Modified Starch

Harumanis is type of mango in Indonesia that meets the needs of export or local markets. Harumanis mango have not been able to fully boost the rate of export of this Indonesian fresh fruit due to poor postharvest technology. This condition has an adverse impact as it increases postharvest loss. Thus, in these conditions there must be postharvet handling of harumanis mango, one of which is edible coating made from chitosan with the addition of starch. The difference in the value of amylose and amylopectin from starch resulted in differen results. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of addition of starch types in chitosan edible coating on the postharvest loss of harumanis mango based onthe physico-chemical tests. The experiment used completely randomized design with two factor. The parameters observed were physical test including weight loss, texture, and color. Chemical test including respiration rate, vitamin C, and total soluble solids. The result showed that the addition of starch on chitosan edible coating significantly affected postharvest loss to the results of physical and chemical tests. The best treatment was the addition of starh to edible coating with chitosan because it can provide physical and chemical defense during storage at room temperature.

Selected local cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starches were investigated as additives for water-based drilling mud. Cassava cultivars, TMS 30572, TMS 98/0505, TMS 98/0581, M98/0068, TMS 92/0057, TMS 96/1632, NR8082, TME 419, TMS 97/4779 and TMS 01/1412 were processed to starches and used for drilling mud treatment at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent. Polyanionic cellulose (PAC), xanthan gum (XG) and industrial starch-modified drilling muds served as controls. Physicochemical analysis of the starches showed significant differences in their properties. Viscosity and fluid loss profiles revealed that some of the local cassava starches had comparable performance with the commercial polymers. The optimal concentration of the industrial starch in the mud system was 0.5 percent, while that of the local starches were between 0.5 and 1.0 percent. PAC and XG performed best at 1.0 and 2.0 percent respectively. The highest viscosities were shown by muds treated with TMS 98/0581, XG, TMS 96/1632, M98/0068, TMS 92/0057 and PAC, arranged in decreasing order. And the lowest fluid losses were exhibited by muds with PAC, industrial starch, XG, TMS 98/0581 and M98/0068 in increasing order. Viscosity and fluid loss models as functions of cassava starch physicochemical properties were developed. Increase in starch content, amylose content, solubility index would readily increase viscosity, while high starch content, amylopectin content, solubility index and pH would reduce the fluid loss. Local starches from TMS 98/0581, TMS 96/1632 and M98/0068 and TMS 92/0057 could be used as a substitute in drilling mud as viscosity enhancers and fluid loss control agents in Nigeria.

Background. Starch and dietary fibers as well as carbohydrates that are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine, are chemically heterogeneous components derived from plants consumed by humans. These chemical components undergo a full or partial fermentation process in the large intestine. Starch and other carbohydrates are the main sources of energy in all diets, while cell wall polysaccharides are the main components of dietary fiber.
Aim of the study. The role of starch and other carbohydrates in the human diet was analyzed in terms of structure and distribution in tissues, modification of these components during food processing and impact on functional properties in human nutrition and their behavior in the gastrointestinal tract.
Conclusion. Potato and other starch products can play a large role in the prevention of hyperglycemia if starch-derived glucose is released into the circulation in a very slow manner. Potato starch cultivars are therefore very important not only for the industry, but also in the human diet.

