Machine Design

Improvement in efficiency, speed and automatic bottle filling need to be considered to increase capacity for high volume operations. At the same time, it's vital to be aware of the advantages of flexibility to handle the ever-changing demand market, particularly for lower volume art and premium beverages, just as changing requests for increasingly maintainable material including lighter weight glass and completely Innovative pack tech bottles.

The present work deals with a renewable energy based microgrid (MG) with ANFIS controller for standalone operation. The places where renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro etc. are in abundance, use them to generate electricity by developing wind-hydro based MG. The main control unit of MG is VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) in which an indirect current control is applied. This VSI is used for power quality improvements through harmonics suppression of nonlinear loads; voltage regulation during contingencies such as load unbalance; reactive power compensation at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) according to the system requirement. It is capable of providing power balance under various changes among the generation, storage and demand units. For appropriate functioning of VSI, a reweighted zero attractor least mean square (RZALMS) control algorithm is applied to generate PWM switching pulses for VSI. A model of MG with ANFIS controller is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to simulate its performance in normal and dynamic conditions at linear and nonlinear loads. A renewable wind-hydro based microgrid has been developed. The performance of MG has been demonstrated using RZALMS control approach to provide power quality solutions i.e. harmonics suppression, reactive power compensation, load balancing and voltage control. It has also managed the power balance in the microgrid during various states such as high wind power generation, load unbalancing and peak load demand. Such MG provides energy independence in rural areas and contributes in reducing the fossil consumption and its bad impact on the environment. A single voltage source inverter has performed power quality improvement and power balancing. The PMBLDCG does not require speed sensor, position sensor and wind speed sensor for MPPT control. Individual inverters and converters are not being used on various units viz. wind, hydro, battery bank etc. Therefore, the overall system cost and maintenance is reduced. The performance of the proposed controller with ANFIS and PI controller results were evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

Abstract— This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of neem seeds (Azadirachta indica). Neem fruits were collected from a plantation. Ripe fruits were sorted and neem seeds were obtained by manually depulping the ripe fruits, washed and sundried to about 5.10 % (wb) moisture content. Moisture content adjustment by rewetting was carried out to obtain three levels of 9.95, 14.17 and 18.69 % (wb). Physical properties (length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, volume, surface area, 1000-seed mass, true density, bulk density, density ratio and percentage porosity) of the dried seeds and the embedded kernels were determined. Data obtained were statistically analyzed to obtain the descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that the seed ranges in values for length (14.15 to 14.51 mm), volume (4.55 to 4.57 mm³), surface area (238.2 to 240.1 mm²), 1000-unit mass (216.2 to 326.9 kg), true density (555.8 to 594.3 kg/m³), bulk density (354.19 to 375.12 kg/m³), density ratio (156.95 to 158.40), while the width reduced from 6.97 to 6.94 mm, thickness 6.7 to 6.6 mm, aspect ratio 49.4 to 47.9, percentage porosity 36.15 to 36.04. Similarly, for the kernel, the length ranged from 11.02 to 11.27 mm, 1000-unit mass 336.0 to 347.4 kg, true density 797.1 to 954.3 kg/m³, density ratio 139.70 to 182.18, percentage porosity 28.29 to 45.02. Likewise, the width decreased from 4.49 to 4.42 mm, thickness 4.2 to 3.9 mm, geometric mean diameter 5.9 to 5.8 mm, sphericity 0.54 to 0.52, aspect ratio 40.9 to 39.4, volume 3.08 to 3.03 mm³, surface area 109.2 to 105.4 mm² and bulk density 571.4 to 523.6 kg/m³ as moisture increased. However, seed geometric mean diameter (8.7mm) and sphericity (0.6) remained constant. For many of the properties considered, moisture content significance at (p<0.05) but was not uniform on both seeds and kernel.

This paper assesses the appropriateness of verbal protocol analysis (VPA) as a means of analysing design activity. Design activity includes human cognitive abilities such as creativity, synthesis, and problem solving. These can vary depending on the design disciplines and design practices involved such as industrial design, engineering design, etc. In order to find out how these abilities are expressed, a study of VPA was carried out based on interviews with two researchers from different disciplines – product design and machine design – and their experiences were compared. The issues in this paper cover general reflections, positive aspects, negative aspects, evaluation (Meta-VPA), ethics and conclusions. On the basis of the results from the analysis of the interviews on VPA, it seems to be significant to carefully consider the reasons for mapping and analysing design activity and how the results may be put into practice.

