New Cities

Ao delimitar o Brasil republicano como período fulcral (1889-2018), o trabalho vem apresentar uma das possíveis cronologias de cidades novas – aquelas intencionalmente criadas e profissionalmente elaboradas –, selecionando dos mais de 270 exemplares aqueles para identificar diferentes tipos adotados e compreender os processos de urbanização do território nos últimos 130 anos. Mas, para além de um mero catálogo ilustrativo-informativo, almeja-se um material interativo – o Atlas –, uma ferramenta de reflexão, de troca e de aprendizagem. Um atlas em que as mais distintas “nebulosas” façam-se capturadas, decifradas, associadas e registradas para melhor compreensão desse tipo urbanístico e seus respectivos atributos.

The planning of Cairo’s urban growth has for decades been realized through the building of new settlements in the desert surrounding Cairo, the country's capital, particularly to the east and west of the city. The older generations of these new cities needed decades to reach a reasonable percentage of occupancy and functionality. Gated communities constructed by private urban developers have shared in this phenomenon by targeting certain segments of residents – mostly the upper and upper-middle classes. However, Cairo urbanism struggles on the one hand with its majority of informally developed urban sprawl, and on the other hand with the fact that the new cities are not really functioning at full capacity. The Egyptian state has recently started construction of a New Administrative Capital 45 kilometers east Cairo. This chapter tries to understand and theorize an ongoing process adopted by the Egyptian state to address development, and specifically urban development, within the framework of theories of neoliberalism, as indispensable from politics, power and several social theories, based on the case of the Cairo New Administrative Capital (NAC). The discussion of this case study within the neoliberal urban development contexts can deliver some deep analysis and insights into the political, economic, spatial, cultural and iconic aspects of the interactions and interdependencies of the various players and elements in this neoliberal order. Neoliberalism usually implies a reduced state influence on the market, thus the NAC provides neoliberalism in a new, atypical, model regarding the role of the state. This contribution discusses how this new administrative capital is situated within the Egyptian context, how it is promoted to the Egyptian people, targeting specific income groups from Cairo society, how far it can be considered an inclusive city, and how far it can contribute to the narrowing or widening of the gap between classes within the discourse of urban justice. Also discussed is how it can be considered as a model of public- private partnerships that redefines the role of the state in providing land and investments, or in other words, the state as a real estate investor. The relation between the urban planners as professionals, and the decision makers.

Gated communities are considered to be the most reflective mirror of neoliberal approaches. Within the Egyptian context, they have attracted a large sector of the elite residents in order to subsume a considerable percentage of the population from the urban centre in order to give way, according to the elite authoritarian bodies, for economic growth and stability. On another level, several scholars and authors have been questioning degree of success to which such privatized territories have contributed to the nation, not just in relation to urban features but also on the political, economic and social levels. This paper takes a closer look at gated communities in Egypt from a bird-eye view, the reasons behind their emergence and how they are managed within the national context in order to pursue neoliberal policies. It also examines the long-lasting relationship that has been established between the public and the private sectors since the 1980s and 1990s which has set a foot within capital zones to implement elite visions, and most importantly introduces the concept of the " commons " as a democratic trend that rather questions the level of inclusion of several stakeholders in the decision making processes, including local residents, household organizations, market policy makers, private developers and local government. As Sutton & Fahmi argue " Exclusive suburbs have contributed as private dynamism have replaced public planning " (2001, p. 135).

A journey to the universe of New Towns, this is the invitation the present doctoral thesis comes to offer to its readers in order to stroll, from the author’s particular view, through the context, the concepts and the aspects related to this urbanistic type, still underexplored in the specialized Brazilian literature.
A journey made of national and international examples, from Ancient History to the 20th Century, unveiling their entrepreneurs, their dominating roles, their strategic locations, their professionals and their projects. Elements sought and gathered throughout time, planned and designed, yielding, as a result, a diversity of models, the essence of which is the same: to be a New Town.
A journey bearing no chronological order or geographical delimitations, in which the New Towns are exposed so they provide the reader with an easier and swifter understanding of the approached theme. Likewise, the references obtained from patrimonies in Brazil, France and Italy, permeated by research performed in specialized electronic sites, serve as a base and offer support to the constructed concepts. 
An open journey, from a personal gaze and definition, of what I wish to transform in a safe harbor for future endeavors as both a researcher and a scholar of the theme New Towns.