ABSTRACT
Starches are unsuitable for most applications, therefore it must be modified chemically and/or physically to enhance their positive attributed and/or to minimize their defects. Starch can be produced from maize, potato, tapioca or cassava, wheat, rice and other foods. This research was based on the preparation of modified cassava starch using the acid treatment, acetylation and cross-link method and it was used in preparation of biodegradable plastic. The most suitable parameter of native cassava starch were 1:5 ratio of cassava to water at 5 hours settling time. The optimum parameters of modified cassava starch by acid treatment were 0.5mL of 35% hydrochloric acid and 0.05% of sodium hydroxide at 40oC reaction temperature for 75 minutes of reaction time, by acetylation were 2mL of acetic acid, 0.01% of sodium hydroxide, at room temperature (28-30oC)for 60 minutes and by cross-link method were 0.2g of fumaric acid, 0.2g of sodium acetate, at room temperature (28-30oC)and 60 minutes. Moreover the contents of moisture and ash, pH and gelatinization temperature were investigated. Both native and modified cassava starches (by three different methods) were determined by X-ray Diffractomer, FTIR, TG-DTA and SEM.
The prepared modified cassava starch (cross-linked starch and acetylated starch)were used in preparation of biodegradable plastic by three formulae. Formula 1 and Formula 2 gave hard plastic film and soft plastic film. Formula 3 gave the bad and poor texture of biodegradable plastic film. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic such as tensile strength, elongation test, colour, biodegradability test, morphology, solubility test and moisture absorption were determined and compared with literature value. Biodegradable plastic prepared by acetylated method and cross-link method was identified by using SEM and TG-DTA.

Physicochemical properties of citric acid treated sweet potato starches were investigated in the present study. Sweet potato starch was hydrolyzed using citric acid with different concentrations (1 and 5%) and time periods (1 and 11 h) at 45 • C and was denoted as citric acid treated starch (CTS1 to CTS4) based on their experimental conditions. The recovery yield of acid treated starches was above 85%. The CTS4 sample displayed the highest amylose (around 31%) and water holding capacity its melting temperature was 47.66 • C. The digestibility rate was slightly increased for 78.58% for the CTS3 and CTS4. The gel strength of acid modified starches ranged from 0.27 kg to 1.11 kg. RVA results of acid thinned starches confirmed a low viscosity profile. CTS3 starch illustrated lower enthalpy compared to all other modified starches. All starch samples exhibited a shear-thinning behavior. SEM analysis revealed that the extent of visible degradation was increased at higher hydrolysis time and acid concentration. The CTS3 satisfied the criteria required for starch to act as a fat mimetic. Overall results conveyed that the citric acid treatment of sweet potato starch with 5% acid concentration and 11 h period was an ideal condition for the preparation of a fat replacer.

Plastic is one of most commonly used material in our life because of its application and benefits in the world, especially Indonesia. Indonesia is one of highest total  plastics waste production and usage in world. Unfortunately, many of plastic waste has come from synthetic plastics such as PVC, PE, PP, and PET that can make pollution to ecosystem. Many scientists tried to address this ecological problems by developing biodegradable plastics. This paper has purpose to develop starch based biodegradable plastics from sago starch, as this plant was one of unique native from Indonesia. The paper adopt transesterification reaction of sago starch as the main material with methyl ester fatty acid (FAME) to omit native starch disadvantages such as easily hydrolized at acid, brittl, and low mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break). The process consists of preliminary experiments and main experiments (synthesis of esterified starch)  with variable of concentration ratio of FAME to DMSO solvent and catalyst concentration. The results that was measured by experiment is degree of substitution (DS), FTIR spectrum, and starch granule photo of SEM to determine its physicochemical properties as esterified starch.

Based on results from the experiment, we could conclude that the maximum of DS value is 1,3471 for 1,5 hours of esterification reaction by methyl ester at optimum temperature of 105 degrees celcius. The variation of highest DS yield occurs at variation of methyl ester to DMSO by 1:2 with moderate catalyst concentration of 0,3 catalyst mol per mol AGU.The sample characterization through SEM, TGA, and FTIR also can explain that the esterification as chemical modification can enhance the physicochemical and morphological properties of starch.

#Reference: Synthesis of Higher Fatty Acid Starch Ester using Methyl Laurate as Reactants from Chemical Engineering Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University of Groningen Netherlands and Catholic Parahyangan Univeristy of Bandung, Indonesia, et al.

