an important role to shape the uses and the non-uses and they can evolve so far as the tool is experimented. It can also lead to reconsider professional practices.

We seek through this paper to study the relationship between journalistic practices and ICT (Information & Communication Technologies), especially after the emergence of web2.0 applications which have changed communication and media features through the high flow of information and the possibility to create digital content by users plus the binary trend in communication that has created an interactive space between journalists and their readers. In this new space, journalism profession has known new practices which could be characterized by three features: the first one is traditional journalism with new practices, second one is the appearance of participatory journalism and the third one which can be the main change is the citizen journalism
نسعى من خلال هذه الورقة إلى دراسة العلاقة بين الممارسة الصحفية وتكنولوجيات المعلومات والاتصال خاصة بعد ظهور تطبيقات الويب2.0 التي غيّرت معالم الممارسات الصحفية وخلقّت للصحفي فضاء مهني جديد، أين انتقل من العمل الميداني إلى العمل على الويب لمّا وفرته هذه البيئة من تدفق معلوماتي هائل وكذا فضاء تفاعلي يتيح للصحفي التعرف على قرائه وعلى تطلعاتهم. حيث شهدت الممارسة الصحفية ثلاث مراحل بدءا باعتناقها ممارسات جديدة إلى غاية ظهور أنواع صحفية جديدة ألا وهي الصحافة التشاركية والشكل الأخير المتمثل في صحافة المواطن

This paper discusses the concepts of investigative journalism and public
transparency based on the case of the Investigation Group (GDI, in Portuguese) of the RBS Group. Through the triangulation of techniques, it reconstructs the history of GDI from interviews and institutional publications and analyzes its first series of news reporting, entitled "Danger on the Plate", published in December 2016. Content Analysis (BARDIN, 2011) is used in order to discuss the potential of the Access toInformation Act as a useful tool for journalistic investigation.

Nowadays, misinformation and hoaxes travel faster than they did
in the past, mostly thanks to the emergence of digital platforms
and the popularization of social networking sites. Scholars have
found that journalists have turned social media platforms into
essential components of their professional operations. However,
the extent to which journalists engage in debunking misinformation
on social media is still unclear. By conducting a U.S.
Nationally representative survey with more than 400 journalists,
this study delves into journalists’ perceptions of false information,
social media use, and debunking actions to expose misleading
content in online contexts. Our findings indicate low levels of
debunking, although we found factors associated with journalists
either confronting or reporting misinformation. On the one hand,
journalists who use social media platforms to develop their
brands and engage directly with their audiences are more likely
to publicly confront misinformation. On the other hand, journalists
who believe social media companies should be held accountable
for the spread of fake news do not engage directly in
confronting false information, but do report it when they encounter
it. Taken together, our findings suggest the journalist-audience
relationship plays a central role to understand debunking behaviors
in online spaces.

The analysis in the paper is focused on complex problems which characterise relationships between modern theory and practice of journalism. Special attention is paid to situation in the Russian media community. After the crash of the Soviet political system domestic press has lost former methodological base. It started to develop spontaneously by empirical ways. In these conditions the ideas of a denying any theory appeared, in different forms and variations. But empirical roads lead to fundamental damage in the character of journalism including reforming into so-called post-journalism. Journalism theory should rethink own structure and conceptual basis in order to find new explanations of media processes and maintain own system unity.

Over the past decade, particularly with the introduction of Web 2.0 technologies, we have seen an increase in the popularity of social media such as forums, weblogs and wikis and social media applications and services such as Facebook and YouTube along with the proliferation of open publishing initiatives and social news websites. This vibrant upsurge of participatory values and practices can be understood as a sign of a general cultural trend whereby audiences increasingly become active media producers. This participatory culture challenges the top-down model of journalism by allowing anyone to post and upload content without formal editorial moderation or filtering processes, while the boundaries between professional journalists and their audience begin to blur as audiences actively increase their control and involvement over their news consumption, becoming both consumers and creators of media content. Citizens are no longer passive receivers but rather are actively engaged in (re)creating, challenging, questioning, correcting, and personalizing news media.

As a means of combating revenue loss and reconnecting with their audiences, mainstream news media throughout Western democracies have begun tapping into this digital media culture by increasingly adopting participatory forms of journalism. However, these new forms have yet to be study in any great detail. The empirical research that does exist focuses mostly on gauging the opinions, motives and perceptions of editors/journalists, mapping the current trends and forms, and ethnographic studies on newsroom practices. What is needed to take this body of research further is an analysis of the content. This chapter moves in this direction by addressing the question of whether user-generated content within mainstream news media today is improving the quality journalism, i.e. enhancing the public sphere.

One of the most popular forms of user-generated content within mainstream news media is comment fields attached to news articles. Such spaces provide citizens the opportunity to react, debate, and comment on articles (or blogs) written by journalists. The focus of this chapter is on how people are engaging in these spaces. The aim is two fold. First, it is to see to what extent such spaces are facilitating deliberative communicative practices crucial to the public sphere. Are comment fields opening up spaces for citizen deliberation? Second, it is to see whether this type of user-generated content is improving the quality of journalism. Are citizens bringing new ideas, perspectives, facts, and sources to journalistic content?