Little scientific information about dental restorative materials has been available until recently. Prior to this knowledge, the use of these materials was entirely an art, and the only tasting laboratory was the mouth of the patient. Today, despite the availability of the sophisticated technical equipment and development of standardized testing methods for evaluating the mechanical and thermal properties of restorative materials, this testing sometimes still occur on the mouth of our patients. The present work has considered and compared the essential mechanical and thermal properties of some of the most widely used restorative materials. The behaviour of these materials when used to filled class I cavity on mandibular first molar tooth, under the combinations of different thermal and structural loads were analysed using ANSYS (Work bench 15.0). Amalgam, Composite, and Gold alloys materials were considered for this work, the results obtained from ANSYS analysis showed that, the maximum deformation occurred at the occlusal surface, specifically on the filling material and increases towards the other four surfaces (mesial, buccal, lingual and distal surfaces) and the roots, while the equivalent (Von-Mises) stress was depicted along the cervical line (a border line between crown and roots) and distributed towards both the crown and the roots. 35 trials were made and the values for the maximum deformation and von-Mises stress were both plotted against the temperature and structural load using Qtiplot software, and the final result showed that; Gold alloy and composite materials has the least and highest values of both deformation and von-Mises stresses respectively.

This study was conducted to predict contact area (A) of bias-ply tire based on contact area index (CAI), inflation pressure (P) and vertical load (W). For this purpose, contact area of four bias-ply tires with different contact area index were measured at three levels of inflation pressure and four levels of vertical load. Results of contact area measurement for bias-ply tires No. 1, 2 and 3 were utilized to determine regression model and three-variable linear regression model A = 113.33-0.0023 CAI-2108.6 P + 33.429 W with R = 0.901 was P 2 obtained. Also, results of contact area measurement for bias-ply tire No. 4 were used to verify model. The paired samples t-test results indicated that the contact area values predicted by model were more than the contact area values measured by test apparatus. To check the discrepancies between the contact area values predicted by model with the contact area values measured by test apparatus, RMSE and MRPD were calculated. The amounts of RMSE and MRPD were 30.4 cm and 33.1%, respectively. Amounts of RMSE and MRPD confirmed 2 that the three-variable linear regression model may be used to predict contact area of bias-ply tire based on contact area index, inflation pressure and vertical load. On the other hand, to calculate actual contact area values or contact area values measured by test apparatus (A) based on contact area values predicted by model M (A) the linear regression model A = 0.920 A-20.08 with R = 0.916 can be strongly recommended. P M P 2

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a new outer‐rotor permanent‐magnet flux‐switching machine (ORPMFSM) for electric vehicle (EV) in‐wheel propulsion. The paper documents both the design procedure and performance investigation of this novel machine.Design/methodology/approachThe topology and preliminary sizing equations of the ORPMFSM are introduced. The rotor poles are optimized, whilst the machine losses are particularly investigated, using 2‐D finite element analysis (FEA).FindingsAn ORPMFSM, with 12 stator poles and 22 rotor poles, is most suitable for the proposed EV application. The analytical sizing equations are quite efficient with a sufficient accuracy for the preliminary design. The optimal rotor pole width from the FEA results is nearly 1.3 times the original value which was proposed in early literatures. The efficiency of the proposed machine under rated load is slightly low, as a result of significant eddy current losses in the permanent magnets. The losses ...

In tribological analysis of machine elements (such as gears, ball/roller bearings etc.), surface roughness plays very important role, ultimately it affects the friction coefficient, wear, rolling contact fatigue (micro pitting) and other failure mechanisms. Surface geometry and topography changed with time (number of cycles) during rolling/sliding motion of contacting surfaces. So, it is significant to show the variation of surface topography parameter during wear process. This work presents the evolution of roughness parameters, wear and friction coefficient during pin-on-disc tribotesting under dry condition. The test is performed using pin on disc apparatus under room temperature condition. Pin (25mm long, 6mm diameter) is made of medium carbon steel (AISI 1038) whereas disc (165mm diameter, 8mm thickness) is made of high carbon steel (SAE 52100). This works demonstrates the potential of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for prediction of roughness parameters, friction coefficient and wear coefficient. Experimental results obtained from wear testing are compared with those obtained using artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. A very good agreement in results is suggested that, a well trained neural network is capable to predict the parameters in wear process.

