Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
The volume is addressed to one of the most fascinating issues in contemporary historical linguistics and medieval studies, which is the extremely fast expansion of the Slavic language across great parts of Europe in the Early Middle Ages.... more
The volume is addressed to one of the most fascinating issues in contemporary historical linguistics and medieval studies, which is the extremely fast expansion of the Slavic language across great parts of Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Traditionalists explain the spread of proto-Slavic as a result of migrations in the 6th–7th century and associate that with a specific material culture and with early mentions of ethnic Slavs in written sources. Alternative hypotheses attribute the same evidence to linguistically and genetically quite varied communities and associate the later spread of proto-Slavic with its status as a ‘lingua franca’ or ‘koiné’.

The papers in the present volume interpret new methodological and empirical findings from several fields of study, not only from the traditional triad of linguistics, archaeology, and historiography, but also from adjacent disciplines such as religious studies, cultural anthropology, archaeogenetics, and others. The unifying thread is that the question of the relations between Slavic language, ethnicity, and material culture has differing answers in different geographical and political contexts.
V předkládané studii se věnujeme rolnické společnosti žijící na jednom z mnoha teritorií Svaté říše římské, uprostřed dlouhého a neúprosného cyklu pozdně středověké populační stagnace. Snažíme se přitom nabídnout novou perspektivu, neboť... more
V předkládané studii se věnujeme rolnické společnosti žijící na jednom z mnoha teritorií Svaté říše římské, uprostřed dlouhého a neúprosného cyklu pozdně středověké populační stagnace. Snažíme se přitom nabídnout novou perspektivu, neboť většina otázek, které si klademe, nebyla pro toto období a tuto část Evropy dosud soustavně řešena. Historici, věnující se pozdně středověkým sociálním a ekonomickým dějinám v oblastech severně od Alp a východně od Rýna, nás seznamují převážně se sociálními strukturami a institucemi rolnických komunit, konkrétně se sociálně-ekonomickou stratifikací, normami právního rámce držby, pozemkovým transferem nebo s dědickými zvyklostmi. Mnoho bylo napsáno rovněž o postavení rolnictva v rámci vrchnostenského velkostatku, o zatížení feudální rentou nebo o rolnických revoltách. Naším cílem však je proniknout hlouběji pod povrch a osvětlit procesy, které za těmito strukturami stály. Na příkladovém regionu Chebska proto sledujeme sociální mobilitu v rámci životního cyklu, mezigenerační majetkový transfer, migraci, míru monetizace a zapojení rolnictva do úvěrového trhu, konkrétní dopady pozemkové renty a zemských daní na rolnické hospodářství, komplementární provázání města a venkova.
The book encompasses two parts. Firstly, the edition of two books of the land tax of the Eger region from 1438 (a copy from 1769) and 1456. Secondly, the comprehensive historical study into the city and land of Eger in the middle ages... more
The book encompasses two parts. Firstly, the edition of two books of the land tax of the Eger region from 1438 (a copy from 1769) and 1456. Secondly, the comprehensive historical study into the city and land of Eger in the middle ages (part 1); the description of the medieval city administration (part 2); the description of the medieval tax books (part 3); the linguistic analysis (part 4); the content and knowledge potential of the tax books (part 5); and the description of the medieval tax system of the Eger land and its Central-European context (part 6-7). The book is enriched by wide registers, tables, figures and maps.
Research Interests:
Two Deserted Medieval Villages at the Border of the Nymburk and Jičín Districts and Their Social Context The study seeks to present a detailed documentation of the visible relics of two deserted medieval villages in the Nymburk district... more
Two Deserted Medieval Villages at the Border of the Nymburk and Jičín Districts and Their Social Context
The study seeks to present a detailed documentation of the visible relics of two deserted medieval villages in the Nymburk district (Central Bohemia). A forest engulfed their internal and external built-up areas. The entire layouts of the built-up areas were successfully reconstructed in the two localities. The propitious preservation of the division lines of the ploughed areas at one of the villages resulted in an overall reconstruction and typological classification. The second aim of the study is the analysis of written sources that not only could date the desolation of the two villages in the 15th century, but also partly learn about their social context during their declining years. The imparted knowledge was set according to the regional settlement and historical context.
