Land allocation

The logic behind land allocation for residential purposes has undergone a dramatic shift in many states with a colonial legacy in the recent decade, from an ethnonational logic that favors the ethnonational majority to a more liberal-democratic, market-based logic that disregards ethnicity. In Israel, following this shift, a new claim for biased allocation has been voiced by the ethnonational majority, politicians and administrators, which is based on multiculturalism and recognition. According to this claim, land allocation should serve the communal needs of the majority by limiting the access of minority groups to the majority group's residential areas. This article argues that despite the decline of ethnonationalism, the discourse of multiculturalism remains a substitute discourse that rationalizes the interests of majority group, hence contributing to stratification of societies on the basis of ethnicity. Through an analysis of three case studies of land allocation in Israel, the article explores the material and cultural weaknesses of a multiculturalism that has been imported from societies with a strong liberal-democratic tradition, into societies with a profound ethnonational legacy.

The dissertation presents a thorough analysis of forest policies in Northern Vietnam which simultaneously apprehends the biophysical conditions, institutions, discourses and socio-politico-economic context in which actors are embedded. The analysis is based on the case study of two sets of policies: the Five Million Hectares Reforestation Programme (5MHRP), a state-led afforestation campaign, and forestry land allocation (FLA) to households. The study is innovative in several respects. Firstly, it focuses on the impact of these policies on land use and management, which has not so far deserved much attention. Secondly, it develops and uses an enriched version of Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework (Kiser and Ostrom, 1982) aiming at “politicising” it, i.e. making it better suited to policy-process analysis. Thirdly, it applies this original framework at multiple levels, bringing fresh insights on cross-scale linkages, and uses an historical perspective to develop a dynamic understanding of policy outcomes. Fourthly, it collates several qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate the topic from a variety of angles.

Results indicate that from a regional outlook, the 5MHRP has not succeeded in involving households in forestry and FLA has had little impact on afforestation. Rather, the individual-property regime has been observed to be ill-adapted to the socio-ecological settings of Northern Vietnam. Underlying drivers for these poor achievements result from a complex combination of the upland biophysical conditions, socio-political-economic setting, institutions and discourses. One of the most important contributions of the study is to disclose the co-production and co-action of these variables at multiple institutional and geographical levels.

Policy recommendations include: (1) increasing the accountability of state administration to higher governance levels and to the population; (2) improving policy-makers’ mental representation of the mountainous socio-ecological systems; and (3) adapting institutions to the complexity and diversity of upland systems by devolving greater responsibilities to local people.

Agriculture is the main contribution to the rural economy of Sri Lanka. This study is carried on finding optimal land allocation for cultivation using goal programming approach. Five crops namely Cowpea, Black gram, Finger Millet, Maize and Soya Bean were selected to the study. This land allocation is for Anuradhapura District since it is the major agricultural district in Sri Lanka. Preemptive Goal Programming method is used in finding the optimal land allocation. Three goals are considered according to their priorities to seek the optimal solution. MS Excel Solver is used to implement the linear model. The data was collected from Annual Reports of Department of Agriculture. According to the final results obtained by goal programming approach, all five crops are reached their expected production. But the extent in yala(Dry Season) and maha(Rainy Season) season is changed. Overall result shows that new allocation exceeds the production and profit as well as minimizing the production cost. This mathematical model can easily be used on any other crop in any district by changing the variable coefficients and constraint values.

Research paper. ----------
The allocation of the planet’s resources is important not only to
the inhabitants of today,  but to future generations, if any future generations can be expected. Without a proper resource allocation plan, the future will have nothing left to support itself with, and it will be the present who is at fault. In this paper, I plan to discuss the current use dynamics, future scarcities, inefficiencies in allocations, and possible solutions for the resources of water, land, agriculture, and forests.

The aim of this paper is firstly to show how the measures introduced by the European regulation on manure management are incorporated into the theoretical analysis framework for studying the issue of nonpoint externality and especially, agricultural runoff. The model is extended because only some of the polluting emissions at the origin of diffuse pollution are regulated by the Nitrates Directive. More specifically, the model represents the standard that limits the spreading of organic manure to 170 kg/ha as a production right assigned to each farm. Secondly, this paper proposes an empirical model in which the theoretical assumption that productive abilities are fully exploited is relaxed. In order to describe the disparity that exists between individual situations, the empirical model represents the production technology by means of a directional distance function. Finally, the aggregation properties of the directional distance function are used to simulate the practice of looking for off-farm lands as a means of complying with the standard. We look at how land can be allocated among producers in such a way as to combine the disposal of manure in accordance with the limit of the Nitrates Directive with an improvement in the productive and environmental efficiency of all farms. Using a sample of French pig farms, results indicate only a low potential for a reduction in nitrogen pollution based on the reduction in productive inefficiencies and the allocation of spreading lands among farmers in a same area.