A steam turbine is a tool that extracts thermal electricity from pressurized steam and makes use of it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. The steam turbine offers the better thermodynamic performance with the aid of the usage of a couple of levels inside the growth of steam. The levels are characterized by using the manner of strength extraction from them is considered as impulse or reaction mills. On this work the parameters of steam turbine blade various and evaluation is carried out for electricity, existence and warmth switch fees. The varied parameters are the ratio of x-axis distance of blade profile with the aid of chord length and ratio of maximum peak of blade profile in y-path to the chord period. The three-D modeling is executed by way of using Catia software program. The Ansys software is used for static, thermal analysis, subsequently concluded the best design and material (haste alloy, chrome steel, inconel 600) for steam turbine blade, after steam turbine blade imported the stl record 1:2 ratio in to 3-d printing we carried out fast prototyping technique.

When we think of cyborgs, we might conjure up the collective hive-mind of The Borg from ‘Star Trek’, or science fiction writer Alastair Reynold’s chimeric starship residents, half their bodies taken up by prosthetic limbs and organs. Cyborgs are futuristic meldings of the biological and the artificial; something created rather than evolved. Or are they?

Design optimization of traction motors for light electric vehicles requires a comparative analysis in order to account for both performance and efficiency, while considering overall cost, size limitations and manufacturing complexity. This paper presents a comparative study on different surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) in-wheel motor configurations, facilitating fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW). On a first step, different pole/ slot combinations were investigated and evaluated in terms of performance primarily. On a second step, different stator geometries were analyzed, considering both double and single layer windings and both equal and unequal stator teeth. Two different operating conditions were taken into account, i.e. nominal load and overload. The most advantageous was selected, by means of efficiency, clean interface and overall weight, using an extensive sensitivity analysis. On a third step, the final geometry was optimized, via fine-tuning of key design variables, accounting for maximum efficiency and minimum machine weight.

The machines are automatic and it comes with essential accessories needed for the proper functioning of the bottle filler. Bottles of different capacities ranging from small to large sizes can be filled with ease. The bottles are rinsed first and then it is filled with water. After that, capping is done to put a cap on each bottle.

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Be it known that we, MICHAEL I. PUPIN, a resident of New York City, borough of Manhattan, in the county and State of New York, and SAMUEL W. BALCH, a resident of Montclair, in the county of Essex and State of New - Jersey, citizens of the United States of America, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Winding-Machines, of which the following is a specification. This machine has been designed for winding ballast-coils similar to the coils shown in the United States Letters Patent Nos. 652,230 and 652,231, both dated June 19, 1900, and granted to Michael I. Pupin, one of the joint applicants of this application.

The study briefly describes relevance of a vibrating grinding of materials in a construction industry. The problem of increasing the effectiveness of the vibrating grinding of materials as a perspective grinding method is researched and analytically studied. A new design of the vibrating rotating mill which enables a grinding media to move in longitudinal direction in a grinding chamber and the principle of its operation are described. A number of mathematical expressions describing various characteristics of the grinding process and the mill chamber geometry are also presented and discussed. The conclusion that improving the efficiency of the grinding process is possible by an intensification of the grinding media motion in the grinding chamber giving it cross-longitudinal motion maintained by the inclined rotating grinding chamber has been made and substantiated.

In this article, machining characteristics of titanium alloy grade-5 (Ti–6Al–4V) have been examined at different cutting speeds, feed rates and approaching angles under dry condition. It has been observed that with the increase in cutting speeds, the magnitude of cutting forces and tool tip temperature increase. If both cutting force and temperature level were considered together, the optimum approaching angle works out to be 45° and 90° for 49.5 and 76.7 m/min, respectively. For 116.9 m/min increase of cutting forces at 60° approaching angle can be attributed to low-shear angle which is function of the average chip thickness. Positive rake angle produces higher shear angle which leads to the reduction of cutting forces, tool tip temperature and thus help obtaining a better surface finish. Surface roughness measurements obtained prior and subsequent to the machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) were used to characterize the change in roughness caused by variation in machining parameters like cutting speed, feed rate and approaching angle. The average surface roughness is observed to be maximum at 0.11 mm/min and minimum at 0.04 mm/min feed rate for all approaching angles.