Akademický atlas ceských dějin zpřistupňuje na mapach, kartografických modelech, vyobrazenich, grafech a kartogramech soubor vybraných, hierarchicky uspořadaných poznatků moderni ceske historicke vědy po roce 1989 k ceským a... more
Akademický atlas ceských dějin zpřistupňuje na mapach, kartografických modelech, vyobrazenich, grafech a kartogramech soubor vybraných, hierarchicky uspořadaných poznatků moderni ceske historicke vědy po roce 1989 k ceským a ceskoslovenským dějinam s vazbami na evropský, ale zejmena středoevropský prostor. Cilem projektu, v němž se prolinala tři hlavni temata - clověk, prostor a cas - bylo zpracovani výsledků historickeho badani o ceských dějinach v mezinarodnich souvislostech kartografickou metodou, jednou z metod moderni historicke prace.
This study contains the basic characteristics of the social agrosystem and land market in the late medieval Cheb (Eger) Region Based on the historical context and the institutional framework, the study analyses the... more
This study contains the basic characteristics of the social agrosystem and land market in  the  late  medieval  Cheb  (Eger)  Region  Based  on  the  historical  context  and  the  institutional framework,  the  study  analyses  the  numerous  segments  of  the  land  market  and  categorises  the transfers according to both the social, economic and legal nature of the land and the social position  of  the  actors  Within  the  individual  segments,  we  analyse  the  frequency  and  nature  of  the land  mobility  As  a  result,  a  peasant  society  emerges  that  is  characterised  by  high  land  mobility and tenants moving between holdings  The frequency of land transfers, family continuity on the same holding and migration correlated significantly with the property position of tenants and the monetary value of their holdings.
Specific and statistically based knowledge of the degree of monetarisation and credit market of the peasantry in the Late Middle Ages in Central Europe is rare. The Eger (Cheb) city state is an exception, because we have exceptionally... more
Specific and statistically based knowledge of the degree of monetarisation and credit market of the peasantry in the Late Middle Ages in Central Europe is rare. The Eger (Cheb) city state is an exception, because we have exceptionally good fiscal and court records. An analysis of 1435/1442–1456 showed that the degree of monetarisation of the Eger peasantry was low in comparison with the Early Modern Period. Of the external factors that forced the peasants to acquire cash, it was mainly the land tax, namely to a bearable degree. Of the internal factors for monetarisation, reproduction of the farmstead led, and the need to pay off the inherited shares, but not even that was in any way burdensome. The low degree of monetarisation was also related to the weak interaction of the peasants with the credit market. Only the richest peasants were connected in the market with loans, who were borrowing from the wealthy burghers. The peasants were significantly more active in the sale of agricultural commodities to the burghers on credit. This form of credit indirectly increased the inflow of economic resources from the countryside to the city, as market transactions could be executed even in the absence of cash.
The today’s Klánovický les/Klánovice Forest is situated on an area where three villages and their economic hinterland were situated in the High and Late Middle Ages, mainly fields and partly permanent pastures and meadows. The article... more
The today’s Klánovický les/Klánovice Forest is situated on an area where three villages and their economic hinterland were situated in the High and Late Middle Ages, mainly fields and partly permanent pastures and meadows. The article presented deals with the deserted village of Hol, the relicts of which have been well preserved on the surface. The village had been founded in the 2nd quarter of the 14th century and deserted in the 1st quarter of the 15th century, had a regular village green layout, including about 24–26 farmsteads, and a heterogeneous arrangement of fields covering approx. 250 ha, partially with strip and partially with land block parcellation. Geochemical research showed that medieval settlement and agricultural activities manifest themselves significantly to this day not only on the surface of the terrain but have left traces in the soil composition.

Dnešní Klánovický les se rozkládá na ploše, kde se ve vrcholném a pozdním středověku nacházely tři vsi a jejich hospodářské zázemí, tedy především pole a zčásti i trvalé pastviny a louky. Předkládaný článek se věnuje zaniklé vsi Hol, jejíž relikty se v terénu velmi dobře zachovaly. Ves byla založena ve 2. čtvrtině 14. století a zanikla v 1. čtvrtině 15. století, měla pravidelný návesní půdorys, zahrnující kolem 24–26 dvorů, a heterogenní plužinu o rozsahu ca 250 ha, zčásti s pásovou a zčásti blokovou parcelací. Geochemické výzkumy ukázaly, že středověké sídelní a zemědělské aktivity se dodnes výrazně projevují nejen na povrchu terénu, ale zanechaly i stopy ve složení půd.