In 2017, the Crown Prince of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced the new mega city “NEOM”. The city is envisioned to be an innovation hub; a “start-up the size of a country”, “inhabited by more robots than humans”. NEOM aims at attracting the “greatest minds and best talents”, the so-called “dreamers” offering them “innovation and technology with liveability at its core”. The paper foregrounds city branding to understand what NEOM is all about; who is welcome in the imagined city, and who is not, what kind of social structure and urban fabric the city promises and how is it going to be governed. This aims at answering the question of how do city branding strategies aim at positioning NEOM within the global competition of places, reposition the Kingdom regionally and internationally, and represent a form of legitimization of the Crown Prince’s rule? This paper shows that NEOM’s city branding has been utilized, not just to position the city within the global competition of places, but rather, to brand the Crown Prince and reaffirm his power.

Master plans have long been criticized by critical planners who have argued in
favour of more strategic, collaborative and relational forms of spatial planning
that can more adequately respond to local needs and realities, especially in the
context of the global South. Rather than critiquing master planning, this paper
seeks to interrogate its recent rise in urban Africa. Building on a review of
international planning trajectories, the paper seeks to challenge dominant
narratives in the Western literature around the rise and decline of master
planning. Planning experiences from across the African continent illustrate
how master planning was a limited practice under colonialism and emerged
more strongly in early post-colonial years, while persisting through a quiet
period of planning and proliferating in recent times. By exploring the
diversity in the influences and approaches to master planning for new and
existing cities in Africa over time, the paper positions master planning as the
product of a complex array of transnational circuits and multiple local actors
and ambitions which intersect across different scales. The study of master
planning should therefore be considered as an important entry point into
understanding and rethinking the contemporary politics of urban planning,
implementation, and development in Africa.

The paper proposes an approach to comparative and interdisciplinary historical analysis on the «Città nuove» (new towns) founded in the territories of the Spanish kingdom between 16th and 17th century. The phenomenon of the new settlements cha-racterised European urban history from the late Middle Ages, being particularly relevant at the beginning of the Modern Age in Sicily and in the colonies of the New World, in terms of characteristics and the high number of settlements. Consequently, the paper focuses on various issues in these two areas, as they seem to present useful features for future comparative analysis. In questo saggio tenteremo di suggerire una prospettiva di analisi storico-comparativa applicata al fenomeno delle «città nuove» fondate nei domìni del-la monarchia spagnola tra XVI e XVII secolo, intendendo definire, con il ter-mine «città nuove», sia gli insediamenti fondati ex novo sia quelli derivati da interventi di spostamento o abbandono e conseguente ricostruzione di centri urbani già esistenti. Questi fenomeni, che hanno contraddistinto la storia urba-na europea già a partire dagli ultimi secoli del Medioevo, in età moderna han-no caratterizzato le vicende dei territori soggetti alla corona spagnola (in Ca-stiglia, Jaén, Granada, ma anche nel Maghreb) acquisendo, però, particolare evidenza, per caratteristiche e numero di insediamenti, in Sicilia e nei possedi-menti nel Nuovo Mondo. Ci soffermeremo, pertanto, su questi due casi studio, 149 * Presentato il 3 ottobre 2017, accettato il 26 novembre 2017. Copyright © FrancoAngeli N.B: Copia ad uso personale. È vietata la riproduzione (totale o parziale) dell'opera con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata e la sua messa a disposizione di terzi, sia in forma gratuita sia a pagamento.

Egypt is characterized by an abundance of cities built along the narrow valley of the Nile river and into the delta since ancient times, accounting for nearly 90% of the total population. This has led to a need to find alternatives to urban development and expansion beyond the borders of the narrow valley. One of these alternatives is the establishment of new urban communities extending deep into the Sahara, characterized by a wide horizontal extension, highways and arterial roads, entirely vehicle-oriented as a means for movement throughout the city because of a lack of public transportation. This paper evaluates this trend by analysing one of the newly established cities outside Greater Cairo, known as New Cairo city, which requires changes to its physical structure to increase the pedestrian crossing routes because of the high number of accidents involving pedestrians crossing main roads.
Using space syntax as an informative theory, utilizing syntactic analysis of the impact of highways and arterial roads on integration and connectivity in the spatial structure shows isolated islands of districts with no pedestrian routes to connect them. This methodology allows us to determine the main points in the structure of the city where pedestrian accessibility can be added to provide a remedy to overcome the shortage of access points in the city’s network system. The study provides further value by discussing the impacts at pedestrian level, human dimensions in the living community, diversity of land uses and real estate financial classification.

