Manioc

Fermentation plays an important role in the production of several foods. In Côte.d'ivoire, the preparation of several traditional mets of the manioc requires the use of the traditional leavens. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the evolution of some biochemical and microbiological parameters during the preparation of three types of experimental leavens starting from the roots of varieties bitter and soft of manioc. On the whole, 36 samples of roots of manioc whose 18 of the bitter variety (IAC) and 18 of the soft variety (Bonoua) were the subject of this study. The variety of manioc and the method of acquisition the leavens influence the evolution of the parameters such as the pH, sugars, the growth of the microorganisms whatever the type of leaven. The leavens of boiled manioc are richer in total sugars while the leavens of believed manioc are it for reducing sugars. Resume La fermentation joue un rôle important dans la production de plusieurs aliments. En Côte d'Ivoire, la préparation de plusieurs mets traditionnels du manioc exige l'utilisation des ferments traditionnels. Ainsi,

Late precolonial (c. 800-1500 CE) culinary practices in the northern Caribbean have received limited investigations. Determining foodways has been integral for the study of cultures, yet there has never been a comparison of foodway dynamics in the Caribbean between the Greater Antilles (the presumed origin of people who migrated into The Bahamas) and the Bahama archipelago. The objective of our study was to analyze microbotanical residues (starches) extracted from 45 clay griddles (food preparation platters) to illuminate a partial view of the phytocultural repertoire of this region and explicate variations of the identified culinary practices. The griddles were excavated from three archaeological sites: El Flaco and La Luperona in northwestern Dominican Republic and Palmetto Junction on the western coast of Providenciales, Turks & Caicos Islands. Regarding the production of plant-based food on griddles, our produced data suggests that the people who lived at El Flaco focused on the production of maize (Zea mays L.) derivatives, La Luperona residents prepared guáyiga/coontie/ zamia (Zamia spp.) food products, and Palmetto Junction ostensibly had a focus on the production of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based foods. This survey of food-ways has exposed particular cultural niches, different adaptation strategies, and associated culinary practices. Resumen Las prácticas culinarias precoloniales (c. 800-1500 CE) en el norte del Caribe han sido investigadas de manera limitida. Determinar lasdimensiones de la alimentación ha sido fundamental en el estudio de las culturas; no obstante, en el Caribe nunca se ha realizado unacomparación de estas dinámicas entre las Antillas Mayores (el atribuido origen migratorio de humanos a las Bahamas) y el archipiélago delas Bahamas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los residuos microbotánicos (almidones) extraídos Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory https://doi.

"En este artículo se caracteriza la visión ortodoxa, predominante en la historia y en la arqueología antillana, que por años ha sostenido dos cosas acerca de la producción de plantas en la era precolonial: (a) los primeros pobladores humanos que arribaron a las islas (conocidos como “arcaicos”) eran simples cazadores-pescadores y recolectores y (b) los grupos agroceramistas que arribaron a las Antillas después de los arcaicos fueron horticultores que fundamentaron su subsistencia en el cultivo de la yuca. Información variada, sobre todo paleoetnobotánica, generada en la última década en diversas islas y en la Guyana francesa, revela un panorama muy distinto que muestra un mundo fitocultural antillano y circum-caribeño dinámico y fluido. El conjunto de datos e interpretaciones paleoetnobotánicas es confrontado con la visión ortodoxa arriba resumida para ofrecer una historia fitocultural precolonial más realista y responsable sobre lo que fueron nuestros primeros encuentros con los paisajes insulares.
Palabras clave: Paleoetnobotánica, Antillas, precolonial.

English Abstract:
This paper first characterize the orthodox vision, which is predominant in Antillean history and archaeology, that for many years has sustained two things: (a) the first people who arrived to the islands (labeled as “Archaic”) were simple hunters-fishers and gatherers, and (b) the later agroceramic people who entered into the islands were horticulturists who focused their subsistence in the production of manioc. A varied set of information, paleoethnobotanical above all, which has been produced during the last decade within the Antilles and in French Guiana, reveals a very different scenario that shows a dynamic and a fluid Antillean phytocultural world. The corpus of paleoethnobotanical data and its interpretations is confronted here with previously described orthodox visions with the aim of proposing a more reliable and responsible phytocultural history about our millenary encounters with the insular landscapes.
Keywords: Paleoethnobotany, Antilles, Precolonial.
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The Carib-speaking Makushi people live in the North Rupununi region of southwest Guyana, a biologically diverse mosaic of savannahs, forests, and wetlands located on the most northerly fringes of the Amazon watershed. Numbering around 10,000 people in Guyana, the Makushi have had a long and tumultuous history of contact with outsiders, including Dutch colonists, British imperialists, Brazilian ranchers, Christian missionaries, and, most recently, scientists and conservationists. Today, Makushi communities readily collaborate with visiting researchers in managing conservation initiatives and ecotourism enterprises. However, despite a significant degree of cultural and religious creolisation, the indigenous conceptual system centred on shamanism and the proliferation of spirits in the environment continues to exist.