The paper explains the character of the stratification, socio-economic mobility, and property transmission among peasants in the Late Middle Ages. The case study is the Cheb district, for which a unique fiscal source has been preserved.... more
The paper explains the character of the stratification, socio-economic mobility, and property transmission among peasants in the Late Middle Ages. The case study is the Cheb district, for which a unique fiscal source has been preserved. In accordance with the methodological approaches of early modern agrarian history, we test several main interpretational models: differentiation, cyclic, and the model of uneven reproduction. The sample included 504 farmsteads. We show that  wealthy families relatively frequently continued to live on the same farmsteads, whereas the poor more often left their original farmsteads. We emphasises the different reproduction possibilities and socio-economic mobility of the rich and poor families, and also the differences between the individual children of the wealthy. It also links the social mobility and migration of the peasantry together.
The aim of the study is to provide basic socio-economic and demographic characteristics of Milčice in the 18th century, and thus create the prerequisites both for an adequate interpretation of Vavák’s Memoirs and for the study of these... more
The aim of the study is to provide basic socio-economic and demographic characteristics of Milčice in the 18th century, and thus create the prerequisites both for an adequate interpretation of Vavák’s Memoirs and for the study of these aspects of the peasant past, which other sources do not explain in similar complexity.
Spindelbach was a Waldhufendorf type of village, i.e. every household could manage its own fields independently of other households. Our study has importance for research on the economic and social development between the Medieval and... more
Spindelbach was a Waldhufendorf type of village, i.e. every household could manage its own fields
independently of other households. Our study has importance for research on the economic and social
development between the Medieval and Modern Era and for studies of human impact. Performing
soil and geochemical mapping, we have identified four geochemical factors in a clearly interpretable
pattern: 1) general geology and soil environment (represented mainly by Al, Si, K, Ti, Rb, Sr and
Zr) contrasting with the soil organic matter and with pollution coming from atmospheric deposition
(P, As, Pb and LE – elements from H to Na); 2) modern pollution and possible historical human
activity (mainly As and Pb vs Zn, Fe and Mn); 3) historical human activity related to the village
(Zn and Sr); and 4) additional historical human activity of another spatial pattern (P). Although there
was no unambiguous relation between podzolization and the human activities observed, generally
podzol development was very rapid (it was positively observed on sites ploughed ca 600 years ago).
Differences among the households’ agricultural managements were observed; these could be based on:
1) types of land use in the village area; 2) management intensity; and 3) the subjective management
preferences of the peasants. The differences were manifested by their intensity and by their spatial
distribution.
This study sets out to specify findings about the process of village abandonment, the course and impact of local conflicts, and about "social fallows" in the late Middle Ages. The Cheb/Eger region was selected for its vast source base in... more
This study sets out to specify findings about the process of village abandonment, the course and impact of local conflicts, and about "social fallows" in the late Middle Ages. The Cheb/Eger region was selected for its vast source base in the form of land tax registers (1392–1757). These allow to analyse the socioeconomic, demographic and settlement development of over a hundred villages, year by year. The analysis shows that (1) depopulation was the primary cause of the abandonment process in the late 14th century, possibly triggered by plague epidemics; other factors were of secondary importance, yet on the other hand they also played a part in whether a village would be restored or not; (2) consequences of war damage in the 15th century were quickly overcome, usually within 1–2 years, and in the Cheb Basin they did not result in village abandonment; (3) the individual defunct villages can be interpreted as long-term social fallows indicating economic and demographic problems of farming communities.

Cílem studie je konkretizovat naše poznatky o procesu pustnutí venkovských sídlišť, průběhu a dopadu lokálních konfliktů a o tzv. sociálních úhorech v pozdním středověku. Chebsko bylo vybráno kvůli mimořádné pramenné evidenci v podobě rejstříků zemské berně (1392–1757). Ty dovolují analyzovat sociálně-ekonomický, demografický a sídelní vývoj více než stovky vsí, a to na úrovni jednotlivých usedlostí doslova rok po roce. Analýza ukazuje, že: (1) primárním hybatelem procesu pustnutí koncem 14. století byla depopulace vyvolaná snad morovými vlnami; ostatní faktory měly sekundární význam, na druhé straně však ovlivňovaly, zda bude ves znovu osazena, či naopak zanikne; (2) důsledky válečného plenění v 15. století byly rychle překonávány, obvykle v horizontu 1–2 let a v Chebské pánvi nevedly k pustnutí sídlišť; (3) jednotlivé pusté usedlosti lze interpretovat jako dlouhodobé sociální úhory, indikující hospodářské nebo demografické problémy rolnické komunity.
