Marine Resource Management

Abstrak Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki wilayah laut yang lebih luas dari wilayah darat, 13.466 pulau dan garis pantai sepanjang 99.093 km (Badan Informasi Geospasial, 2013) menjadikan Indonesia memiliki sumber daya alam laut yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan sumber daya alam di darat. Kondisi potensi sumber daya laut ini dipandang sebagai peluang Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang untuk membangun keunggulan di bidang pesisir dan kelautan. Namun selama 71 tahun bangsa ini merdeka, sektor kelautan ternyata belum dapat menunjukkan sebagai sektor yang dapat diunggulkan oleh bangsa dan diandalkan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Permasalahan yang timbul di Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan yang multikultural tidak terlepas dari konflik penyelenggaraan pengelolaan pesisir dan laut antar sektor, antara pusat dan daerah, antar pemerintah daerah, dan antar pemangku kepentingan. Penyelenggaraan pengelolaan kelautan melalui definisi kadaster kelautan telah ada di negara-negara maju non-kepulauan seperti Australia, Kanada, dan Amerika, sedangkan Indonesia belum memiliki definisi kadaster kelautan dan model penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) sebagai negara kepulauan. Maka perlu dibangun pola penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan di Indonesia dalam perspektif Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Pola penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan di Indonesia dibangun melalui Kajian definisi-definisi kadaster kelautan dari negara-negara non-kepulauan; Membangun definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan; Membangun model pola penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan di Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Produk penelitian ini diperoleh Definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia sebagai wujud kedaulatan ilmu, pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam merumuskan definisi kadaster kelautan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik NKRI sebagai negara kepulauan, dan Model pola penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan di Indonesia sebagai acuan dasar perumusan kebijakan pemerintah dalam mewujudkan pemerintahan di laut. Kata kunci: karakteristik NKRI, definisi kadaster kelautan, pemerintahan di laut

ABSTRAK Selama 67 tahun bangsa ini merdeka, sektor kelautan ternyata belum dapat menunjukkan sebagai sektor yang dapat diunggulkan oleh bangsa dan diandalkan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Fakta ini tentunya sangat bertolak belakang jika dibandingkan dengan potensi sumber daya laut yang ada di negara Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Berdasarkan studi pustaka, ternyata masalah utama yang terjadi di laut Indonesia adalah tidak terkendalinya intervensi manusia dalam mengelola sumber daya laut yang menyebabkan kacaunya pola pemanfaatan sumber daya laut, yakni pemanfaatan yang tak terkendali bahkan bersifat destruktif. Tulisan ini membahas mengenai konsep pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan laut di Indonesia, terutama pasca-dicabutnya Hak Pengusahaan Perairan Pesisir (HP3) berdasarkan keputusan MK No.3/PUU-VII/2010. Konsep Kadaster Kelautan yang digunakan oleh beberapa negara non-kepulauan (Australia, Kanada dan Amerika), selanjutnya dijadikan sebagai usulan solusi yang dapat diterapkan untuk pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan laut Indonesia. ABSTRACT During 67 years of the nation's independence, maritime sector has not proved as a sector that can be seeded by the nation and relied by Indonesian people. This fact is contrary when compared with marine resources in Indonesian archipelago. Based on the literature, the main problems in Indonesia ocean are uncontrolled human intervention in marine management that causes the disruption pattern used by marine resources which is uncontrollable utilization even destructive.

In 1995 the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) defined that " A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. right, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (conveyance), to assist in the management of land and land use (e.g. for planning and other administrative purposes), and enables sustainable development and environmental protection

Abstrak Penyelenggaraan pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan laut di Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh sistem otonomi daerah, sistem sektoral maupun sistem adat, kondisi ini merupakan salah satu implikasi Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Membahas mengenai pengelolaan sumber daya pesisir dan laut di Indonesia, langkah awal yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan komparasi pengelolaan sumber daya pesisir dan laut di beberapa negara maju seperti Australia, Kanada dan Amerika melalui definisi kadaster kelautan (marine cadastre) yang ada di ketiga negara non-kepulauan tersebut. Secara garis besar kadaster kelautan berkaitan dengan bagaimana suatu negara, khususnya Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan dalam mengelola dan mengatur sumber daya pesisir dan laut. Kondisi inilah yang menyebabkan definisi-definisi kadaster kelautan dari negara-negara non-kepulauan seperti Amerika, Kanada dan Australia tidak dapat diterapkan di wilayah pesisir dan laut di Indonesia. Penelitian ini akan merumuskan definisi kadaster kelautan dalam perspektif NKRI sebagai negara kepulauan. Definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia dibangun menggunakan kerangka sintesis unsur-unsur definisi kadaster kelautan dari Australia, Kanada dan Amerika, ditambah unsur-unsur karakteristik NKRI sebagai negara kepulauan, dan pendekatan teori sistem. Secara keilmuan penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi kelautan melalui definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia sebagai instrumen untuk membangun pola penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan di Indonesia dalam perspektif Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Definsi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia adalah operasional sistem kompleks dan dinamik dalam pengelolaan sumber daya wilayah pesisir dan laut dalam lingkup penetapan batas laut wilayah (restriction), batas kewenangan (right/ izin dan responsibility), yang membentuk keterpaduan antara wilayah administrasi skala nasional, skala provinsi, dan skala kabupaten/kota dengan memperhatikan keberadaan masyarakat adat, serta keharmonisan dan sinergi antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah. Definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia dirumuskan dalam bentuk kata kerja (bukan sebagai kata benda seperti beberapa negara lain) sebagai tindakan aktif/ operasional untuk Penyelenggaraan Kelautan Indonesia pada UU RI No.32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan. Kata kunci: kadaster kelautan, negara kepulauan, karakteristik NKRI, teori sistem.

PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern
European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good
Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary
approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge
gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal
areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also
independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities
for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food
web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification
of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES.

In 2014 at the end of his term, Indonesia’s President SB. Yudhoyono passed a law that changed the roles of district (i.e., local) and provincial governments in marine resource management. Under prior law, local governments had held authority to manage marine resources out to four nautical miles from the coastline, with provincial governments then managing from the 4-nm line to 12 nm.*  But under the new law, Law No. 23 of 2014, that local authority was transferred to the provincial level. As a result, provincial governments now have authority from the shore to 12 nm — including for exploration, exploitation, conservation, marine spatial planning, and other management of marine resources — and local governments have none

Holbox: antropología de la pesca en una isla del Caribe mexicano es ante todo un estudio etnográfico que aborda la vida económica, social y cultural de los pescadores en una pequeña isla al norte de Quintana Roo, México. El trabajo se enmarca dentro de la especialidad que se ha dado en llamar antropología de la pesca o antropología marítima. Partiendo de un estudio de caso esta investigación aporta al conocimiento de las sociedades de pescadores a pequeña escala, la complejidad, deficiencias y cualidades de una actividad productiva, que en estricto sentido es una forma de vida. Se aborda el proceso de evolución de la pesca, la organización social en la isla, las estrategias de captura, el manejo de los recursos marinos y la organización de las cooperativas pesqueras.

PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achieveme...

Indonesia as an archipelagic country has marine area larger than land area, 13.446 islands (Geospatial Information Agency, 2012) with coastline 95,181 km (Indonesian Maritime Council, 2008), making Indonesia has natural resources of the sea more than the natural resources on land. This potential conditions of marine resources is seen as an opportunity for Indonesia as a developing country to build excellence in coastal and marine field. But during 68 years of the nation's independence, maritime sector has notproved as a sector that can be seeded by the nation and relied by Indonesian people. Based on the literature, one of the main problems in Indonesian ocean is marine boundariesdetermination are unclear and unresolved causes uncontrolled human intervention in managing marine resources and chaotic patterns of use of marine resources, uncontrolled utilization even destructive. This paper discusses about marine boundariesproblems that is happened in Indonesia whether they arise from the country and from abroad. Until now much of Indonesia marine boundaries with neighboring countries are still unfinished. Implementation of UUD1945 Article 18 and 25 junctoLaw No.32/2004 juncto Regulation of the ministry of home affairs No. 1/2006 about determination and demarcation of boundaries (including marine boundary) hasn'trealized. There is no certaintboundaries of exploitation and utilization activities in ocean spacebyinstitutional (sector), nor implementation of marine management in eastern Indonesia that more often faced with the existence of customary marine management caused overlapping claims marine areas that can raisemarine boundariesconflicts between regions, sectors or customary. In general, marine cadastre deals with how states define, organize and manage marine boundaries in their countries. This condition causes marine cadastre concepts in continental countries such as America, Canada, and Australia can not be fully implemented in Indonesia. Marine cadastre concept for Indonesia should adopt the archipelago needs, in the context associated with UNCLOS'82, Law No. 32 2004 about regional autonomy, Law No.27 2007 about coastal management areas and small islands, and customary marine authority. This paper is part of dissertation research in order to build model of marine cadastre system uses evaluation definition approach and geospatial information principles.

PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achieveme...

In Indonesia pre-existing systems of fisheries management were delegitimized during the ‘New Order Era’ (1966–1998), and revived after the ‘Reform Era’ began, in 1998. Three such systems are examined; the awig–awig and sawen of North Lombok, and the petuanan and sasi of Maluku. Based on the pre-existing system that contained sawen, with its basic values and norms for integrated management of forest, farmland and coastal resources, local people took the initiative to revive three awig–awig, and adapted them to both combat destructive fishing practices and implement sustainable fisheries management. Sea tenure in Maluku is based on the concept of petuanan laut, the sea territory of a particular social group, to which ‘the right to eat’ (compounded from the rights of access, usage and exploitation) and ‘the right of ownership’ are attached. Sasi refers to the beliefs, rules and rituals regarding temporal prohibitions for a petuanan laut. The performance of pre-existing fisheries management systems is evaluated and national policy for them examined.

In Indonesia pre-existing systems of fisheries management were delegitimized during the ‘New Order Era’ (1966–1998), and revived after the ‘Reform Era’ began, in 1998. Three such systems are examined; the awig–awig and sawen of North Lombok, and the petuanan and sasi of Maluku. Based on the pre-existing system that contained sawen, with its basic values and norms for integrated management of forest, farmland and coastal resources, local people took the initiative to revive three awig–awig, and adapted them to both combat destructive fishing practices and implement sustainable fisheries management. Sea tenure in Maluku is based on the concept of petuanan laut, the sea territory of a particular social group, to which ‘the right to eat’ (compounded from the rights of access, usage and exploitation) and ‘the right of ownership’ are attached. Sasi refers to the beliefs, rules and rituals regarding temporal prohibitions for a petuanan laut. The performance of pre-existing fisheries manage...

Indonesia as an archipelagic country has marine larger area than land. With approximately consist of more than 13.466 islands (Geospatial Information Agency, 2013) and 99.093km coastline (Geospatial Information Agency, 2013), making Indonesia has more abundant natural resources of the sea than in land. This potential condition of marine resources is seen as an opportunity for Indonesia as a developing country to build excellence in coastal and marine field. However, after 70 years of its independence, maritime sector has not proved as a sector that can be seeded by the nation and relied by Indonesian people. Based on the literature, one of the main problems in Indonesian ocean is the unintegrated nature of utilization activities between institutional (sector), local government (provincial and city/county) and customary that caused overlapping claims marine areas that may result in marine boundaries conflicts.This paper discusses aboutintegration constructionconcept of marine utilization elements in Indonesia. Integration concept can be constructed by marine cadastre elements (right, restriction, and responsibility), integration principle and legal certainty principle in Law No. 4

ABSTRAK Sistem pemerintahan dan manajemen pembangunan yang diterapkan di Indonesia selama ini masih berbasis pada daratan. Fokus pembangunan di kelautan sejak tahun 2001 masih diberikan pada sektor perikanan saja, sehingga pembangunan kelautan secara utuh sebagai penghubung antar pulau dan sumberdaya non-hayati yang sangat potensial masih sangat tertinggal (Oetomo, 2015). Pembangunan Kelautan merupakan bagian dari pembangunan nasional untuk mewujudkan Indonesia menjadi negara kepulauan yang mandiri, maju, kuat, dan berbasiskan kepentingan nasional. Konsep Pembangunan Kelautan pada UU RI No 32 Tahun 2014 dapat dijalankan melalui penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan. Definisi kadaster kelautan untuk Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan adalah operasional sistem kompleks dan dinamik dalam pengelolaan sumber daya wilayah pesisir dan laut dalam lingkup penetapan batas laut wilayah (restriction), batas kewenangan (right/izin dan responsibility), yang membentuk keterpaduan antara wilayah administrasi skala nasional, skala provinsi, dan skala kabupaten/kota dengan memperhatikan keberadaan masyarakat adat, serta keharmonisan dan sinergi antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah (Astor, 2016). Penyelenggaraan kadaster kelautan dimulai dari pembuatan Peta Kadaster Kelautan Indonesia sebagai peta tunggal di dalam penyelenggaraan pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan. Peta kadaster kelautan dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan bersama oleh pemerintah pusat (kementerian), pemerintah daerah (provinsi dan kabupaten/kota), swasta maupun masyarakat hukum adat di dalam menentukan lokasi beserta batas-batas suatu kegiatan pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan. Di dalam peta kadaster kelautan terdapat unsur right/izin, restriction dan responsibility yang dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk menerbitkan Izin Lokasi dan Izin Pengelolaan kegiatan di permukaan laut, kolom laut dan dasar laut yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah. Kata kunci: kadaster kelautan, permukaan laut, kolom laut, dasar laut ABSTRACT Government and development management system applied in Indonesia is still based on land. The focus of development in marine since 2001 is still given to the fisheries sector, so marine development as a connection between the island and non-biological resource potential is still very underdeveloped (Oetomo, 201). Marine Development is part of the national development to bring Indonesia into an independent achipelagic state, advanced, powerful, and based on national interests. Marine Development concept on Act no.32 of 2014 about Marine can be executed through the implementation of marine cadastre. Definition of marine cadastre in Indonesia as an archipelagic state is a complex and dynamic operational system in managing coastal and marine resources by referring to area restrictions, authority rights and responsibility, that form integration among national administrative regions, provincial, and district/city with attention the existence of indigenous peoples, harmony and synergy between the central government and local governments (Astor, 2016). Implementation of marine cadastre started from Marine Cadastre Map as a single map in organization management of marine resources. Marine cadastre maps can be used as a common reference by the central government represented by the ministry/sector, local governments (provincial and district/city), private and indigenous people in determining location and boundaries of marine resources management activities. In Marine Cadastre Map there are elements of right/permission, restriction and responsibility to serve as the basic for publish Location Permit and Management Permit activities at sea surface, sea column, and seabed which published by the government and local governments .

Indonesia as an archipelagic country has marine area larger than land area, 13.446 islands (Geospatial Information Agency, 2012) with coastline 95,181 km (Indonesian Maritime Council, 2008), making Indonesia has natural resources of the sea more than the natural resources on land. This potential conditions of marine resources is seen as an opportunity for Indonesia as a developing country to build excellence in coastal and marine field. But during 68 years of the nation's independence, maritime sector has notproved as a sector that can be seeded by the nation and relied by Indonesian people. Based on the literature, one of the main problems in Indonesian ocean is marine boundariesdetermination are unclear and unresolved causes uncontrolled human intervention in managing marine resources and chaotic patterns of use of marine resources, uncontrolled utilization even destructive. This paper discusses about marine boundaries problems that is happened in Indonesia whether they arise from the country and from abroad. Until now much of Indonesia marine boundaries with neighboring countries are still unfinished. Implementation of UUD1945 Article 18 and 25 junctoLaw No.32/2004 juncto Regulation of the ministry of home affairs No. 1/2006 about determination and demarcation of boundaries (including marine boundary) hasn'trealized. There is no certaintboundaries of exploitation and utilization activities in ocean spacebyinstitutional (sector), nor implementation of marine management in eastern Indonesia that more often faced with the existence of customary marine management caused overlapping claims marine areas that can raisemarine boundariesconflicts between regions, sectors or customary. In general, marine cadastre deals with how states define, organize and manage marine boundaries in their countries. This condition causes marine cadastre concepts in continental countries such as America, Canada, and Australia can not be fully implemented in Indonesia. Marine cadastre concept for Indonesia should adopt the archipelago needs, in the context associated with UNCLOS'82, Law No. 32 2004 about regional autonomy, Law No.27 2007 about coastal management areas and small islands, and customary marine authority. This paper is part of dissertation research in order to build model of marine cadastre system uses evaluation definition approach and geospatial information principles. The term Cadastre is etymologically derived from the Greek katastikhon meaning public list showing details of ownership and value of land that was originally made for the purposes of taxation. The term of cadastre has existed in Indonesia introduced by the Dutch colonial government in 1823 with establishment Kadasterale Dienst (Cadastral Bureau) and the Japanese colonial period called Land Registry Bureau under Department of Justice, after the proclamation of independence later switched to Ministry of Home Affairs, and in1955 switch to Ministry of Agrarian, in 1966 changed to Directorate General of Agricultural Department of Home Affairs,