Klassifikation

Гогунский В. Д., проф., Носенко Т. И., кафедра управления
системами БЖД ОНПУ
Задача, решаемая системой автоматизированной профориентации абитуриента (САПА), т. е. в нашем случае, — задача отнесения заданного набора его способностей и склонностей к той или иной будущей профессии является, по существу, задачей классификации. Существенной
особенностью такой классификации является то, что и перечень рекомендуемых профессий, и особенно перечень необходимых для профориентации характеристик  испытуемого лица являются открытыми нечеткими множествами. Усложняет проблему также то, что в пределах множества профессий, которыми оперирует САПА,
могут оказаться профессии, по разным причинам недоступные абитуриенту.

I Varumärkenas fält ställs frågor som: Hur vinner man erkännande i Stockholms reklamvärld? Hur säljer reklamproducenter detta erkännande till sina uppdragsgivare? Vad för slags erkännande är statliga reklamköpare ute efter att vinna genom sitt samarbete med prisbelönta och erkända reklamproducenter? I kontrast till en spridd föreställning att reklamen ”speglar samhället” är grundantagandet i denna studie att reklamen i första hand speglar den värld som skapar den, dvs. reklamvärlden. Det är människorna i detta mikrokosmos vars föreställningar och idéer om samhället som reklamen primärt reflekterar – men först efter att prismatiskt ha brutits genom ett fält. Frågan är därför hur detta fält är socialt och mentalt strukturerat. Utkikspunkten är en globalt verksam amerikansk reklambyrås Stockholmskontor, där dagliga deltagarobservationer utförts under ett års fältarbete.

The Field of Brands asks questions such as: How is recognition awarded in Stockholm's advertising world? How do advertising producers sell this recognition to their clients? What kind of recognition are state-owned buyers of advertising seeking through their collaboration with award-winning elite advertising agencies? Opposed to the popular notion that advertising "mirrors society", a basic assumption in this study is that advertising primarily reflects the social world that creates it, i.e. the advertising world. The argument being that it is the members of this microcosm whose ideas about society advertising primarily reflects – although only after having been refracted through a field. The question is therefore how this field is socially and mentally structured. The vantage point is a globally active U.S. advertising firm’s Stockholm office, where daily participant observations have been conducted during one year of fieldwork.

Durch freitextliche Benennungen und Normdateien wie Thesauri und Klassifikationen üben kunsthistorische Fotosammlungen und Bilddatenbanken eine institutionelle Deutungshoheit über die von ihnen gesammelten, verwahrten und erschlossenen Dokumente aus. Dadurch können sie aktiv zur Naturalisierung und Normalisierung von problematischen Fremdbildern, Konzepten und Zuschreibungen beitragen. Dieses Machtpotenzial der wissenschaftlichen Katalogisierungs- und Erschließungsarbeit in analogen und digitalen Bildarchiven analysiert die vorliegende Studie aus theoretischer und praktischer Perspektive. Im Anschluss daran werden Lösungsansätze für den institutionellen Umgang mit dieser Problematik diskutiert.

Das Studienbuch steht in der bewährten Tradition der wissenschaftlichen Entscheidungstheorie. Es ist ein Lehrbuch für Wissenschaftler und Studenten der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und gibt einen systematischen Einblick in und Überblick über Entscheidungsmodelle sowie Musterbeispiele dazu aus den Bereichen Mengen-/Preis-Prob1em, Absatz-und Produktionsplanung, Bestell-und Lagerhaltungspolitik, Einkaufsportfolio und Projektkosteneskalation. Man sieht daran unschwer, daß es nur Entscheidungsmodelle für gut strukturierte Problemsituationen thematisiert.

- Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der synthetischen Methode von Platon bis
Augustinus leitete die Wahrnehmung der Menschen in die Literatur, die
Kunst und die Mystik.
- Die moderne Welt der Wissenschaft und Technik ruht seit Aristoteles und
Thomas von Aquin auf analytischem Verfahren.
- Die Revolte der Rationalisten - Decartes, Spinoza, Leibniz - entsprang einem
Prinzip des „methodischen Zweifels“.
- Relationen sind jedoch der Stoff, aus dem Systeme gemacht werden. Relationen
sind auch das Wesen aller Synthese.
- Wie aber verhält es sich nun mit der Wissenschaft selbst? Wissenschaft ist
geordnete Erkenntnis.

This discussion paper describes a specific approach to content analysing multilevel party manifestos building on a methodology that was originally developed in the context of the Manifesto Research Group (MRG). Since 1979, the MRG has been collecting and coding national-level election programs with the aim of estimating policy preferences of political parties. The second phase of the project started in

How have the successful always done it ? 3
The relationship between information and documentation 4
The order system                 5
My own information fund                 6
Finding and collecting information         7
Principles for formal collection and rules for content-related
      iindexing of information                                         8
The seven W-questions by Gottfried Weilemann         9
Choice of an individually suitable documentation order 10
Creation of keywords         11
The ordered storage and its proof of access 13
Basic rules for the successful creation of personal                      14 docucumentation

In his pioneer study on drama, Manfred Pfister strongly demands a way to identify protagonists: “At the
current level of research it is not possible to grade the figures of the dramatis personae precisely according to
their importance for the development of the plot [. . . M]ore subtle distinctions such as those between ‘major
figures’ [and] ‘minor figures’ [. . . ] can only be guessed intuitively and not defined operationally” (Pfister 1988,
166). In this paper, we explore such a way to identify protagonists in German plays. Casting the problem
as a classification task allows to inspect the influential factors for the decision, and at the same time offers
a clear evaluation method. Diverging definitions of “protagonist” and “hero” circulate in literary studies,
whereby different aspects of characters are mentioned as defining criteria. In certain aspects, the definitions
of “protagonist” and “hero” clearly overlap, e.g. their plot relevance. Other aspects are distinctive: According
to ancient understanding, the only hero of a play must be of good nature, but not flawless (Aristotle 1982,
7), whereas later interpretations of Aristotle allow heroes which can have mixed (Lessing, Hamburgische
Dramaturgie, 86. Stück and Martus (2011), 15) or even overly negative characteristics (Asmuth 1997, 94).
Since we want to identify those characters automatically that are the most relevant for the plot in a given
drama (Pfister 1988, 234), including negative heroes like Woyzeck and Macbeth, a value-based evaluation of
a single hero is not feasible. Instead, we opted for value-neutral protagonist-detection and define protagonist
as characters that have a central scope of action either by acting themselves or by triggering the action.
Consequently, more than one character can be a protagonist, and we make no assumptions on polarity.
There are already some publications that focus on sub-classifying literary characters on a formal basis or
automatically. Several research projects follow the character classification proposed by Propp (1958) (e.g.,
Declerck, Koleva, and Krieger (2012), Finlayson (2015)). It distinguishes seven character types in folk tales
by their plot function. Moretti (2011, 2013) describes experiments to formalize the notion of protagonists,
but makes use of network-based features only. Algee-Hewitt (2017) and Fischer et al. (2018) concentrate
on the development of protagonists throughout literary history using different network metrics for corpus
analyses of English and German plays. In contrast, Jannidis et al. (2016) try to automatically detect main
characters in German novels. For the classification, they use summaries of the novels as a gold standard.

This discussion paper describes a specific approach to content analysing multilevel party manifestos building on a methodology that was originally developed in the context of the Manifesto Research Group (MRG). Since 1979, the MRG has been collecting and coding national-level election programs with the aim of estimating policy preferences of political parties. The second phase of the project started in