The spatial distribution of Slavic hydronyms and toponyms in the individual parts of northeastern Bavaria and the Cheb region varies considerably. While hydronyms of the Slavic origin are only confirmed on a small proportion of the... more
The spatial distribution of Slavic hydronyms and toponyms in the individual parts of northeastern Bavaria and the Cheb region varies considerably. While hydronyms of the Slavic origin are only confirmed on a small proportion of the region, Slavic toponyms are widespread, though in some areas in a mosaic-like pattern. This was due to extremely diverse social processes that were behind the language contact between the 8th/9th century and the 12th/13th century. In some areas the language contact was the consequence of the penetration of the socially minor Slavic language, in other areas it resulted from the spreading of the socially dominant German language. A similar picture is provided by the spatial distribution of various categories and types of German names. Owing to a different hierarchy of hydronyms, it is also possible to determine, at least roughly, where, when and by which social strata the German or Slavic language was spoken, or both. At a more general level, the paper seeks to contribute to a more balanced study of the connections between language, ethnicity and material culture, as well as to the identification of the processes of cultural change and migration.

Prostorové rozložení slovanských hydronym a místních jmen v jednotlivých částech severový-chodního Bavorska a Chebska je nápadně rozdílné. Zatímco hydronyma slovanského původu lze doložit jen v malé části regionu, slovanská místní jména téměř všude, i když někde jen mozaikovitě. Příčinou jsou diametrálně odlišné sociální procesy, které stály v pozadí jazykového kontaktu v období 8./9.–12./13. sto-letí. Někde k jazykovému kontaktu docházelo v důsledku pronikání sociálně minoritní slovanštiny, jinde v důsledku šíření sociálně dominantní němčiny. Podobnou výpověď nese i prostorové rozšíření různých kategorií a typů jmen německých. Díky různé hierarchii hydronym lze zároveň alespoň rámcově určit, kde, kdy a v jakých částech společnosti byl realizován německý, nebo naopak slovanský jazyk, popř. oba součas-ně. Na obecné rovině usilujeme přispět k vyrovnanějšímu studiu vztahů mezi jazykem, etnicitou a hmotnou kulturou, a k poznání procesů kulturní změny a migrace.
Research Interests:
The aim of the article is to show the high learning value offered by interdisciplinary research of the Ore Mountains in the Central European historical context. Interest is focused on the (1) basic overview of three main approaches to the... more
The aim of the article is to show the high learning value offered by interdisciplinary research of the Ore Mountains in the Central European historical context. Interest is focused on the (1) basic overview of three main approaches to the study of the Central European mountainous areas and their populations, (2) a brief account of the research and the knowledge so far for the Bohemian Ore Mountains and (3) the conception of the currently ongoing research project in the Ore Moun¬tains, which is being jointly implemented by the Institute for Prehistory and Early History of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University and the Institute for Archaeological Monument Care of North-Western Bohemia in Most.

Cílem příspěvku je ukázat na vysokou poznávací hodnotu, kterou nabízí interdisciplinární výzkum Krušných hor ve středoevropském historickém kontextu. Zájem se soustředí na (1) základní přehled tří hlavních přístupů ke studiu středoevropských horských oblastí a jejich populací, (2) stručnou bilanci dosavadního výzkumu a poznatků pro české Krušnohoří a (3) koncepci aktuálně probíhajícího výzkumného projektu v Krušných horách, který společně realizují Ústav pro pravěk a ranou dobu dějinnou FF UK v Praze a Ústav archeologické památkové péče severozápadních Čech v Mostě.
The study presented is composed of three parts: 1) a methodological overview and short research of the hydronymy of northeast Bavaria and the Cheb district; 2) a revision of the current concept of the names of the waterways in the Cheb... more
The study presented is composed of three parts:
1) a methodological overview and short research of the hydronymy of northeast Bavaria and the Cheb district;
2) a revision of the current concept of the names of the waterways in the Cheb basin, in the Fichtel Mountains and the adjacent areas (for a great majority of the hydronyms, there a Germanic or early German origin is anticipated, and the whole area is therefore considered by linguists as an inseparable part of the Germanic-Old-German communication area with a long-term linguistic continuity, uninterrupted even by a Slavic intervention);
3) a comparison of the spatial distribution of the Germanic-German and Slavic hydronyms with the expanison of row burial grounds of the Carolingian-Ottonian period.

