Manor Houses

Edição de um conjunto de comunicações apresentadas em colóquio internacional realizado de 6 a 8 de junho de 2019, em Fafe, Portugal, dedicado aos estudos dos interiores das casas de elite. A iniciativa está vinculado ao projeto A casa senhorial em Portugal, Brasil e Goa: anatomia de interiores.

Medieval and early modern great houses had a three-fold identity as house, garden and farm. The manorial curia was made up of enclosures, buildings and rooms with residential, service, agricultural and horticultural functions. The enclosures can be defined by the nature of their perimeter, and by their situation in relation to the hall, which was central to the complex, and the line of approach to it. The layout of houses developed as fashionable new ones were built and older ones were modernised. The number of indoor and outdoor spaces with a specific function increased; houses become more outward-looking, symmetrical and compact, and extensive gardens were laid out. Subsequently the enclosures and low-status buildings surrounding great houses were swept away, leaving the domestic part standing alone, but often leaving little or no trace of their former existence.

Andrew Boorde, writing in the 1540s, advised the builder of a new house to choose a site which was close to supplies of water and wood but also had a good view. He further recommended having a garden and orchard, while a park full of deer and rabbits was ‘a necessary and a pleasant thing to be annexed to a mansion’. Boorde was emphasising the importance of both practical and aesthetic factors in the siting of a great house, and the interplay between these factors also influenced the evolution of houses, their gardens and parks over time. This developmental journey - from medieval manor house in a village to Georgian country house in a landscaped park - forms the subject matter of this important new book.

Drawing on a wide range of source materials - architectural and topographical, written and pictorial - historian Jane Croom explains how new houses were built, existing houses were remodelled and their immediate surroundings were redesigned between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries. The book starts with a thematic overview of great houses and their settings and then examines their development chronologically. Consideration is given to the: layout and appearance of new houses, gardens and parks at different periods; development of houses to become more outward-looking, symmetrical and compact; updating of older houses to be, or appear to be, more modern; changing arrangements and uses of rooms, and the transformation of gardens and parks into appropriate backdrops to houses. Changes to the wider landscape of fields and settlements are also explored, including the consolidation of estates, enclosure of open fields, and creation of parks.

Reference is made to some 100 different case studies and the book is extensively illustrated with over 300 photographs of extant houses and reproductions of paintings, engravings, maps and plans depicting earlier or lost buildings and landscapes. There are also informative appendices, a glossary of terms and a comprehensive bibliography. This work will appeal to anyone with an interest in historic houses or designed landscapes, whether as a scholar, heritage professional, member of the National Trust or English Heritage, or general reader.

The park-manors complexes in Poland became popular in the 16th century. At that time, existing knights‘ residences were rebuilt and noblemen‘s courts were built in their place. These buildings were developed and changed until the 20th century. Due to the landed gentry who lived there, the manor houses were the places of maintaining the Polish national identity. The architectural style („manorial“ or „Polish“ style) that appeared in the interwar period became a symbol. These places were strongly associated with culture and national history, but now these buildings are in ruin. Manor residences deteriorate and are forgotten, thus the elements of common identity (history and culture) are lost.

https://cdfi.uni-greifswald.de/en/art-history/research/translate-to-english-herrenhauszentrum-des-ostseeraums/