Cassava starch modification by cross-linking using four different reagents (ammonium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium acetate with adipic acid, sodium acetate with fumaric acid) was performed. Functional properties (ash content, pH, moisture content, gelatinization temperature, swelling power, swelling volume, solubility and viscosity) of the modified starch were compared with those of the native cassava starch. The modified starches had varying degrees of improvements in properties in descending order as: modification with sodium acetate, ammonium phosphate, sodium acetate with adipic acid, sodium acetate with fumaric acid. Starch modified with sodium acetate and ammonium phosphate showed great improvement in their gelatinization temperature with values of 79oF and 75oF compared with 69oF of the native starch, solubility of 66.7% and 37.1% compared with 0% of the native cassava starch and had lower and stable viscosities.

Late precolonial (c. 800-1500 CE) culinary practices in the northern Caribbean have received limited investigations. Determining foodways has been integral for the study of cultures, yet there has never been a comparison of foodway dynamics in the Caribbean between the Greater Antilles (the presumed origin of people who migrated into The Bahamas) and the Bahama archipelago. The objective of our study was to analyze microbotanical residues (starches) extracted from 45 clay griddles (food preparation platters) to illuminate a partial view of the phytocultural repertoire of this region and explicate variations of the identified culinary practices. The griddles were excavated from three archaeological sites: El Flaco and La Luperona in northwestern Dominican Republic and Palmetto Junction on the western coast of Providenciales, Turks & Caicos Islands. Regarding the production of plant-based food on griddles, our produced data suggests that the people who lived at El Flaco focused on the production of maize (Zea mays L.) derivatives, La Luperona residents prepared guáyiga/coontie/ zamia (Zamia spp.) food products, and Palmetto Junction ostensibly had a focus on the production of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based foods. This survey of food-ways has exposed particular cultural niches, different adaptation strategies, and associated culinary practices. Resumen Las prácticas culinarias precoloniales (c. 800-1500 CE) en el norte del Caribe han sido investigadas de manera limitida. Determinar lasdimensiones de la alimentación ha sido fundamental en el estudio de las culturas; no obstante, en el Caribe nunca se ha realizado unacomparación de estas dinámicas entre las Antillas Mayores (el atribuido origen migratorio de humanos a las Bahamas) y el archipiélago delas Bahamas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los residuos microbotánicos (almidones) extraídos Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory https://doi.

Detailed studies have been carried out on Kithul (Caryota urens) native and modified flour as two pre-gelatinized treatments (PGI and PGII), acid modified (AC) and dextrinized modification (DX) flour treatments to compare gelatinization properties and amylose content. Among all treatments, PG-II (modified with excess water at 75°C heat treatment) showed significant changes with higher gelatinization temperatures (TO = 74.02°C and T P = 80.51°C) and lower Conclusion temperature (TC = 90.04°C), gelatinization enthalpy (5.78 J/g) and amylose content (25.36). This study provides evidence that PGII is the most suitable modification treatment for native Kithul flour for introducing new flour source with an applicable form to meet specific needs with a view to effort expand application within the food industry.

Foxtail millet starch was modified by annealing (AS), ultra-sonication (US) and a combination of the two treatments (annealing and ultra-sonication (AUS) or ultra-sonication and annealing (UAS)) and they were characterized. Compared to the native starch (NS), modified starches particularly UAS contained the highest amylose (27.96%). Ultra-sonication prior to annealing had a predominant effect on resistant starch (RS) level (UAS-45.59%). Among the modified starches, UAS had exhibited superior resistance to acidic (0.94) and shear (0.68) stability. Sonication, when used as the second treatment (AUS) elevated the final viscosity compared to its counter ones possibly due to the effects of cavitation promoted by sonication treatment. UAS had showed an A-type diffraction pattern and dominant peaks in FT-IR spectra. It can be inferred that dual modification of starch by ultra-sonication followed by annealing had exhibited the most desirable properties such as high acid and shear resistance, high freeze-thaw stability and improved gel texture.