(more see in the English summary)
-------------------------------------------------------------

V posledních dvou desetiletích vzrůstá obecná debata o vztahu archeologie a jazykovědy. Při studiu některých období se dokonce ozývají hlasy, že další pokrok v archeologickém poznání se neobejde bez vazby na moderní jazykovědné koncepty. Pro raný středověk je v tomto ohledu živě diskutováno mj. šíření slovanského jazyka, které nebylo zcela totožné se šířením různých forem identit, jež zachycují písemné a archeologické prameny. Předkládaný článek se věnuje dílčímu problému, konkrétně (1) sleduje vzájemné rozšíření hydronym germánsko-časně německého a slovanského původu v severovýchodním Bavorsku a na Chebsku, (2) kriticky diskutuje stávající etymologie, (3) upozorňuje na rozdílnou geografickou distribuci slovanských místních jmen a hydronym, (4) sleduje vztah mezi tzv. kostrovými pohřebišti karolinsko-otonského období a slovanskými hydronymy. Celkový obraz, který současná toponomastika nabízí, lze vysvětlit tím, že slovanský jazyk nebyl realizován rovnoměrně ve všech jazykových doménách, personálních sítích a mluvčími všech sociálních vrstev/ranků. Z toho důvodu lze sice konstatovat souběžnou realizaci slovanského i germánsko-časně německého jazyka v oblasti kostrových pohřebišť v raném středověku, ale určení, jaká konkrétní populace byla v jakém jazyce dominantní, není možné. Nicméně, v rámci aktuálních sociolingvistických konceptů lze považovat za prokázané, že slovanský jazyk se v severovýchodním Bavorsku šířil - alespoň zčásti - migrací slovanských mluvčích do oblastí, kde byla sociálně dominantním jazykem germánština/raná němčina.
Research Interests:
The objective of the contribution is to highlight the high information potential both of early modern villages and deserted mediaeval villages in studying the long-term socio-economic development of Bohemia. Constant incorporation of... more
The objective of the contribution is to highlight the high information potential both of early modern villages and deserted mediaeval villages in studying the long-term socio-economic development of Bohemia. Constant incorporation of archaeological information into a broader historical framework is enabled by the concept of socio-economic history, which points out that Bohemia was, after the late Middle Ages, divided into several basic production regions of different but interconnected socio-economic development. Differences in production and socio-economic factors between individual regions widened continuously, and markets expanded. The current potential of archaeology to contribute to the testing of this macro-historical concept is not balanced. Deserted villages in mountainous areas, with later non-farming production, probably hold the highest information potential; development in these villages was the most dynamic, and the differences between the situation reconstructed with the help of early modern-age written sources and the state in the late Middle Ages as documented by archaeological sources are presumably the largest. The socio-economic regional differentiation of the Czech lands and its dynamics have so far been reflected only indirectly in archaeology. Efforts to bridge the artificial gap between socio-economic history and archaeological information have thus resulted in several major research projects focussing on the study of the mountainous areas of Bohemia.

Příspěvek upozorňuje na vysoký informační potenciál jak zaniklých pozdně středověkých vsí, tak vsí dosud žijících, pokud jde o poznání dlouhodobého sociálně-ekonomického vývoje Čech. Soustavné začleňování archeologických poznatků do širšího historického studia je možné zejména díky tomu konceptu sociálně-ekonomických dějin, který říká, že Čechy byly od pozdního středověku rozděleny na několik základních produkčních regionů s odlišným, ale vzájemně provázaným sociálně-ekonomickým vývojem. Produkční a sociálně-ekonomická rozdílnost jednotlivých regionů se přitom neustále zvyšovala spolu s postupně se zdokonalujícím trhem. Současné možnosti archeologie přispět k testování tohoto makrohistorického konceptu nejsou vyrovnané. Vysokou vypovídací schopnost mají zaniklé vesnice ležící v těch horských oblastech, kde se později výrazně rozvíjela neagrární výroba, neboť zde byl vývoj nejvíce dynamický a lze zde také předpokládat největší rozdíly mezi situací rekonstruovanou pomocí raně novověkých písemných pramenů a stavem v pozdním středověku, dokumentovaném archeologickými prameny. Socioekonomická regionální diferenciace českých zemí a její dynamika byla dosud archeologií reflektována jen nepřímo. Výsledkem snahy překlenout tuto umělou mezeru mezi sociálně-ekonomickými dějinami a archeologickým poznáním je proto několik výzkumných projektů zaměřených na studium horských oblastí Čech.