The research project at the University of Greifswald is dedicated to the study of post-medieval manor houses from 1500 onwards. These buildings still form a central part of the unique cultural landscape of the Baltic Sea region. Approximately 12,000 to 15,000 mansions are spread over a total of ten countries. These include parts of Germany, Poland, the Russian regions of Kaliningrad, Ingermanland and Karelia, the baltic states Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia as well as Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. Although architectural historians have already perceived the corpus of manor houses in the Baltic Sea region as a special regional feature, an awareness of the common historical cultural landscape of the manor management is only slowly evolving in the neighbouring states. In fact, the design of these residences clearly shows recognisable connections in terms of content and form as well as transcultural influences within Europe.
The project is funded in equal parts by the Ministry of Science, Culture, Federal and European Affairs Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media. During the three-year funding phase, our research will focus on selected objects from the 18th century, which marked the heyday of manor houses and estates in the Baltic Sea region. The detailed analyses will not only deal with art-historical and architectural-historical questions, but also examine aspects on a cultural, functional, sociological, and political level. Cooperation networks of architects and artists, who were involved in the construction and interior design of various manors, are just one example of the named transcultural connections. Comparative studies on art landscapes and manor houses as a part of territorial history relying on a database-driven research design do not yet exist. Therefore, the project holds a pilot character in every respect.
During the funding phase, the project will establish a research environment that corresponds to today's scientific standards and state-of-the-art technology. Due to this purpose, different methods and procedures will be used supporting the team to investigate not only art-historical questions. In addition to fully intact manor houses, our research will deal with some ruined objects too. Next to the results of the imaging methods, our aim is a collection of all available documents, archival records, plans and oral history data for the selected houses and their properties. The structured collection of data occurs in an environment based on various MediaWiki extensions. Through this solution, the project takes advantage of the free and widely used applications on which Wikidata, among others, is based. At the same time, enriched data of the selected objects are created in the sense of the FAIR principles. During the project, it will be possible to query data and integrate them into own systems.  Furthermore, it will be possible to provide temporary access to external users in order to create own data sets or to complete existing data sets in the sense of citizen science. In this way, the project wants to make its contribution to the overarching idea of linked open data within science and humanities.
Objective for the three-year phase:
- Collection of data on all manor houses in the Baltic Sea region in general and detailed documentation of approx. 20 selected reference objects
- Presentation of the results via a user-friendly web portal
- ongoing presentation of new results via conferences, workshops and exhibitions
- identification of suitable after-use concepts and applications (apps, mixed reality)
- Connection of the project to already existing and established research initiatives in the Baltic Sea region for sustainable networking
- Exploration of the potentials of possible follow-up projects and research projects

Abstract
No dealbar da década de oitenta do século passado, a Direcção Geral de Turismo criou uma nova designação de empreendimento turístico – o Turismo de Habitação. A iniciativa correspondia ao intento de recuperar casas que se achavam em estado avançado de degradação ou até mesmo desabitadas. Mais de trinta anos volvidos, é hoje uma evidência que o Turismo de Habitação tem contribuído para a valorização da identidade regional das unidades territoriais onde as Casas Nobres se inserem. Mas, sobretudo, a atividade tem-se constituído num precioso móbil para a revitalização de um património erudito com fundas raízes históricas e familiares. Persuadidos pela riqueza deste vasto património material, procurámos aplicar a metodologia designada de Grounded Theory (de abordagem Clássica ou Glaseriana) para explicarmos o que está a acontecer na área substantiva do Turismo de Habitação. A Grounded Theory é um método indutivo em que a teoria emerge a partir dos dados. O processo investigativo move-se da recolha sistemática de dados numa área substantiva até ao desenvolvimento de uma teoria conceptual multivariada. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa é descobrir as principais preocupações dos proprietários das casas de Turismo de Habitação e explicar os processos que são por eles utilizados para resolverem os problemas com que se debatem enquanto implementam a atividade. Deste modo, os resultados da Grounded Theory não são relatos de factos mas sim declarações probabilísticas acerca da relação entre conceitos ou um conjunto integrado de hipóteses conceptuais desenvolvidas a partir de dados empíricos. A amostra adotada foi não-probabilística e contemplou donos e donas de casas de Turismo de Habitação de todo o país, ainda que se tenha centrado eminentemente nos participantes cujas casas estavam sediadas nas regiões do Minho e Douro. Os conceitos que utilizámos para conceber a teoria ressumaram da recolha de 50 testemunhos de anfitriões e anfitriãs desta tipologia de unidades turísticas sob a forma de entrevistas não estruturadas. Observando os preceitos da Grounded Theory Clássica, as entrevistas não foram gravadas, mas objeto de anotação, que, depois de terminada a entrevista, foi ampliada em substantivas notas de campo. As perguntas que constaram do nosso guião de entrevista foram formuladas da maneira mais aberta possível. Com apenas duas perguntas procurámos instilar um relato caudaloso da parte dos participantes: pode-me, por favor, falar das suas experiências como proprietário e anfitrião da Casa X? como se sente enquanto anfitrião? Através do método de comparação constante, a análise teve o seu início com a primeira recolha de dados. Os dados das entrevistas foram analisados frase a frase e foram codificados. Os dados codificados foram organizados em conceitos e posteriormente em categorias que foram, subsequentemente, integrados numa teoria. Durante todo o processo as ideias que emergiram acerca dos conceitos e processos foram registadas sob a forma de memorandos. Empreendemos uma amostragem teórica sempre que considerámos que as categorias necessitavam de mais refinamento. Destarte, os participantes foram selecionados tanto para minimizar como para maximizar as diferenças nos dados. Minimizando diferenças aumentámos a possibilidade de recolher dados semelhantes para uma determinada categoria e suas propriedades, verificando, desta forma, a sua existência e estabelecendo um conjunto de condições em que a categoria existe (e.g. a tipologia “anfitrião originador” apresenta as seguintes dimensões: nível intermédio de competência linguística; baixo nível de competência tecnológica; alto nível de relacionamento interpessoal; baixo nível de competência gestora). Por outro lado, maximizámos as diferenças – procurando dados para comparar – não para cobrirmos na íntegra o campo de pesquisa mas para contribuirmos para a completude teórica da categoria. Deste modo, a maximização de diferenças exponenciou a variedade de dados que suportam as categorias e assim desenvolvemos tantas propriedades diversas da categoria quanto nos foi possível (e.g. de inicio entrevistámos anfitriões que pertenciam à família que fundou a casa, posteriormente, para saturar a categoria “anfitrião”, entrevistámos anfitriões de famílias alheias às origens da casa) Entretanto, identificou-se uma categoria central provisória (“Modelo Económico de Hospedagem") que era aquela com a qual todas as outras estavam relacionadas. À medida que as categorias começaram a saturar e as relações entre elas se clarificaram, uma teoria substantiva relativa ao Turismo de Habitação emergiu. Dela pretendemos dar conta no 4º Congresso Internacional da Casa Nobre.