This paper deals with, the problems involved in two-wheel steering mechanism and how those can be overcome by implementing four-wheel steering mechanism. India&#39;s terrain varies widely, a typically used two-wheel steering system is less stable than four-wheel steering system which is best equipped while dealing with it[1]. It advances its stability and control at higher speed, neutral steering, maneuverability, turning radius. In this paper efforts are made to make a cost effective and efficient mechanism of four-wheel steering using rack and pinion and an intermediate shaft. It allows the driver to change from two-wheel to four-wheel according to its requirement. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150777

Wear of contact surfaces is one of the most common causes of gear failure. In addition to physical and chemical processes that occur in the contact zone, ki-nematic meshing parameters have a great effect on the wear process. This paper analyses the influence of geometric and kinematic parameters of the gear profile on the instantaneous friction coefficient of the trochoidal gearing in the gerоtor pump. The friction coefficient is not a constant value and it varies during the teeth meshing as a result of a constant change in the lubrication regime. There are many empirical expressions for calculation of the instantaneous friction coefficient, but due to numerous limitations, many of these expressions can be applied only to certain operating conditions and loads. The analysis of the friction coefficient was performed through two contact periods defined by the change in direction of the rolling velocity of the meshing profiles contact point. The obtained results enable identification of dominant factors that influence the instantaneous friction coefficient and show possibilities for further development of analytical models of mechanical losses in the gerоtor pump. There is a wide range of pumps used in modern industrial practice. One of the simplest is a gerоtor pump. Gerоtor (trochoidal) pumps are rotary pumps with in

Due to the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, opportunities for service robots in the Philippines are increasingly bright. More service robots worldwide are currently operational to contribute to a very simple, fast, and thorough disinfection in local facilities. This paper&#39;s paradigm presents the design and development of a service robot focused on disinfecting indoor spaces. The authors successfully developed and assessed a base prototype of an omnidirectional germicidal indoor carrier assistant robot with a line following function. First, an initial model was designed to visualize the general idea of the study; base plate simulation was done to ensure that the base plate can handle external loads brought by the frame, enclosure box, and the liquid disinfectant container. Then, the researchers built a base prototype to assess the prototype&#39;s navigation performance on various track patterns and a demanding path in the closed-loop test. In designing a course for the robot to n...

The Synchronous reluctance machine is very attractive due to its robustness, absence of magnet, easiness to control, simplicity and passive rotor structure. This paper deals with the design and optimization of synchronous reluctance motor for mining applications at low-speed with direct-drive. Therefore, it is intended to detect the stator and rotor parameters which provide a high efficiency (91.13%) and a good average torque (959Nm). In this regard, two different rotor geometries with multiple width size of flux barriers and flux carriers have been considered in this work and their effects are proposed through finite element analysis. A suitable geometry of the rotor is proposed for further investigation and the development of prototype design. Keywords—Direct-drive, machine design, mining application, Raymond Pulverizer, surrogate-based optimization, synchronous reluctance motor

Many applications use dc to dc boost converter. For example, laptop chargers, dc Motor drives and any applications that require high dc voltages [1][5]. The benefit of using this circuit is to minimize from using large numbers of batteries. This circuit produces high output dc voltage. Almost this voltage is greater than or equal input voltage that depend on type of application. The aim of this paper is to make controllers for boost converter in S-domain and Z-Domain by using MATLAB SISTOOL. Also, comparison between two controllers are investigated in this paper. Keywords Boost Converter, MATLAB SISOTOOL, Controller in S-Domain and Z-Domain.

This ticket will be valid with an ID proof in original. Please carry original Identity Proof. If found traveling without original ID proof, passenger will be treated as without ticket and charged as per extant Railway Rules. Valid IDs to be presented during train journey by one of the passenger booked on an e-ticket :› Voter Identity Card / Passport / PAN Card / Driving License / Photo ID card issued by Central / State Govt / Public Sector Undertakings of State / Central Government, District Administrations, Muncipal Bodies and Panchayat Administrations which are having serial number / Student Identity Card with photograph issued by recognized School or College for their students/Nationalized Bank Passbook with photograph/Credit Cards issued by Banks with laminated photograph/Unique Identification Card "Aadhaar". General rules / Information for e-ticket passenger have to be studied by the customer for cancellation & refund.

