Medieval settelments

The data we have gathered during almost fifteen years of our theoretical work and field research are compiled in standard format. The monograph opens with a Foreword, followed by an Introduction which is necessary for establishing a time frame for settled life in Polog. Therefore, the Introduction is a brief survey of the mediaeval past of Polog between the 11th and late 14th centuries.
The aim of the first chapter titled “The Borders and Natural and Geographic Characteristics” of Polog is to define in separate subchapters the borders of this region and describe the suitability of its natural environment for human settlement and existence. The second chapter, “The Name and the Division of the Region” discusses the origin of the name of the region and its early division encountered in written records into Upper and Lower Polog.  The third chapter is titled “Transportation Connections, Road Routes and Local Roads” in Polog. The aim of the two subchapters is to give a survey of the natural passages, old roads, existing local roads and even small country roads used by the population of Polog in the Middle Ages. This chapter also includes a map whose purpose is to provide a visual presentation of this topic. The fourth chapter, undoubtedly one of the core chapters in this monograph, is titled “Settlements and Inhabited Places.” It includes a list of forty-eight entries with the names of all settlements and their rank, chronologically arranged depending on when they were first mentioned in written records. They are visually synthesized on a special map and in tables. The chapter “Final Considerations” is a synthesis of the most significant insights gained in the course of our research. The book also includes the standard index and references.

In der sächsischen Siedlung Wittorf FStNr. 28 konnte ein mehrphasiges Grubenhaus dokumentiert werden, dessen erste Phase (Grubenhaus 9a) in die erste Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts datiert und dessen zweite Phase (Grubenhaus 9b) der Zeit um 700 oder der ersten Hälfte des 8.  Jahrhunderts zuzuordnen ist. Beide Grubenhäuser
wurden als Achtpfostenbau errichtet, wobei zumindest das Grubenhaus 9a eine Wandkonstruktion aus Spaltbohlen besaß. Grubenhaus 9b wies in seiner östlichen Ecke einen Kuppelofen auf, der auch zur Zubereitung bzw. Warmhaltung von Speisen diente.
Die Grubenhäuser wurden zum Wirtschaften (Spinnen, Weben, Schmieden (?), Getreidemahlen) und zur Vorratshaltung genutzt. Eine temporäre Wohnnutzung kann
angenommen werden.
Die nachgewiesenen Funde wurden vor Ort produziert. Lediglich eine Handmühle aus Basaltlava wurde aus dem Rheinland oder der Vulkaneifel importiert.

Considerations Regarding the Types of Early Medieval Dwellings in Dobrudja
Archaeological researches performed on the territory of Dobrudja have brought to the attention of the scientific
community numerous relevant data regarding the habitation areas of the Early Medieval Period. Almost
every archaeological excavation envisaging the period between the 8th and the 12th century has brought contributions
to the topic and the accumulated pieces of information have allowed for the periodic formulation of conclusions.
The increase, over the last decade, of the number of sites with early medieval habitation layers, mostly due
to preventive excavations and completed by the opening of new systematic archaeological sites have determined a
widening of the existing database and due to this specialists must verify this database through comparisons and,
when needed, through completion.The present study brings back to attention the dwellings from the settlements in Dinogetia-Garvăn, Capidava
and Păcuiul lui Soare, landmarks without which analyses of the Istro-Pontic area would not be veridical, but
the article shall mainly stress the new discoveries, among which those in Oltina-“Capul dealului”, Hârșova (both
in the fortified settlement and in the un-fortified one), Pantelimonu de Sus, Valu lui Traian, Cernavodă etc.
By correlating the old and new data, the author performs a classification of the types of dwellings, attempting
to reconstruct each type, and makes observations on the anteriority or posteriority of these types according to site(where such relations could be noted). The construction of a dwelling can be determined by numerous factors
(climate, possibilities provided by the surrounding environment, technical means, the owner’s economical means,
the intended use, fashion etc.) and can be influenced by other factors (the manner in which the construction is
adapted to the terrain from a geographic perspective or the manner in which it is adapted to the area inside a
settlement etc.) A dwelling’s main function is to provide shelter, but there are also situations in which this function
was correlated with an economical-household-type valorization of space, in general strictly according to the needs
of the inhabitants, up to the point where it becomes a workshop.
No doubt this shall be a temporary report, but evaluating the progress made so far is necessary even if only to
establish what is significant and must be followed in the future.

The aim of the article is to show the high learning value offered by interdisciplinary research of the Ore Mountains in the Central European historical context. Interest is focused on the (1) basic overview of three main approaches to the study of the Central European mountainous areas and their populations, (2) a brief account of the research and the knowledge so far for the Bohemian Ore Mountains and (3) the conception of the currently ongoing research project in the Ore Moun¬tains, which is being jointly implemented by the Institute for Prehistory and Early History of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University and the Institute for Archaeological Monument Care of North-Western Bohemia in Most.

Cílem příspěvku je ukázat na vysokou poznávací hodnotu, kterou nabízí interdisciplinární výzkum Krušných hor ve středoevropském historickém kontextu. Zájem se soustředí na (1) základní přehled tří hlavních přístupů ke studiu středoevropských horských oblastí a jejich populací, (2) stručnou bilanci dosavadního výzkumu a poznatků pro české Krušnohoří a (3) koncepci aktuálně probíhajícího výzkumného projektu v Krušných horách, který společně realizují Ústav pro pravěk a ranou dobu dějinnou FF UK v Praze a Ústav archeologické památkové péče severozápadních Čech v Mostě.

Статья посвящена анализу  пространственного размещения сельских приходов Череможской волости, известных по письменным источникам XVI–XVII вв. В ходе работы выявлены существовавшие на территории волости культовые центры, произведена их локализация на местности с привязкой к современным населенным пунктам. В статье предпринята попытка выявления связи существовавших приходов с известными археологическими памятниками эпохи средневековья и реконструкции возможной системы средневекового расселения. Сделаны выводы о перспективности и возможных путях дальнейшего археологического обследования Рыбинского и Большесельского районов Ярославской области.
Ключевые слова: расселение, сельский приход, погост, поселенческая структура.