Kalbant apie Kernavės paveldą dažniausiai iškyla gan plačiai tyrinėtų ir mokslinėje literatūroje reprezentuotų priešistorinių gyvenviečių ar viduramžių miesto vaizdinys. Visgi šiais istoriniais etapais Kernavės miestelio istorija nesibaigė. Sunykus ankstyvajam miestui, čia įkurdintas valstybinis dvaras, kuris, kartu su bažnyčia, tapo Kernavės miestelio ašimis. Iki šiol dvaro istorija mažai tyrinėta, kai kurie anksčiau surinkti duomenys pateikiami išbarstytai ar visai nepublikuoti. Tad straipsnyje siekiama sistemingai pateikti turimą informaciją apie dvaro valdytojus ir valdymą nuo pat ankstyviausių jo laikų iki sunykimo. Taip pat apibendrinti archyve saugomuose inventoriuose bei planuose atsispindinčią informaciją apie dvaro sodybos architektūrinį pobūdį bei raidą.

Presja cywilizacyjna oraz zmiana uwarunkowań społecznych przełomu XIX i XX wieku wywołały silną potrzebę przekształceń architektury dworów i pałaców. Proces ten, z różną dynamiką, przebiegał do końca lat 30. XX w. Celem podjętych badań było rozpoznanie działalności budowlanej ziemian w kontekście modernizacji siedzib ziemiańskich w Wielkopolsce w 1. połowie XX wieku. W centrum zainteresowania znalazła się analiza różnych sposobów kształtowania bryły obiektu, które wiodły do zasadniczej zmiany zewnętrznego wizerunku siedziby poprzez rozbudowy, przebudowy lub wzniesienie nowego budynku. Dotychczasowe prace badawcze ograniczały się zwykle do identyfikacji przekształceń pojedynczych siedzib ziemiańskich, nierzadko tych o znaczących walorach architektonicznych. Dlatego zamiast szczegółowego przeglądu obiektów w artykule podjęto próbę sformułowania pewnej syntezy, określając skalę i dynamikę ruchu budowlanego. Tego problemu dotyczyły badania, którymi objęto wszystkie siedziby ziemiańskie z obszaru ziemi średzkiej zlokalizowanej w centralnej Wielkopolsce.

At the turn of the 19th century the pressure of civilization and changes in social conditions caused the urge to develop buildings in manor and palace estates in the Greater Poland region. This process varied in dynamics and continued until the late 1930s. The aim of the research was to identify landowners’ building activity in the context of modernisation of manors and palaces in the first half of the 20th century. The research concentrated on analysis of different methods of developing buildings, which altered the outer image of the estate, i.e. extension, reconstruction or erection of a new building. So far research has usually been limited to the identification of transformations in individual landowners’ estates, as often as not those of significant architectural value. The research was based on a synthetic approach, which consisted in identification of the scale and dynamics of building trends, rather than on a detailed overview of individual buildings. The research encompassed all landowners’ estates surrounding the town of Środa Wlkp. in the central part of the Greater Poland Region.

The paper concerns the already nonexistent manor house at Ahníkov (Hagensdorf) by Chomutov (Komotau), demolished in the 1980s. Based on a preserved 1622 inventory, the article deals with the look of the interior of the residential buildings at that time, attempting to reconstruct their functional layout and to determine position and function of individual rooms.