The effects of tempering (annealing), acid hydrolysis and low-citric acid substitution on chemical and physicochemical properties of starches of four Nigerian yam cultivars were investigated. Crude fat and protein contents of the native starches decreased significantly after the modifications, while nitrogen-free extract increased significantly with acid hydrolysis and citric acid substitution. Acid hydrolysis and low-citric acid substitution reduced the least concentration for gel formation of the starches from 4 to 2% w/v, but tempering had no effect. Swelling power of the starches reduced significantly, and water solubility increased significantly at 75 and 85 °C, especially with acid hydrolysis and low-citric acid substitution. However, tempering significantly reduced starch solubility in the four cultivars. Paste clarity of starches of white (29.17%), water (18.90%), yellow (30.90%) and bitter (10.57%) yams reduced significantly with tempering to 14.43, 11.83, 16.93 and 7.27%, but increased significantly with acid hydrolysis to 41.40, 35.37, 28.77 and 32.33%, and low-citric acid substitution to 36.60, 44.17, 50.67 and 14.33%, respectively. Pasting properties such as peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities and peak time of native starches reduced significantly with acid hydrolysis and low-citric acid substitution, however, tempering significantly increased their pasting temperature, peak time, setback and final viscosities.

The PI/UV system ((4-trimethyl ammonium methyl) benzophenone chloride/UV) was used to synthesize carboxymethyl starch-
(CMS-) stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).AgNPs so prepared had round shapemorphologywith size of 1–7 nm.Theprepared
AgNPs were utilized to impart antibacterial finishing for cotton fabrics. The PI/UV system was further utilized to fix AgNPs
onto cotton fabrics by photocrosslinking of AgNPs-CMS composite onto cotton fabrics to impart durable antibacterial properties.
Effect of irradiation time and incorporating N, N-methylene diacrylamide (MDA) in different concentrations on antibacterial
performance before and after repeated washing cycles was studied. S. aureus and E. coli were used to evaluate the antibacterial
performance of finished fabrics. The antibacterial performance was directly proportional to the irradiation time and concentration
ofMDAbut inversely proportional to the number of washing cycles.Theinhibition zone of S. aureus and E. coli is the same although
they are different in the cell wall structure and mode of action due to the nanosize structure formed.

The aim of the present study is to compare gelatinization properties and colour attributes of modified Kithul (Caryotaurens) flour with three different modification methods to find out the suitability as a new modified flour source for industrial use.Isolated flour was subjected to physical, chemical modifications to generate pre-gelatinized (PG), acid modified (AC) and dextrinized(DX) flour treatments. The colour attributes and thermal analysis of the native(RW) and modified flour were characterized. Results obtained revealed that Lightness (L*) was increased with following modifications than unmodified samples while redness(a*) and yellowness(b*) were reduced. Gelatinization initial temperature and enthalpy were significantly increased in DX flour treatment. All three modifications were significantly affected on gelatinization enthalpy with a comparison of RW flour samples. Finally, DX flour treatment provides most modified characteristics with highest thermal properties.

In this research, oxidized sucrose, a novel aldehyde-based green cross-linker, endowed starch films with substantial improvement in both tensile strength and elongation, whereas many other cross-linkers did not. Starch films are usually weak, brittle, and highly moisture sensitive, and thus have restricted industrial applications. Cross-linking is one of the most common methods to tackle these problems. However, most of the available cross-linkers are either toxic, expensive, or with low cross-linking efficiencies. Oxidized sucrose is a green cross-linker with multiple aldehyde groups per molecule to cross-link starch molecules via forming hemiacetals/acetals. The starch films cross-linked with oxidized sucrose had tensile strength and breaking elongation of 23 MPa and 60%, respectively, exceeding the cross-linking results of many other cross-linkers. Oxidized sucrose cross-linking also substantially increased the stability of starch films in both water and formic acid. With activation energy as low as 33.22 kJ mol −1 , the cross-linking, a pseudo-first-order reaction, could occur readily. Mild cross-linking using oxidized sucrose might provide an alternative to promote industrialization of starch-based products.