Nel 1767 il re Carlo III fondava in Spagna le cosiddette Nuevas Poblaciones nella Sierra Morena, insediamenti di nuova fondazione creati con l’obiettivo di ripopolare un’ampia area disabitata, posta lungo il camino real tra Valdepeñas e Cadice, nella porzione meridionale della penisola.
Il progetto di colonizzazione, supervisionato da personaggi come Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, fiscale della corona di Castiglia, e soprattutto Pablo de Olavide, designato Superintendente delle Nuevas Poblaciones della Sierra Morena, ebbe come punto d’avvio la stipula di un contratto con Johann Kaspar Thürriegel, un militare bavare, che si impegnava a importare 6.000 coloni stranieri e cattolici, per popolare i nuovi insediamenti che si sarebbero dovuti fondare.
In queste circostanze, sorgono spontanee alcune domande. Quali furono le conseguenze dell’arrivo di migliaia coloni straniere nei luoghi dove si sarebbero dovute fondare le Nuevas Poblaciones? Come fu intepretato l’arrivo e l’insediamento – l’arrivo dell’altro – da parte degli abitanti spagnoli, nativi nei dintorni di quei luoghi dove ora andavano a stanziarsi questi forestieri, arrivati prevalentemente dalla Germania e dalla Svizzera? E come fu visto l’arrivo e lo stanziamento da parte degli ufficiali spagnoli, responsabili di comandare l’impresa colonizzatrice, nello stesso modo o differentemente? Ci fu un’interazione tra spagnoli e stranieri o, al contrario, si scatenò una reazione di rifiuto gli uni contro gli altri? E questo avvenne giorno dopo giorno nella vita quitidiana dei nuovi nuclei urbani? Ci fu una vera integrazione o ci furono dimastrazioni di rigetto e, dunque, la nascita di conflitti tra le due comunità?
A tutte queste domande si cercherà di rispondere attraverso lo studio di un fondo documentale ancora oggi poco studiato, come la corrispondenza tra i responsabili della colonizzazione -un caso è proprio Pablo de Olavide – e la Corte di Madrid, conservata presso l’Archivo General de Simancas.

The need to establish new cities emerged in the seventies of the last century in Egypt. The necessity emerged because of different reasons such as decreasing te pressure on greater cities and their infrastructure, creating new investments and job opportunities. Furthermore, it aimed to the rarefaction of the concentration of inhabitants around the narrow side of the Nile valley and its Delta. It even moved towards the vast desert in order to redraw the urban map of Egypt.

So, the success of these new cities is measured by how much people they attract to settle and their input to local income according to general policies and goals which could be achieved through several strategies and mechanisms.

Therefore, this research tries to discuss different policies in order to develop new cites, in particular, in addition to the efficient strategies and mechanisms which are necessary to decrease the consumption of resources and to achieve maximum benefits out of the available potentials.

The creation of new cities, which are planned in advance and professionally designed, can add interesting details to the history of urbanism. In certain cases, such cities are reflected as social and physical experimentation in search of better quality of life-thoughts traced by researchers and scholars concerned with characterizing this urban typology as laboratories, with all kinds of tests. The present work is situated in this context and uses specific bibliography and the articulation of a number of case studies, from utopias to realities, to reveal the planning of new cities, ascertaining, in the socio-spatial conditions, the offer of innovative proposals.

A la sombra del palacio real de Aranjuez, espacio ligado históricamente a los reyes hispanos y donde éstos pasaban largas temporadas durante las jornadas reales, surgió y creció una nueva población, que respondiera a las necesidades de la corte, promovida por Fernando VI (1746-1759) a partir de 1750, cuyo trazado fue encomendado a Santiago Bonavía, la cual terminó consolidándose en tiempos de su hijo Carlos III (1759-1788). Las acciones de los Borbones, por tanto, marcaron unas notables diferencias frente a reinados precedentes que habían hecho del palacio de Aranjuez un enclave aislado.
Largo, sin embargo, fue el periplo vivido hasta llegar a esta situación en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, cuando palacios españoles como el de la Granja o el mismo real de Madrid, se embellecían bajo la dinastía borbónica, a imitación de otros espacios palaciegos europeos, como el de Versalles.
Nuestra comunicación tiene como objetivo analizar dichos precedentes, centrándonos, a continuación, en las actuaciones promovidas en el siglo XVIII, entre los reinados de Fernando VI y Carlos IV (1788-1808), cuando en apenas cuarenta años Aranjuez se transformó totalmente, pasando de representar un palacio aislado a un nuevo sitio real en el que se fundían palacio y casco urbano, con el objetivo de acoger al amplio número de cortesanos que acompañaban a los monarcas en sus desplazamientos a dicho palacio. Aranjuez se configuró, así, desde tiempos de Carlos III, como la ciudad cortesana española por excelencia, ejemplo del urbanismo ilustrado.

