Magnetic Levitation

This paper reports high-precision motion control at the target position and the offline compensation of the straightness error occurring during the motion of the magnetically levitated stage supported by the linear magnetic bearing. The linear magnetic bearing is composed of electromagnets and sensors in the same module to enable easy maintenance and to reduce the machining error, and the conventional

In the previous paper [Lomaev, Krivilyov, Fransaer, Magnetohydrodynamics, 2016], exact analytical expressions for the Lorentz force density and Joule heat power induced by an external alternating magnetic field inside an electromagnetically levitated drop have been derived. This yields a close-form analytical solution of the conjugated hydrodynamic-thermal problem for a spherical liquid drop in a gas atmosphere. In this paper, the developed method has been used to analyze structural transitions in fluid flow patterns inside a levitated Fe-Co droplet tested recently in the framework of the PARSEC space experiment onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The convection level is calculated based on the positioning and heating currents in the coil and an optimum flow regime is predicted.

Magnetic levitation or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic pressure is the only effect acting on object overcoming gravitational and any other acceleration effect. The principal advantage of a magnetic levitation windmill over a conventional windmill is that mechanical friction is completely eliminated due to floating of rotors. That makes the rotation possible in very low wind speeds. The goal of this project is to build the vertical axis wind turbine to generate electricity by using wind energy. This type of vertical axis wind turbine will generate electricity without using generator or alternator, but by the application of magnetic levitation concept. This wind turbine is designed to withstand all the forces by wind and keeps rotating even at low wind force. This type of vertical axis wind turbines has three wings. The wings are designed to accept wind from any directions.

Static levitation is a form of marvel with metaphysical implications whose long history has not previously been charted. First, Pliny the Elder reports an architect's plan to suspend an iron statue using magnetism, and the later compiler Ampelius mentions a similar-sounding wonder in Syria. When the Serapeum at Alexandria was destroyed, and for many centuries afterwards, chroniclers wrote that an iron Helios had hung magnetically inside. In the Middle Ages, reports of such false miracles multiplied, appearing in Muslim accounts of Christian and Hindu idolatry, as well as Christian descriptions of the tomb of Muhammad. A Christian levitation miracle involving saints' relics also emerged. Yet magnetic suspension could be represented as miraculous in itself, representing lost higher knowledge, as in the latest and easternmost tradition concerning Konark's ruined temple. The levitating monument, first found in classical antiquity, has undergone many cultural and epistemological changes in its long and varied history.

The purpose of this report is to examine the newly developing field of magnetic levitation and its applications in transportation. The magnetic levitation train will be analyzed as well as what makes it the new evolving mode of transportation. The "maglev" train's predecessors will be briefly mentioned, as well as their drawbacks and how the maglev system attempts to remedy those problems.

Padatnya aktivitas dalam era globalisasi menuntut manusia untuk bertindak secara efektif dan efisien. Oleh karena itu, ilmuwan-ilmuwan di seluruh dunia berlomba-lomba dalam menemukan teknologi baru yang semakin memudahkan manusia menjalankan aktivitasnya, salah satunya adalah pengembangan teknologi dalam bahan-bahan listrik. Mengingat listrik sudah menjadi bagian utama bagi kehidupan seluruh manusia di bumi, penemuan bahan-bahan listrik menjadi sorotan utama bagi produsen dan konsumen demi penggunaan listrik yang seefisen mungkin. Abad ke-19 merupakan terobosan baru dalam dunia kelistrikan. Pada saat itu, bahan superkonduktor ditemukan oleh Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, fisikawan asal Jerman. Bahan superkonduktor adalah bahan listrik yang memiliki sifat hambatan sama dengan nol pada suhu tertentu sehingga daya listrik yang diperoleh utuh, tidak ada rugi sedikitpun. Prospek bahan superkonduktor yang cerah menjadikan para ilmuwan gencar melakukan penelitian dan pengembangan. Hingga pada abad ke-20, penerapan bahan superkonduktor dibuktikan melalui peluncuran Kereta Maglev (Magnet Levitation) yang memiliki kecepatan super tinggi oleh Negara-negara maju seperti Jepang, Cina, Jerman, Amerika Serikat dan Inggris. Kecepatan kereta ini menjadikan perjalanan lebih efektif bagi masyarakat penggunanya, Bahan superkonduktor berperan sebagai penggerak Kereta Maglev dan merupakan poin penting dalam pembuatan Kereta Maglev.

Magnetic levitation or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic pressure is the only effect acting on object overcoming gravitational and any other acceleration effect. The principal advantage of a magnetic levitation windmill over a conventional windmill is that mechanical friction is completely eliminated due to floating of rotors. That makes the rotation possible in very low wind speeds. The goal of this project is to build the vertical axis wind turbine to generate electricity by using wind energy. This type of vertical axis wind turbine will generate electricity without using generator or alternator, but by the application of magnetic levitation concept. This wind turbine is designed to withstand all the forces by wind and keeps rotating even at low wind force. This type of vertical axis wind turbines has three wings. The wings are designed to accept wind from any directions.

The aim of this paper is to employ fractional order proportional integral derivative (FO-PID) controller and integer order PID controller to control the position of the levitated object in a magnetic levitation system (MLS), which is inherently nonlinear and unstable system. The proposal is to deploy discrete optimal pole-zero approximation method for realization of digital fractional order controller. An approach of phase shaping by slope cancellation of asymptotic phase plots for zeros and poles within given bandwidth is explored. The controller parameters are tuned using dynamic particle swarm optimization (dPSO) technique. Effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results. The performance of realized digital FO-PID controller has been compared with that of the integer order PID controllers. It is observed that effort required in fractional order control is smaller as compared with its integer counterpart for obtaining the same system performance.

This paper presents the analyses of thrust and normal forces of linear induction motor (LIM) segments which are implemented in a rotating ring system. To obtain magnetic levitation in a cost effective and sustainable way, decoupled control of thrust and normal forces is required. This study includes the design of a static test setup from which the measurement results are compared and verified with the derived analytical methods and finite element simulations. The comparison shows significant correlation of the thrust and normal forces as function of the slip frequency.

Magnetic  Levitation  has  been  a  keen  area  of
research,  especially  in  the  field  of  automotive  where  low
losses  due  to  friction  and  low  energy  consumption  are
important  considerations.  This  paper  offers  the  theoretical
and  experimental  idea  of  the  magnetic  force  control  in  the
magnetic  levitation  system  using  the  bond  graph  modeling
approach considering the  nonlinearities. The corresponding
levitation  apparatus  comprises  of  an  electromagnet,  a
ferroelectric material base, a steel ball and position sensors.
The  force  generated  by  the  electromagnet  causes  the
levitation action over the ball by balancing the gravitational
force  exerted  on  the  ball.  The  present  work  describes  the
linear and nonlinear model using signal flow graph a nd bond
graph  approach.  Transfer  function  of  the  setup  is  obtained
using  signal  flow  graph  and  correspondingly  the  balancing
action of the ball at its levitating position is performed using
a  PID  controller.  Lastly  the  overall  system  stability  is
validated using root locus approach.