Starch granules can be recovered from a variety of archaeological contexts and have been used to interpret plant utilization, cooking technologies, and activity areas. This experiment assessed the distance maize starch granules travelled from an outdoor and indoor stone grinding station. Starch was recovered from water traps as far as 10 m from the grinding site, with dense starch concentrations occurring only within 40 cm from stone mano and grinding slab. Wind direction drastically altered the travel distance of ground maize starch, highlighting the importance of context in interpreting the archaeological starch record. The parameters established by this experimental work can inform starch researchers to improve sampling, research, and interpretation strategies for archaeological starch in soil and sediment contexts.

Scientific data on the effect of varying degrees of succinylation on starch from Acha, an underutilized source is scanty. Bridging this gap is the focus of this study. Acha starch was extracted, succinylated (suc-cinic anhydride (SA) (3–14 g/100 g starch) and the degree of substitution determined. Proximate composition and functional characteristics of both native and succinylated starches were evaluated according to standard methods. Starch spectra and morphology were also studied. Succinylation increased (5.63– 11.68%) with increasing concentration of SA. Amylose peaked at 36.42% and thereafter decreased to 28.84%. Swelling power and solubility increased in multiple folds especially at temperatures (70– 90 °C) at all levels of substitution (0.1–0.20). Pasting viscosities (165.9–307.5 RVU) decreased and did not follow the order of substitution. Morphology (polygonal) and granular sizes (6–12 lm) among the succinylated and native starches were not significantly different (P < 0.05). Succinylated Acha starches hold great promise as a good and cheaper replacement for gums in Food Applications.

Starch extracted from tacca involucrata was modified by preparing its citrate derivative by reacting the tacca starch with citric acid at elevated temperatures. The starch citrate was found to be a white, crystalline and non – hygroscopic powder with a percentage yield of 75.7 %. It was insoluble in water and had a swelling capacity of 11.9 at 85 OC in water. It did not gelatinize when heated at 100 OC in water for 30 min. It has a browning temperature of 223.5.0 – 231.2 OC, charring temperature of 251.7 – 258.9 OC, water absorption capacity of 83.25 %, pH of 4.7, foam and emulsion capacities of 4.2 % and 7.8 % respectively. The photomicrograph shows that the starch citrate granule is oval in shape, generally small sized with occasional large ones. Generally, the physicochemical properties of tacca starch citrate indicate that it might be a better disintegrant than native tacca starch in tablet formulations.

Keywords: Binderless Particleboard Oil palm empty fruit bunch Starch Natural binder a b s t r a c t Malaysia produces a very high amount of oil palm biomass especially the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) every year. The OPEFB in reality can be converted into value-added panels such as particleboard. The application may vary such as use for furniture, indoor building materials, door, window, floor, office partition and many more. Normally, the commercial particleboard were made from biomass with addition of formaldehyde based resins and it is harmful to the environment due to the formaldehyde released. In this study, the formaldehyde based resins were excluded and the binderless particleboard made from OPEFB with addition of natural binder such as corn, potato, tapioca and wheat starch were evaluated. These panels were manufactured with a target density of 0.8 g/cm 3. The hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time, and pressing pressure used were 180°C, 20 min, and 12 MPa respectively. From the results, the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch as the natural binder (15.33 MPa, 2078 MPa) following by wheat (14.41 MPa, 1823 MPa), tapioca (14.18 MPa, 1771 MPa) and corn starch (12.59 MPa, 1335 MPa) respectively. The highest dimensional stability was also found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch with the lowest water absorption (69%) and thickness swelling (50%) value. Overall results has met the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) for type-8 and type-13 except for water absorption and thickness swelling. Therefore, particleboard made from OPEFB without using any synthetic resin was successfully made with the addition of natural binder such as potato, wheat, tapioca and corn starch and probably can be replace as a substitute for conventional particleboard in future.

Many eukaryotic microalgae modify their metabolism in response to nutrient stresses such as phosphorus (P) starvation, which substantially induces storage metabolite biosynthesis, but the genetic mechanisms regulating this response are poorly understood. Here, we show that P starvation-induced lipid and starch accumulation is inhibited in a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant lacking the transcription factor Pi Starvation Response1 (PSR1). Transcriptomic analysis identified specific metabolism transcripts that are induced by P starvation but misregulated in the psr1 mutant. These include transcripts for starch and triacylglycerol synthesis but also transcripts for photosynthesis-, redox-, and stress signaling-related proteins. To further examine the role of PSR1 in regulating lipid and starch metabolism, PSR1 complementation lines in the psr1 strain and PSR1 overexpression lines in a cell wall-deficient strain were generated. PSR1 expression in the psr1 lines was shown to be functional due to rescue of the psr1 phenotype. PSR1 overexpression lines exhibited increased starch content and number of starch granules per cell, which correlated with a higher expression of specific starch metabolism genes but reduced neutral lipid content. Furthermore, this phenotype was consistent in the presence and absence of acetate. Together, these results identify a key transcriptional regulator in global metabolism and demonstrate transcriptional engineering in microalgae to modulate starch biosynthesis.

Starch complexes were obtained from activated and pregelatinized cassava starch (AS) or carboxymethyl
starch (CMS) by using quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). The synthesis of the CMS was carried out by
a single or double step carboxymethylation reaction with monochloroacetic acid. Different parameters
were assayed to prepare the ionic complexes: CMS or AS as starting materials, anhydroglucose unit/QAS
ratio, and length of the alkyl chain of the alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB) salt. The products
were characterized by FTIR, 1Hand 13C NMR, and the Kjeldhal method. The results indicated a much more
favorable complex formation when using CMS, obtaining the highest degree of substitution or complexation
(0.72) and reaction efficiency (0.96) when C18TAB was employed. DSC and WAXS experiments
evidenced the crystallization of the octadecyl chain introduced in the starch, exhibiting a dependence on
sample water content. TGA and TVA analysis showed the stability of the complexes up to ∼150 ◦C and
that degradation takes place in at least two stages with the release of the surfactant moiety in a first stage
and the degradation of the starch skeleton in a second stage.

Physicochemical properties of citric acid treated sweet potato starches were investigated in the present study. Sweet potato starch was hydrolyzed using citric acid with different concentrations (1 and 5%) and time periods (1 and 11 h) at 45 • C and was denoted as citric acid treated starch (CTS1 to CTS4) based on their experimental conditions. The recovery yield of acid treated starches was above 85%. The CTS4 sample displayed the highest amylose (around 31%) and water holding capacity its melting temperature was 47.66 • C. The digestibility rate was slightly increased for 78.58% for the CTS3 and CTS4. The gel strength of acid modified starches ranged from 0.27 kg to 1.11 kg. RVA results of acid thinned starches confirmed a low viscosity profile. CTS3 starch illustrated lower enthalpy compared to all other modified starches. All starch samples exhibited a shear-thinning behavior. SEM analysis revealed that the extent of visible degradation was increased at higher hydrolysis time and acid concentration. The CTS3 satisfied the criteria required for starch to act as a fat mimetic. Overall results conveyed that the citric acid treatment of sweet potato starch with 5% acid concentration and 11 h period was an ideal condition for the preparation of a fat replacer.

