Assessment of risks is a key task in the project management. In this process, Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) approach can be utilized to identify project relevant risks. In the previous classical method, only Limited number of attributes... more
Assessment of risks is a key task in the project management. In this process, Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) approach can be utilized to identify project relevant risks. In the previous classical method, only Limited number of attributes is considered in the evaluation that can cause unreliable results. In this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce and involve a relatively comprehensive set of attributes for applying in Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) techniques. Using this model, the risks of tunneling construction in the Seimareh dam project, located in South-West of Iran, are assessed and ranked. For the collection of experts' judgments, group decision making method by conducting various decision panels was applied. Also for the risk ranking, Linear Assignment (LA), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Simple Additive Weighted (SAW) methods were considered. Final ranking of the risks was computed using integration methods. It was concluded that the risks economical factors and guarantee are the project most and least critical risks, respectively.
We conduct the first empirical investigation of common-pool resource users ’ dynamic and strategic behavior at the micro level using real-world data. Fishermen’s strategies in a fully dynamic game account for latent resource dynamics and... more
We conduct the first empirical investigation of common-pool resource users ’ dynamic and strategic behavior at the micro level using real-world data. Fishermen’s strategies in a fully dynamic game account for latent resource dynamics and other players ’ actions, revealing the profit structure of the fishery. We compare the fishermen’s actual and socially optimal exploitation paths under a time-specific vessel alloca-tion policy and find a sizable dynamic externality. Individual fishermen respond to other users by exerting effort above the optimal level early in the season. Congestion is costly instantaneously but is beneficial in the long run because it partially offsets dynamic inefficiencies.
Are the surviving copies of schooltexts representative of what was popularly used in schools in the medieval period? In other words, was the survival of these manuscripts a random or selective process? To approach this question, this... more
Are the surviving copies of schooltexts representative of what was popularly used in schools in the medieval period? In other words, was the survival of these manuscripts a random or selective process? To approach this question, this article presents a series of comparisons between the numbers of manuscripts of different schooltexts. It demonstrates that the most popular schooltexts all survive in very similar numbers from each century, and that the typical number of copies varies from one century to another. The easiest explanation for such a survival pattern is to assume that the texts were produced in equal numbers and passed through a relatively random filter of losses. The article seeks to test this intuitive explanation by using a simple probability mathematical experiment. In addition, the article analyses how the numbers of surviving manuscripts relate to entries in medieval book lists and medieval library catalogues. This examination supports the interpretation that the sur...