Abstract:
Learn more about PET bottle recycling
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338232283_Recycling_Plastic_Bottle_into_Synthetic_Fiber
This study has been carried out to effectively manage the PET plastic bottles by identifying practical means and introducing recycling as a cleaner production tool to achieve sustainable development goals. We have designed and analyzed a PET bottle recycling machine that turns PET flakes into synthetic fiber. PET bottle is a thermoplastic resin so it can be melted and reshaped repeatedly. With plastic extrusion process, we can melt PET bottle flakes and then air is blown using air compressor turning that molten plastic into synthetic fiber. In recent years the consumption and disposal of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have increased. After use, PET bottles can be disposed of in mixed waste or in selective waste collection to be recycled and reinserted in the production chain. We have found out with the abundance of plastic bottle waste we can make synthetic fiber at a very cheap price. Compering with the imported fiber or felt, flock our synthetic fiber costs less than half of the price. This fiber can be used as the packaging material or stuffing material. It can also be processed at a spinning mill to turn it into polyester yarn. As recycling PET bottles has commercial value, employment and income can be generated.

Objectives:
• To reduce environmental effect by waste plastic bottle
• To effectively manage the PET plastic bottles waste and minimize the volume (industrial/domestic)
• To study the workability behavior of concrete added by PET bottle fiber
• To obtain the optimal rate of addition waste PET bottle fiber needed to obtain high strength concrete
• To recommend on what to be done to support the growth of PET bottle recycling.

In this paper are presented the power losses and sources of their occurrence in worm gear boxes. These are the losses that occur in the coupling of worm teeth and worm gear, losses in bearings, seals and oil churning power losses in the transmission. When the operation of worm gearing is characterized by line contact of coupled elements which is accompanied by significant sliding, the highest value have the power losses in the worm and worm gear coupling compared to other losses in gearing. Among other things, in the paper also presents the expressions that are used for calculation of individual power losses and efficiency of the gearing. The size of the losses primarily depends on the type of coupled material and geometry of worm pair, circumferential velocity (input rotational speed), the type and viscosity of lubricating oil, load, worm shape, and temperature and so on. The paper also deals with the influence of different factors on power losses and efficiency. As the efficiency of the worm pair is significantly lower compared to other types of gear pairs, the appropriate combination of geometric parameters and materials of worm and worm gear, lubrication and working conditions can significantly affect its increase.

— Heat exchangers with the convective heat transfer of fluid inside the tubes are frequently used in many engineering applications. Some of the applications of double pipe heat exchangers are in pasteurization, digester heating heat recovery, pre-heating, and efficient cooling. Double pipe heat exchangers are often used in the chemical, food processing, oil & gas industries. In this work includes heat transfer augmentation in the double pipe two pass counter flow heat exchanger using twisted tapes with water as working fluid. For this study the heat transfer coefficient, friction factor and enhancement ratio of double pipe counter flow two pass heat exchanger with twisted tapes inside the inner pipe at various Reynolds number using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The three dimensional solid modeling of two passes double pipe heat exchanger is developed using ANSYS FLUENT14.0. The present study explores the effects of twisted tapes on heat transfer and fluid friction characteristics in a heat exchanger tube under turbulent flow conditions. Further, the simulations with different twist ratios of 10, 15, and 20 and for plain tube are conducted and results are compared with that of analytical and experimental results.

This paper compares four different configurations of PM transverse-flux machines. The permanent magnet transverse flux machines with: internal rotor; outer rotor with magnetic shunts; double coil; and outer rotor without magnetic shunts with optimal average air-gap diameter - are designed, analyzed and tested in the laboratory. The study implies that each design has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of power density, cogging torque, and cost. Special attention is given to the manufacturing process of the machines, materials, and components, which determine the total cost of the machine. Power densities, cogging torque, and cost of the machines are compared and discussed. Conclusions on practical use of the proposed configurations are provided in the paper.

Semi-automatic Plant Pot Filling Machine is designed to make polythene pot filling in plant nurseries, faster and easier. A mix of soil is supplied to the machine and using a screw conveyor, the soil is transferred into the pot. Since there are many pot sizes, a mechanism has been implemented to change the speed of soil transferring.