The possibilities for making a social-economic interpretation of comprehensively documented late medieval and early modern village layouts are clear. However, the social-economic interpretations in existing Czech publications either... more
The possibilities for making a social-economic interpretation of comprehensively documented late medieval and early modern village layouts are clear. However, the social-economic interpretations in existing Czech publications either merely suggest or, without more detailed evidence, directly equate
the physical categories of yard size with the defined property categories of homesteads known from written sources. All of these speculations are based on a model concept that assumes a direct link between the extent of the economic production of peasant homesteads and the size of their yards. The aims of this article are (1) to analyze and justify the assumption of the relationship between the extent of the agricultural operations of peasant homesteads and the minimum size of their yards, (2) to discuss the relationship between the extent of agricultural operations and the social-economic type of peasant homestead, (3) to discuss the significance of social-economic types of peasant homesteads, (4) to test the model concept in various ways using the examples of Early Modern period peasant homesteads, (5) to apply the acquired information to a specific archaeologically documented situation.
A key feature of the article, one that concerns the main conference subject, is a discussion of the testimonial value of Early Modern period iconographic and cartographic sources for interpreting archaeological situations.
This paper explains the methods employed in the interpretation of two deserted medieval villages in Bohemia. These are based on an analysis of villages still existing today, which have similar origins and a similar settlement morphology,... more
This paper explains the methods employed in the interpretation of two deserted medieval villages in Bohemia. These are based on an analysis of villages still existing today, which have similar origins and a similar settlement morphology, and which exist in natural conditions comparable to the deserted medieval villages analysed. The starting point of the research is the cadastral map from the Joseph II. period, which is the oldest source from the Bohemian territories which allows a detailed analysis of this sort.
The article presented characterises the so-called final phase of medieval colonisation in Bohemia in the 14th century, namely both based on the written sources and specific archaeologically documented examples. A large part of the new... more
The article presented characterises the so-called final phase of medieval colonisation in Bohemia in the 14th century, namely both based on the written sources and specific archaeologically documented examples. A large part of the new village foundations from this period are connected with the transformations of the manorial lords’ management and are related to the previous systematic colonisation only by the method of implementation, not the social-economic context, because the cultivated land of villages founded in the 14th century often emerged on divided areas which had formerly belonged to the manorial lord’s economic courtyards. We can then find the continuation and analogy of such foundations in later Modern periods.
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist ein genauerer Einblick in den Wirtschaftsbetrieb des fürstlichen Hofes in Sadská (11.–12. Jahrhundert) und dessen Eingliederung in die Villikation der späten Přemyslidenzeit (2. Hälfte 13. Jahrhundert). Besondere... more
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist ein genauerer Einblick in den Wirtschaftsbetrieb des fürstlichen Hofes in Sadská (11.–12. Jahrhundert) und dessen Eingliederung in die Villikation der
späten Přemyslidenzeit (2. Hälfte 13. Jahrhundert). Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dem umfangreichen Wald- und Buschareal gewidmet, das ursprünglich zu dem fürstlichen Hof und später zur Königsburg in Podiebrad (Poděbrady) gehörte. Noch in der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts erfüllte dieses Gebiet die Rolle eines kleinen Jagdforsts, aber nach 1350 wurde es radikal verkleinert und an dieser Stelle entstanden fünf neue Dörfer. Die charakteristische Siedlungsform dieser Dörfer deutet eine mögliche Verbindung mit den übrigen großzügigen Lokationen in Böhmen in der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts einschließlich der Pürglitzer Region an.
The defunct village of Vykleky in the Nymburk region has attracted the attention of Czech medieval archaeologists for two reasons. There was a solitary church situated, in the high Middle Ages, on a hill about 400 m from the village. The... more
The defunct village of Vykleky in the Nymburk region has attracted the attention of Czech medieval archaeologists for two reasons. There was a solitary church situated, in the high Middle Ages, on a hill about 400 m from the village. The second reason is the country estate of Zbraslav († 1238), one of King Wenceslas I’s prominent courtiers. The question is: was Zbraslav’s estate really situated in the proximity of the church, and did they make up a single whole? The current answer is no. Surface collections have proved no settlement activities on the church site nor around it. Analyses of written sources and broader topographic connections show that Vykleky was not an ordinary country location but belonged in the specific category of villages in the hinterland of the period centres. The early existence of a church is thus not surprising, and its origin was not necessarily connected with Zbraslav and his family.