La yuca es determinante para la seguridad alimentaria de cientos de millones de personas alrededor del mundo. A pesar de que el principal medio de propagación del cultivo es a través de semilla asexual por estacas (tallos maduros) se ha revelado una relativamente alta diversidad intraespecífica, principalmente en los sistemas de cultivo de manejo tradicional. En esta revisión se documentan algunos estudios realizados sobre la diversidad de la yuca, tanto por marcadores moleculares como morfológicos, centrándose en aquellos realizados en el Amazonas. También se exponen los principales factores que han determinado el aprovechamiento y conservación de esta diversidad, tales como la aparición espontánea de semillas de origen sexual, el sistema de chagras indígenas, la memoria biocultural y la facilidad de intercambio de semilla entre comunidades. Finalmente, se pone de manifiesto que en los sistemas de manejo tradicional la conservación y uso de la diversidad intraespecífica se constituye en un elemento prioritario que se ha perdido en los sistemas de cultivo a gran escala. En los sistemas de manejo tradicional existe un vínculo etnobotánico que pervive e invita a buscar prácticas alternativas que aseguran un mantenimiento de la diversidad, permitiendo una productividad eficiente e incluso se hace un mejor manejo para disminuir los riesgos de incidencia de algunas plagas y enfermedades.

Cassava is crucial for the food security of hundreds of millions of people around the world. Even though the main source of propagation of the crop is through asexual seed by stakes (stems-cuttings) a relative high intraspecific diversity has been identified, mainly in the traditionally managed cultivation systems. Some studies on the diversity of cassava, based on molecular and morphological markers, are documented focusing on those made in the Amazon in this review. Also, the main factors that have determined the use and conservation of this diversity are exposed, such as the spontaneous appearance of seeds of sexual origin, the system of indigenous chagras, the biocultural memory and the ease of seed exchange between communities. From this perspective, it is evident that in traditional management systems the conservation and use of intraspecific diversity is a priority element that has been lost in large-scale farming systems. In traditional management systems, there is an ethnobotanical link that survives and invites us to seek alternative practices that ensure the maintenance of diversity, allowing efficient productivity and even better management to reduce the risk of incidence of some pests and diseases.

Citation/Citar este artículo como: Pérez D, Mora R, López-Carrascal C. Conservación de la diversidad de yuca en los sistemas tradicionales de cultivo de la Amazonía. Acta biol. Colomb. 2019;24(2):202-212. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v24n2.75428

The text presents an introduction to the life and works of Giovanni Angelo Brunelli (1722-1804), a Bolognese astronomer that participated in the first Boundaries Demarcation Committee (1753 to 1761) between Portugal and Spain's South American possessions, serving the Portuguese Crown. The three works of Brunelli about the Brazilian Amazonia are published, whose themes are the 'pororoca' (1767), the manioc (1767), and the Amazon River (1791). Two others documents related to the demarcation committee are also published: Brunelli's letter complaining about the coordination of cartographic works (1752) and the draft of the astronomer's travel diary to the Negro River (1754). All of these documents were translated to Portuguese, for the first time, from the Latin and Italian.

Fertile dark anthrosols associated with pre-Columbian settlement across the Amazon Basin have sparked wide interest for their potential contribution to sustainable use and management of tropical soils and ecosystems.  In the Upper Xingu region of the southern Amazon, research on archaeological settlements and among contémporary descendent populations provides critical new data on the formation and use of anthrosols.  These findings provide a basis for describing the variability of soil modifications that result from diverse activities and a general model for the formation of Amazonian anthrosols.  They underscore the potential for indigenous systems of knowledge and resource management to inform efforts for conservation and sustainable development of Amazonian ecosystems.

espanolLa yuca es una planta nativa de America y tiene gran importancia en el escenario productivo mundial y brasileno. Es comercializada tanto en forma primaria (tuberculo) como en forma de harina, de fecula al natural modificada para el mercado interno y para la exportacion, siendo tambien empleada en diversos sectores industriales tales como alimentos, papel y celulosa, tejidos, tintas, pegamentos, medicamentos, entre otros. El almacenamiento de informacion en bases de datos es muy importante, pero estos datos deben ser evaluados e interpretados, por su importancia fundamental para la toma de decisiones, para orientar a los inversionistas y para implementar politicas publicas dirigidas a los agronegocios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio del contexto del cultivo de la yuca y la aplicacion de las herramientas estadisticas de prevision, basadas en analisis de regresion y de series de tiempo a partir de datos historicos. Los mismos fueron obtenidos directamente de las bas...

Archaeological research in the Gulf Coast of Tabasco reveals the earliest record of maize cultivation in Mexico. The first farmers settled along beach ridges and lagoons of the Grijalva River delta. Pollen from cultivated Zea appears with evidence of forest clearing about 5100 calendar years B.C. (yr B.C.) [6200 14 C years before the present (yr B.P.)]. Large Zea sp. pollen, typical of domesticated maize ( Zea mays ), appears about 5000 calendar yr B.C. (6000 yr B.P.). A Manihot sp. pollen grain dated to 4600 calendar yr B.C. (5800 yr B.P.) may be from domesticated manioc. About 2500 calendar yr B.C. (4000 yr B.P.), domesticated sunflower seeds and cotton pollen appear as farming expanded.

O sistema culinário da mandioca está atrelado a uma vasta e rica cultura que remete às origens e tradições nacionais. Apesar da existência de um registro sobre o “Sistema Agrícola Tradicional do Rio Negro”, a complexidade da casa de farinha ribeirinha não consta oficialmente nos inscritos dos Livros de Registro do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). A falta de uma política de proteção e preservação para a cultura ribeirinha da mandioca coloca em risco a continuidade da tradição das farinheiras que têm neste conhecimento sua fonte de subsistência, fator de identidade e autoestima. O presente artigo tem como objetivo destacar a importância dos saberes e práticas alimentares das casas de farinha ribeirinhas e alertar para a necessidade do seu registro como patrimônio imaterial cultural brasileiro, salvaguardando e fomentando tal tradição no contexto da hospitalidade no turismo de base comunitária. Nesse sentido explora como o turismo de base comunitária pode reforçar o processo econômico e socioeducativo dessa cultura, a partir da atuação das mulheres anfitriãs da comunidade ribeirinha de Mangabeira (Pará) no acolhimento a turistas durante a hospedagem e o processo de produção do tradicional “beiju de massa com castanha”. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, desenvolvida a partir de um estudo de caso centrado nessa comunidade, e utilização de visitas “in loco”, observação participante e entrevistas abertas. Teoricamente, a pesquisa se fundamenta em estudos de caráter multidisciplinar relacionados ao patrimônio cultural, turismo, dádiva e hospitalidade. Os resultados iniciais indicam uma mudança significativa no comportamento das mulheres da comunidade que passam a se sentir “empoderadas” e orgulhosas do seu trabalho, além da aceitação e reconhecimento do trabalho do instituto no âmbito do turismo de base comunitária na comunidade.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food security crop for many tropical and subtropical countries. It is also acquiring an increasing role in rural development as raw material for different industries. The most important industrial uses of cassava are as a source of energy in the feed industry and for the starch and ethanol industries. To consolidate and expand the industrial uses of cassava, an increased emphasis in the search for value-added traits, while maintaining or enhancing its productivity, has recently been given by the cassava-breeding project at CIAT. Different strategies have been implemented simultaneously. Since most traits offering qualitative changes in starch properties are recessive in nature, these strategies rely heavily in the self-pollination of a wide range of cassava genotypes to expose useful recessive traits. Ongoing research for the production of doubled-haploid lines will reduce the time required to reach full homozygosity. Plants from ir...

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food security crop for many tropical and subtropical countries. It is also acquiring an increasing role in rural development as raw material for different industries. The most important industrial uses of cassava are as a source of energy in the feed industry and for the starch and ethanol industries. To consolidate and expand the industrial uses of cassava, an increased emphasis in the search for value-added traits, while maintaining or enhancing its productivity, has recently been given by the cassava-breeding project at CIAT. Different strategies have been implemented simultaneously. Since most traits offering qualitative changes in starch properties are recessive in nature, these strategies rely heavily in the self-pollination of a wide range of cassava genotypes to expose useful recessive traits. Ongoing research for the production of doubled-haploid lines will reduce the time required to reach full homozygosity. Plants from ir...

A biofertilisation assay was conducted in Maripasoula (French Guiana), testing the effects of three different organic amendments (manioc peels, sawdust and wood charcoal) and the inoculation of the endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on pod production of Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis and on soil chemical properties (pH, C, N, total and exchangeable P and K). Pod production was highest with manioc peels as available P increased in the soil. Wood charcoal also had a beneficial effect on pod production as it decreased acidity and increased the C:N ratio in the soil. In sawdust-amended soil, pod production did not differ from that in unamended soil. Inoculation of earthworms at a density of 80 sub-adults m-2 did not significantly affect either pod production or soil nutrient content directly, although it increased the positive effect of manioc peels on pod production. Soil nutrient content, pod production and earthworm density at the end of the experiment were negatively correlated with soil moisture and positively with each other. Despite the strong effect of moisture, this assay demonstrated an interaction between the earth-worm P. corethrurus and the legume V. unguiculata ses-quipedalis mediated by soil nutrient content and organic matter inputs. We conclude that manioc peels improved soil P availability and were an interesting amendment for legume crops. We discuss also the effect of earthworm inoculation.