In order to address these questions, postings from comment fields were examined and assessed within the British online newspaper the Guardian. The sample consisted of 3,169 postings (comments) taken from all those articles/blogs (by Guardian journalists) on the UN Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen during a two week period in December 2009. A case study design with normative and descriptive characteristics was utilized. A content analysis was employed as the primary instrument for examination. The coding scheme focused first on gauging the type and level of interaction. Are participants engaging with the content, journalist, or fellow participants, and are such spaces hosting critical-reciprocal exchange between participants? Second, the analysis identified the purpose of the postings; i.e. are participants providing an opinion/argument, posing a question, providing information, calling for action, and/or degrading or acknowledging another? Finally, the analysis focused on the level to which such spaces bring new and alternative opinions, arguments, facts, and sources to the article, to journalism.

This paper investigates the role of local press in building and maintaining local consciousness and identity. The local newspapers are likely to interconnect the several different and competing city publics. For that reason they are very important agents for a successful participatory democratic politics. Even though Antalya is labeled as the cosmopolitan capital of Turkish tourism, it has frequently been criticized for its low level of socio-cultural development parameters including an inadequate local press environment not matching with its worldwide popular status. The paper will try to reveal the basic characteristics of local press in Antalya in order to understand the reasons for such critics. A questioner applied to 88 Antalya local journalists provided the basic data for our research. Additionally, deep interviews of 10 senior and prominent local journalists also offered more data suitable for further analysis. It is found that Antalya local press environment is not much different than that of overall local media in Turkey. Low levels of professional solidarity, weak financial structure of newspaper enterprises, unsatisfactory working conditions, and necessity for further professional training/education were among the problems of Antalya press mentioned for not being satisfactory in its projected roles. Unified and stronger regional newspapers seem to be a feasible solution to the weak local press environment due to the excess number of small newspapers.

This study examines the changes and challenges of China’s newspaper industry by focusing on the popular press sector that has dominated the daily newspaper market since the early 2000s. Specifically, the study investigates three key issues: (1) the dramatic expansion of the popular press sector at the expense of the Party organ sector in the early and mid-2000s, (2) the stagnation of the popular press sector since then despite its efforts to experiment with a so-called mainstream press in the second half of the decade and (3) this study’s call for a ‘broadloid’ press approach in response to this stagnation.

The practice of collaboration in journalism is not new. The developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are understood by many scholars as the critical factor for collaborative journalism to flourish across newsrooms. By working together, practitioners can address the challenges of a profession in crisis as well as the need to produce quality investigative reporting. Much of the academic discussion regarding cooperative efforts in journalism has happened in the US and Europe. This paper aims to shed light on collaborative journalism outside this region, focusing on Latin America. To conduct our study, we looked at the literature concerning collaborative journalism in the Scopus and Scielo databases to build a survey that was shared among Latin American practitioners who worked on collaborative projects in recent years. Our findings show that Latin American news organisations are taking part or forming collaborative efforts to share a set of practices, processes...

The proliferation of data journalism has enabled newsrooms to deploy technologies for both mundane and more sophisticated workplace tasks. To bypass long-term investment in developing data skills, out-of-the-box software solutions are commonly used. Newsrooms today are partially dependent on third-party platforms to build interactive and visual stories-but the business models of platforms are predisposed to changes, frequently inducing losses of stories. This article combines in-depth interviews and an ancillary survey to study the status quo and identify future challenges in embracing out-of-the-box and in-house tools, and their impact on Australian data journalism. Results indicate a dichotomy between commercial and public service media organisations. Commercial outlets are heavily reliant on out-of-the-box solutions to develop stories, due to a lack of skillsets and a shortage of skilled labour. By contrast, public service media are developing their own in-house solutions, which reflects their desire for the continuous digital preservation of data stories despite the challenges identified.

For many journalists, Twitter is their favorite social network. Or the one they used the most often for work, at least. According to Muckrack’s 2021 State of Journalism report, “76% of journalists say Twitter is the most valuable social network to them.”

Like all social media platforms, the app doesn’t stand still. In the past year alone, it has introduced — and then closed — a stories feature (Fleets), and moved into the social audio arena with Twitter Spaces, their own version of Clubhouse. Twitter has also begun piloting a paid version of the service in Canada and Australia.

In the meantime, for all of this innovation, there are also those who prefer that they simply focus their energies on introducing an “edit” function. Given my propensity for typos, I confess I am one of them.

Until that happens, there’s plenty of existing functionality that often goes untapped. Here are five ways journalists can up their Twitter game.

This entry clarifies the conceptual foundations of bias as a public, professional, and academic concern over media presentations of various political parties and ideological and social trends in a democratic society. Bias is conceptualized as a violation of the norms of impartial, balanced, and fair press that constitute a pillar of the democratic system. This entry articulates the various approaches to operationalize and measure news bias and critiques of these studies.

This article presents findings from a 1-year-long ‘online news ethnography’ and 20 semistructured interviews conducted in Italian local newsrooms. It explores journalists’ practices in their relations with sources throughout the entire process of news production: discovering, gathering, and writing news. The relation between institutional sources and journalists sees the former acquiring increasing importance for the latter. At the same time, journalists guarantee access also to a limited array of non-elite sources. The result is what can be called the ‘pluralization’ of primary definers: the extensive and unframed use of a wide range of sources (mainly institutional, but also non-elite). Whether this asymmetrical coverage reinforces or weakens conceptions of political,
social, and cultural power should be investigated further, but the work of journalists as
watchdogs appears to be in danger.