ABSTRAK Superabsorben Polimer (SAP) adalah suatu bahan yang dapat mengabsorbsi cairan lebih besar daripada bobot awalnya. Superabsorben polimer (Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM) disintesis dengan mereaksikan Na-CMC dengan BSM. Pati dimodifikasi dengan metode oksidasi menggunakan Hidrogen Peroksida 2%. Selanjutnya Na-CMC/BSM diikat silang menggunakan 1%, 2%, dan 3% Al 2 (SO 4) 3 .18H 2 O (%b/b). Terbentuknya polimer superabsorben didukung oleh adanya spektrum FT-IR yang dibuktikan dengan adanya gugus karboksil dan garam CMC pada bilangan gelombang sekitar 1600-1640 cm-1 dan 1400-1450 cm-1. Pada spectrum pencampuran Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM, terlihat adanya gugus-OH dan-CH pada bilangan gelombang 3265-3272 cm-1 dan 2892-2922 cm-1. Munculnya gugus karbonil dari garam karboksilat pada bilangan gelombang 1580 cm-1 dan gugus karbonil dari alcohol primer pati pada 1021-1103 cm-1. Hasil morfologi menunjukkan Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM memiliki permukaan yang kasar dan kerapatan yang besar. Hasil termogram pada analisa termal menggunakan DSC menghasilkan nilai Tg Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM berada di antara Tg BSM dan Na-CMC yaitu 99,52˚C dimana Tg BSM adalah 97,62˚C dan Tg Na-CMC berada pada 99,60˚C yang menandakan telah terjadi interaksi jaringan polimer antar kedua sampel. Ratio ikat silang terbaik terdapat pada superabsorben dengan (3%Al) yang menunjukkan nilai WAC sebesar 8330%. ABSTRACT Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) is a material that can absorb a liquid greater than its initial weight. Superabsorbent polymer (Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM) were synthesized by reacting Na-CMC with BSM. Starch was modified by the oxidation method using Hydrogen Peroxide 2%. Then Na-CMC/BSM tied to cross using 1%, 2%, and 3% Al 2 (SO 4) 3 .18H 2 O (%w/w). Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM were characterized by FTIR, SEM, DSC, and WAC. The formation of Na-CMC/Al3/BSM polymers were supported by the presence of FT-IR spectrum as evidenced by the presence of carboxyl groups and CMC salts at wave numbers around 1600-1640 cm-1 and 1400-1450 cm-1. The Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM mixing spectrum there are-OH and-CH groups in wave numbers 3265-3272 cm-1 and 2892-2922 cm-1. Appearance of carbonyl groups from carboxyclic salts at wave number 1580 cm-1 and carbonyl groups from starch primary alcohols at 1021-1103 cm-1. SEM morphology results showed Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM has a rough surface and a large density. Results termogram on thermal analysis using DSC produce Tg value of Na-CMC/Al 3 /BSM is in between Tg BSM and Na-CMC is 99,52°C in which the Tg of BSM is 97,62°C and a Tg of Na-CMC is at 99,60˚C which indicates that there has been a polymer network interaction between the two samples. Ratio crosslinking the best there is in the superabsorbent with (3% Al) which indicates value of WAC of 8330%.

The ability to gather data on a material's viscosity behavior gives manufacture an important "product dimension." Knowledge of a material's rheological characteristic is valuable in predicting its pourability, ist performance in a dipping or coating operation, or the ease with which it may be handle, processed, or used. The interrelation between rheology and other product dimensions often makes the measurement of viscosity the most sensitive or convenient way of detecting changes in color, density, stability, solids content, and molecural weight.

Why Choose Brookfiled?
Ease to use, flexibility, reliable performance and quality of service have made Brookfield Viscometers favorites all over the world. All Brookfiled Viscometers are accurate within +/- 1.0% of range in use and have a reproducibility within +/- 0.2% . Test results can be duplicated anywhere in the world when the same model instrument is used.

Below is a chat that will show the Brookfield family of Laboratory Viscometers and Rheometer at a glance. This will help to give you a general idea of what is available before making decision. The horizontal axis indicates performance capability and features while the vertical axis addresses price level.