Despite the establishment of many new cities and housing projects by the Egyptian state and the variety of categories from the social housing of the “Dar Masr” to “Sakn Masr”, but the astonishment is the continuous over rated prices of housing, which makes the Egyptian citizen unable to meet his basic need -which is indispensable- in housing.

Believe it or not, that the price of housing unit in social housing category reaches up to 240 thousand Egyptian pounds. Un mentioning, the indescribable feeling you receive based on a marketing message for a housing project in the Italian neighborhood of Badr City - was within the housing project of 63 square meters - telling you about the sale of a number of remaining units at prices starting from 325 thousand LE Installments Over 4 Years!!!

What is the concept behind the atlas? Would it be a mythological titan? A collection of images and maps followed by enlightening explanations? This article targets to conceptualize what an atlas is supposed to be, and to reposition its function by removing it from the category of a merely consulting "product-object". Furthermore, this work quests to present the atlas as an interactive device, making it an operative and collaborative method of acquiring knowledge, in order to contribute to the debate on the construction of information. By questioning the atlas limited and exploratory nature, consisting of data mainly selected by its developers, the new atlas presents itself as an instrument of analysis, perception, exchange and epistemological formulation. Different arrangements-or "nebulae"-are captured, decoded, correlated and recorded through the atlas. Thus, rather than a unidirectional relationship, thinking and doing by the atlas means to establish an interaction through which the reader assumes the role of creator and protagonist by engendering new angles and narratives about a given object. Referenced in Aby Warburg's emblematic work, the Atlas Mnemosyne (1927-1929), and the interpretations of historian and philosopher Georges Didi-Huberman, the text aims to point out how the creative thinking and interactive use of a digital platform-New Cities' Atlas (prototype) 1-can be formulated, tested and replicated by other scholars, researchers, managers, and those interested in producing information and knowledge.

Next to the royal palace of Aranjuez, a space historically linked to the Hispanic kings and where they spent long periods during the royal stages, a new settlement appeared and grew up, which responded to the needs of the court and which was promoted by Ferdinand VI (1746-1759), since 1750.
Our article aims to focus on the actions which were promoted between the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles IV (1788-1808), when in only forty years, Aranjuez was transformed, rising from an isolated palace to a new royal site where palace and urban space were fused, with the objective of welcoming the great number of courtiers that accompanied the kings during their travels to this palace. Aranjuez was, in fact, from the times of Charles III (1759-1788), the Spanish court town par excellence, example of the enlightened urban planning.

Abstract
The Crown of Castile promoted different projects of repopulation and foundation of new towns as its priority in the ancient border area after the end of the war against the Reign of Granada. These projects increased from the reign of the Catholic Kings until the government of the Queen Juana and her son, the Emperor Charles V (1517-1557).
My objective will be analysing this aspect, focused on the process of foundation of new population centres and towns during the government of Charles V. In the Iberian Peninsula, some of these areas, except for the repopulation of Vera, in the South of the Mediterranean coast, took place in the Reign of Jaén, which was the ancient border area between the Reign of Castile and those of Granada, where a complex project of foundation of four new population centres was created from 1537 to 1539

La Corona di Castiglia promosse diversi progetti di ripopolamento e fondazione di nuove città, tra le priorità nell’aree di antica frontiera al termine della guerra contro il regno di Granada. Questi progetti si incrementarono a partire dal regno dei Re Cattolici fino il governo della regina Giovanna e di suo figlio, l’imperatore Carlo V (1517-1557).
Il nostro obiettivo sarà quello di analizzare la questione, prestando speciale attenzione al processo di fondazione di nuovi insediamenti e città durante il governo di Carlo V. Nella Peninsola Iberica, alcuni di questi, tranne il ripopolamento di Vera, a sud lungo la costa mediterranea, ebbero luogo nel regno di Jaén, antica frontiera fra il regno di Castiglia e quello di Granada, dove fu realizzato un complesso progetto di fondazione di quattro nuovi insediamenti, che sorsero tra il 1537 e il 1539.