Článek z roku 2003 prezentuje a aplikuje analytické metody pro rekonstrukci pozdně středověkých plužin zaniklých i dodnes žijících vsí, a to na základě katastrálních a raabizačních plánů (18.-19. století). Významnou úlohu při konkrétních... more
Článek z roku 2003 prezentuje a aplikuje analytické metody pro rekonstrukci pozdně středověkých plužin zaniklých i dodnes žijících vsí, a to na základě katastrálních a raabizačních plánů (18.-19. století). Významnou úlohu při konkrétních rekonstrukcích mají jak archeologická data, tak informace o zemědělském potenciálu jednotlivých částí plužin. Představeny jsou také základní metody jednoduché geografické analýzy plužin a jejich zemědělského potenciálu.
Havraň ležela severovýchodně od města Nymburk v úrodné polabské nížině a rozkládala se na říčních terasách řeky Mrliny (dnes poloha Havransko, k.ú. Vestec). Důležitost lokality byla dána její polohou u cesty z Prahy do východních Čech a... more
Havraň ležela severovýchodně od města Nymburk v úrodné polabské nížině a rozkládala se na říčních terasách řeky Mrliny (dnes poloha Havransko, k.ú. Vestec). Důležitost lokality byla dána její polohou u cesty z Prahy do východních Čech a dále do Slezska. V písemných pramenech je Havransko uváděno jako název blíže neurčeného správního obvodu v 1. třetině 13. století a jako název jednoho z děkanátů boleslavského arcijáhenství.
The study brings results of research of Spindelbach – a late medieval village from the Ridge of Ore Mountains on the border of Czechia and Germany. The village was a candidate of site with non-agrarian economic activities. It was a... more
The study brings results of research of Spindelbach – a late medieval village from the Ridge of Ore Mountains on the border of Czechia and Germany. The village was a candidate of site with non-agrarian economic activities. It was a Waldhufendorf type of village. It meant that every household could manage its fields independently on other households. There were many Waldhufendorf villages in the Ore Mountains area. Majority of them still exist or have been abandoned after World War II. Medieval Spindelbach served well for testing the soil and geochemical methods for finding assumed differences in households' parcels fields' management. We see the utilized possibility to analyse soils with respect to particular possessions as one of the main message of the paper. It has an importance for research of economy and social development and differentiation between medieval and modern era. It also touches the research of non-agricultural activities in medieval villages and the relationship between human impact and pedogenesis. We performed soil and geochemical mapping. Geochemically, we identified 4 components acting on site: i) general geology and soil environment (bedrock and organic matter; Al, Si, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr vs Pb and LE – elements from H to Na); ii) modern pollution and possible historical human activity (As, Pb vs Zn and Mn); iii) historical human agricultural activity related to the village (P, As, Pb); iv) probably also human activity not identified (P). There was no clear relation of podzolization to human activities observed. The differences among households' agricultural managements were observed; they could be based on: i) land use types in village area (mainly arable fields and pastures / meadows); ii) management intensity; iii) subjective management preferences of peasants; iv) non-agricultural economic activities. They were manifested not only by their volume or intensity, but also by their spatial distribution. The third component (P, As, Pb) was well related to the village, the fourth component (P) was of possible, but not clearly interpreted relation to the village. The differences were observed through interpolation and visualization techniques. Since this way is prone to be influenced by bias (mainly by settings of techniques), also ANOVA was used. It revealed the differences, although not so strongly as interpolation. The research results can be used for planning of future research on Spindelbach; they also show the usefulness of these methods on general level. Statistics PCA extracted 4 components acting on site: PCA1: general geology and soil environment (bedrock and organic matter; Al, Si, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr vs Pb and LE – elements from H to Na); PCA2: modern pollution and possible historical human activity (As, Pb vs Zn and Mn); PCA3: historical human agricultural activity related to the village (P, As, Pb); PCA4: probably also human activity, spatially not clear pattern (P). Methods Only northeastern part of field system is well preserved. We identified 13 parcel strips, some in the form of the terraces. We performed 120 dug probes in fields, and 5 probes in " background " area (Figure 1). We did the description, foto documentation and performed direct XRF measurement of elemental concentrations in accordance to soil horizons.
Research Interests: