Master Planning

Master plans have long been criticized by critical planners who have argued in
favour of more strategic, collaborative and relational forms of spatial planning
that can more adequately respond to local needs and realities, especially in the
context of the global South. Rather than critiquing master planning, this paper
seeks to interrogate its recent rise in urban Africa. Building on a review of
international planning trajectories, the paper seeks to challenge dominant
narratives in the Western literature around the rise and decline of master
planning. Planning experiences from across the African continent illustrate
how master planning was a limited practice under colonialism and emerged
more strongly in early post-colonial years, while persisting through a quiet
period of planning and proliferating in recent times. By exploring the
diversity in the influences and approaches to master planning for new and
existing cities in Africa over time, the paper positions master planning as the
product of a complex array of transnational circuits and multiple local actors
and ambitions which intersect across different scales. The study of master
planning should therefore be considered as an important entry point into
understanding and rethinking the contemporary politics of urban planning,
implementation, and development in Africa.

The Selandra Rise master-planned estate (MPE) in Melbourne’s south-east growth corridor was designed to create a “healthy and engaged community” through the provision of parks, physical activity opportunities and
community facilities. A 5 year longitudinal study researched the impact on residents. Over one third of residents spent 2 to 3 h per day commuting and high levels of dissatisfaction with commutes were found. Longer commute times were associated with poor physical activity and weight outcomes. The paper concludes that provisions for health and wellbeing within an MPE are insufficient when opportunities for local employment are limited and broader locational, connectivity and transport disadvantages are not addressed.

The rate of urbanization in Laos has increased significantly since the country began its transition to a market economy in 1986. Although urbanization in developing countries has been examined extensively in the literature, very few researchers have focused on Laos. Our main aim here was to examine the effectiveness of utilizing the master plan as a management tool to regulate urban growth in Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. We used a mixed-methods approach to address the research objective. First, we examined the population changes since 1985. Next, land-use and land-cover changes were detected by analyzing the satellite images from three different time periods. Then, we analyzed the city's recently approved master plan to determine whether it can regulate urban growth. Finally, to investigate the socio-economic and institutional issues and better understand the reasons for rapid land-use and land-cover changes, we interviewed several key figures from the departments related to urban management and a number of residents living in the peri-urban area. Between 1995 and 2011, the urban population in the study area increased from 337,000 to 780,000. In the same time period, the built-up area increased from approximately 154 km2 to more than 206 km2. The total area of the forests decreased from approximately 2354 km2 to approximately 1353 km2. The results indicate that there is an urgent need for improvements in the regulatory and management aspects and that the master plan should be revised to provide a more realistic account of the existing situation.

The European Union is trying to strengthen economic, social, and territorial cohesion of certain regions in order to improve the quality of life for its residents. The key part of that process is improving the urban and regional mobility, which is essential for a modern living standard of the residents in those areas. This paper discusses the attitudes and documents of the EU that encourage sustainable urban and regional mobility through the development and use of public transport networks as a part of the regional, urban and suburban transport in larger cities. Special emphasis is placed on Master plans for transport development in cities, counties and functional regions, which serve as initial and strategic points for launching further transport projects. Co-funding of the design documentation of the Master plans is encouraged, as well as carrying out projects of sustainable urban and regional mobility through EU operational programmes. A case of an integrated passenger transport system and shipping tariff in the City of Zagreb, Zagreb county, and Krapina-Zagorje county was analysed.

Groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer at a site in coastal New South Wales has been causing recent water logging issues. A trend of rising groundwater level has been anecdotally observed over the last 10 years. It was not clear whether the changes in groundwater levels were solely natural variations within the groundwater system or whether human interference was driving the level up. Time series topographic images revealed significant surrounding land use changes and human modification to the environment of the groundwater catchment. A statistical model utilising HARTT (multiple linear regression hydrograph analysis method) simulated the groundwater level dynamics at five key monitoring locations and successfully showed a trend of rising groundwater level. Utilising hydrogeological input from field investigations the model successfully simulated the rise in the water table over time to the present day levels, whilst taking into consideration rainfall and land changes. The underlying geological / land conditions were found to be just as significant as the impact of climate variation. The correlation coefficient for the monitoring bores, excluding MB4, show that the groundwater level fluctuation can be explained by the climate variable (rainfall) with the lag time between the atypical rainfall and groundwater level ranging from 4 to 7 months. The low R2 value for MB4 indicates that there are factors missing in the model which are primarily related human interference. The elevated groundwater levels in the affected area are the result of long term cumulative land use changes, instigated by humans, which have directly resulted in detrimental changes to the groundwater aquifer properties.

URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2175/106143017X14839994523785

In the last seven years, the number of plans with climate measures for tropical cities has increased 2.3 times compared to the previous seven years as a result of the initiatives of central and local governments, multi-bilateral development aid and development banks. The plans matter in achieving the 11th United Nations' Sustainable development goal. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to ascertain the relevance and quality of climate planning in large and medium-sized cities in the Tropics. The chapter proposes and applies the QCPI-Quality of Climate Plans Index, consisting of 10 indicators (characterization of climate, number, quantification, relevance, potential impact, cost, funding sources, timetable and responsibility of measures, implementation monitoring and reporting). It is revealed that 338 tropical cities currently have a local development, emergency, master, mitigation, adaptation, risk reduction plan or a resilience or smart city strategy. These tools were unquestionably more common in large cities, especially in OCDE and BRICS countries, while they were rare in Developing Countries. Local development plans (Municipal development, general, comprehensive) were the most common in medium-sized cities, along with those with the lowest quality, while stand-alone strategies and plans (resilience, mitigation, sustainable, adaptation), applied mostly in big cities, present much higher quality.

Esse artigo pretende abordar a experiência de construção do Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Desenvolvimento Físico Territorial do Município de Sorocaba (Lei Municipal no 7.122/04) a partir de dois olhares. Um primeiro olhar, sobre a participação democrática e os atores que constróem o Plano–a sociedade civil, o Poder Executivo, Legislativo, a consultoria, o Ministério Público, etc.

Purpose-The paper explores how interpretations of vernacular traditional architecture played a significant role in the development of urban conservation practice in Turkey in the 1960s and 1970s. At the turn of the 20th century, the value of Ottoman historic residential architecture began to develop with the label of the Turkish House. At the turn of the 20th century, historic residential architecture of the Ottoman Empire gained a heritage value and labeled as the Turkish House. Thus, these houses became a part of a national heritage discourse, though their preservation only came to agenda in the early 1970s through preservation programs for Istanbul's waterfront mansions (yali). Turkey simultaneously adapted international heritage developments throughout the 1960s and the 1970s and introduced urban conservation both in practice and in theory to heritage management system of Turkey. Design/methodology/approach-The main research material is derived from the archives of the primary preservation council of Turkey that functioned from 1951 to 1983. The earlier works of the members of the council, journals of the period and urban projects are investigated to outline the complexities of urban conservation. Findings-This paper explores how modernist efforts of the early 20th century framed traditional Ottoman architecture with the label "Turkish House." In addition, it reveals how preserving the Turkish House was a major motivation that triggered early urban conservation attempts primarily along Istanbul's Bosporus shores. Originality/value-The paper outlines dynamics of urban conservation. It outlines that urban conservation did not only emerge as a response to postwar context, but it was also a historic continuation of modernist understandings of "cultural heritage."

The basic document for regulation of the settlement urban development is the Master Plan [1]. The legislative and regulatory framework for regulating the composition, content, approval and approval of this document is very extensive and is based on a broad basis of scientific research and practical experience of domestic and foreign specialists in this field. The larger the city, the more difficult it is to predict its continued existence. In this article the results of the analysis of historical-geographical, socio-demographic and legislative-normative aspects influencing the regulation of the city development issues (on the example of the historical and current master plans of the city of Kyiv) are covered. Also are outlined the peculiarities of the formation of the spatial organization of the city territory as a part of the master plans of Kyiv at different historical stages-prior the planning, the period of joining the Russian Empire, the Soviet and the present period. The evolution of models of spatial organization of the city territory is characterized. The master plans development periodicity is analyzed as well as a conclusion is made about the fallibility of the statutory requirement regarding the indefinite validity of the master plan of the settlement as a basic urban planning document. Population size (both actual and predicted) acts as a key indicator of settlement development. The article analyzes the dynamics of the population of Kyiv, identifies patterns of influence of positive and negative factors on this indicator, establishes faults between the actual and predicted population of Kyiv. The conclusion is made about the extreme complexity of forecasting the prospects for the development of urban systems. The reasons (accu-racy of demographic forecasts, counter intuitive-ness of development of complex urban planning system, imperfection of legislative and regulatory base) of impossibility of full realization of master plans of settlements, in particular, of the city of Kyiv are considered. The recommendations on improvement of the legislative and normative base for development of settlements master plans are given. In particular, the return of the fixed term of the Master Plan, that does not exceed 20 years. The author's vision of promising directions of development and transformation of the spatial organization of the territory at the present evolutionary stage of its existence of the city of Kyiv is formulated. Namely-a cardinal complex reconstruction of the city.

O seguinte artigo expõe como se deu a implementação do instrumento de Cota de Solidariedade tanto nas cidades dos Estados Unidos da América quanto em São Paulo. Por meio deste artigo procura-se demonstrar as diferenças e similaridades entre os programas de Inclusionary Zoning americanos, vigentes desde a década de 1970, e a recente aplicação do instrumento da Cota de Solidariedade em São Paulo por meio do Plano Diretor da cidade aprovado em Julho de 2014. Buscou-se também entender os sucessos e falhas das estratégias, e as características que tornaram algumas experiências mais eficazes do que outras, através de analises do histórico americano de enfrentamento da questão, de estudos sobre determinados planos de algumas cidades americanas e da elaboração da lei paulistana. Entendendo o quadro urbano brasileiro como um cenário antagônico, em que a efetividade dos instrumentos urbanísticos muitas vezes fica subordinada aos interesses da sociedade de elite, o artigo busca uma análise crítica e construtiva da incorporação da Cota de Solidariedade ao novo Plano Diretor, através das experiências estudadas, das repercussões da lei, da avaliação das posições tomadas na implantação desse instrumento e seus possíveis sucessos e falhas na aplicação paulistana, cujos resultados serão concretos nos anos que virão. Palavras-chave: Cota de solidariedade. Habitação social. Plano diretor.

The following article exposes how the implementation of the Inclusionary Zoning took place both in cities of the United States of America and São Paulo. By this article hopes to demonstrate the differences and the similarities between the american inclusionary zoning programs, active since the 1970s', and the recent implementation of the Cota de Solidariedade tool in São Pauloin the city's master plan approved on July 31, 2014. There was also an effort put into understanding the success and the failures of strategies and the characteristics that made some programs more successful than others, through the analysis of amercian historical of facing the matter, studies about programs of a few american cities and about São Paulo's law. Understanding that the efficiency of urbanistic tools is mostly subordinated to the interest of specific groups in the brazilian antagonic urban scenario, this article aims for a critical and constructive analysis of the incorporation of the Cota de Solidariedade into the city's master plan, by studiying the decisions made in the implementation of this tool and it's likely sucesses and failures in São Paulo's application, with results to be seen in the next few years.

In this article, I have presented a case study of Delhi from 1980 to 1990 on Contemporary India. The main argument of the paper is that due to growth of population Housing became the major problem of that specified time period. Urbanization leads to growth in population of Delhi. In order to get closer to the reality we need disaggregated primary surveys which can portray the picture of the development process of that time period.

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objeto analisar as escolhas de desenhos institucionais participativos, segundo o método de caso referência, a partir da experiência da elaboração do Plano Diretor de Nova Friburgo sancionado em 2007 e premiado entre iniciativas de Melhores Práticas em Gestão Local 2007/2008 pela CAIXA devido ao seu caráter participativo. Adota-se como referencial teórico as escolhas em desenho institucional participativo para minipúblicos elaborada por FUNG e as análises das instituições participativas brasileiras de Leonardo Avritzer. A hipótese desta pesquisa aponta para as especificidades do processo de elaboração do Plano Diretor de Nova Friburgo em relação aos demais Planos Diretores Municipais brasileiros elaborados à época, em virtude da ampla participação na elaboração da metodologia, etapa em regra construída por setores técnicos e pelas consultorias. Em relação aos limites, o estudo observa a gradativa ineficácia dos limites de desempenho desse instrumento à ação política pela desarticulação de seu desenho institucional pelo processo político 1 As ideias iniciais desta proposta foram apresentadas oralmente na sessão Constitutional design and institutional theory no evento anual da Law and Society realizado em Toronto no Canadá (junho 2018), pelo qual foram beneficiadas pelos debates e críticas pertinentes.

In line with the Guide to the Creation of a Strategic Campus Master Plan advanced by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Fujitsu has drawn up an ideal shape for the Kyushu Institute of Technology envisioning its three campuses (Tobata, Iizuka, and Wakamatsu) 30 years into the future. In this effort, we adopted a Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach that emphasized values, ideas, and needs and derived an identity for Kyushu Institute of Technology through interviews and conversations with students, faculty, and other stakeholders. Furthermore, to incorporate future expectations of the university in the areas of community revitalization and the aging society, we conducted fieldwork, World Café sessions, and workshops with students, faculty, staff, and local residents and formulated a user-participation type of campus master plan that takes into account a new relationship between the university and community. This paper describes this process and our community design methodology.

The use of Last Planner System of Production Control designed to optimize work flow and enhance fast learning is increasing rapidly motivated by its perceived benefits. The purpose of this paper is to study the Last Planner System of construction project scheduling through literature published in various journals. This methodology used was to consider the literature Study from different locations of the world. It includes systematic literature search for motivations, benefits and challenges for choosing LPS as management tool. This paper explains the theory behind LPS and explanation of best possible procedure to implement the methodology through literature study. The factors influencing the implementation effectiveness of LPS are discussed based on arguments and findings of various authors in their studies.

1999 Marmara Depremi’nin ulusal boyutları aşan fiziksel etkilerinin sosyal ve ekonomik boyutları da kaçınılmaz olarak dünya ölçeğinde yansımalar ve çok ivedi çözülmesi gerekli sorunlar yaratmıştır.
İlk aşamada ve hızla geçici iskânın sağlanmasından sonra, sürekli iskan için harcanmış olan çabalar, yukarıda anılan olağanüstü boyutlardaki sorunu çözmeye yöneliktir.
Bu bakımdan çözüm yollarının ülkemizde geçerli olan yöntemlerden ve süreçlerden farklı olması zorunlu görülmektedir. Harcanmakta olan çabaların temelini oluşturan kent planlamasında, bu nedenle; hızlı, ancak çağdaş yöntemlerin kullanılması, süreçlerin hızlandırılması benimsenmektedir.
Çalışmaların sonunda ülke “kent planlama” disiplininin öngördüğü süreçlere dönüştürülmesi gibi güncel olarak ikincil; gelecek için temel etkileri de olacaktır.
Marmara Depremi Acil Yeniden Yapılanma Projesi (MEER ) ve Marmara Depremi Acil Yeniden Yapılanma Projesi (TEFER) kapsamında Kocaeli Kuzeydoğu Gelişim Bölgesi İçin Hazırlanan İmar Planlarına İlişkin Notlar Ve Planlama Yaklaşımı bu Bildiri’nin konusudur.
İmar Planları Ve Kentsel Tasarım Projelerinde İlkesel Yaklaşımın Saptanması İle Hazırlanmış Planların İrdelenmesi İçin Ölçütler Özetle verilecektir.

The issue of traffic congestion is one of the most important problems that has to be solved in near future of İstanbul. Due to the fast urbanization process, new urban areas and new employment zones will increase this problem in the coming years. Instead of highway projects that will be temporary solutions, high capacity rail-based transit systems must be constructed to overcome the rapidly increasing travel demand. Transportation is the major investment area of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality and urban railway systems have the top priority among all other alternatives. The total length of the current railway network, which was 45 km before the year of 2004, is 141 km. It is planned to firstly extend these lines to 420 km until 2019, then to 776 km after this year. These investments need huge budgets reaching to billions of US dollars and very significant for national economy. Therefore they have to be planned very carefully to gain maximum efficiency and profitability.
This study aims to direct railway investments in accordance with the physical and human geography. Within the scope of the study, a new point of view has been developed based on integrating the traditional railway route design processes with Geographic Information Systems and Multi Criteria Decision Making techniques. This new and accurate decision support system will be useful for both decision makers and the design engineers. As a result of the study, the proposed railway route design model has been successfully applied on the case study area, İstanbul. In addition, some conceptual new railway routes have been proposed after interpreting the analysis results. The proposed model is universal and may be applied to other cities in the world. It dramatically increases time, budget and manpower efficiency by taking the traditional processes a step further.

Unequivocally, it has become increasingly clear that the approach of Classical Modernist planning (CMP) that prevailed after World War II emphasizes huge permissivity for low-density sprawling suburban development and the meteoric rise of motorization in cities. The implicit “predict and provide” approach of building and expansion of roads to ease congestion continued to skew investments on transportation towards permitting private automobile ownership and use at the expense of public transportation. As a result, the inherent menaces of automobile dependence are continuing in cities especially in the Global South including Abuja, Nigeria.
This study has illustrated that the prevailing CMP system in Abuja, has continually spurred and fuelled the growth of suburbia. Consequently, the emerging automobile dependent mobility pattern is indeed plagued with the challenges of CO2 emissions, traffic congestion, and related man-hour and fuel wastage. This study reveals that by institutionalizing spatial planning strategies as BRT, TOD and congestion pricing it is possible to transform sprawling automobile dependent cities to smart compact transit dependent cities. Hence, the implicit CO2 emissions and traffic congestion challenges of man-hour and fuel wastage on the AYA route in Abuja is retrofitted, and the ecological and carbon footprints is dwarfed.

Considering ‘Cities Beyond the Plan’ helps us substantiate territory beyond being just a passive setting contingent to meta-forces. To do so, requires us look at logics and conceptual frame drawing from legal pluralism, that of space and territory, and Power. I explore this argument via the case of ‘Mayestripalya Kere’ a ‘wetland’ in one of Bangalore most elite neighborhoods. Here its wealthy residents co-join cartographic frames and singular perspectives of ‘the’ law to rationalize exclusive regimes. The chapter concludes with a wider question of substantiating territory and move beyond a perspective of the sacred as ‘minor’ religiosities as ‘local or tradition’ and see them as political spaces practiced that constitute the ‘urban’.

The world is experiencing a revolution in high technology. Science and Technology Parks (STPs), even entire cities are being built around high technology nodes. Technology has become a vital factor for society's development. since the 1980s this emphasis on technology has further narrowed down to "high-technology industries". Accompanying this trend was the birth of many property-based high- technology development projects.
The effort to innovate and develop very often takes the form of creating and nurturing what we have called STPs. We need now a more precise definition; under this name I tried to include various deliberate attempts to plan and promote, within one concentrated area, technologically innovative, industrial-related production: technology parks, and science cities. This study will try to assess how these different developments perform (or fail to perform) their role as engines of the new round of economic development and as organizing nodes of the new industrial space besides analyzing the Jordanian prospect towards establishing STPs. Comprehension of the STP phenomenon has been so blurred by political, ideological, and business biases that any serious study must start from a careful analysis of how these centers were created and developed, and of the factors that account for their differential success, according to a set of criteria that must be established at the start. Being the most representative of STPs, several study cases were selected and analyzed;
1. Stanford Research Park the origin of Silicon Valley, Palo Alto, California, Being the first and most successful,
2. Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge United Kingdom, known as the most successful park in Europe,
3. Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, a well established park to promote innovation in far-east,
4. MATAM Science Park, Haifa, Israel, the most successful park in Middle East Several basic planning and design criteria were thus deduced/derived from the analysis of these world-famous STPs, which are then applied to the local cases represented in Jordan by the CyberCity in Irbid, and Al-Abdali Urban Regeneration Plan in Amman.
Such criteria were then used to assess the situation in Jordan, regarding the currently existing or proposed STPs projects, and would serve as guidelines for the future design and planning of STPs in Jordan, according to the criteria suggested, two sample locations where suggested and evaluated.