Organizational Networks

Este artigo apresenta o conceito de organização em rede e mostra sua relação intrínseca com o tema gestão por competências; prática fundamental para a boa administração da rede. Mostra-se como parcerias entre empresas, que possuem competências complementares, vêm dando origem a redes de negócios. Dentre elas, destacam-se as organizações virtuais, objeto deste estudo de caso. Apresenta-se também um estudo de caso de empresa em rede – a UR2 –, cuja atuação baseia-se no modelo de gestão do conhecimento, dando especial enfoque na gestão de competências.

Understanding the tide of activism rising from Indigenous communities in Canada requires an understanding of the socio-political contexts within which it occurs, in other words, an understanding of the Canadian colonial state field (CCSF). Hence, I propose a ‘domesticated’ version of the theory of colonial state fields first outlined by George Steinmetz (2008), by specifying the theory to the Canadian socio-political context. In an effort to incorporate interests of Indigenous activist social networks (such as those at the core of #IdleNoMore) into the theory, I build upon Steinmetz by proposing a synthesis of the CCSF with Mario Small’s (2009) theory of organizationally embedded networks, suggesting a field-analytic framework wherein activist networks are conceived of contextually rather than as autonomous stand-alone entities. Key similarities and policy implications are discussed including the susceptibility of the CICF and organizationally embedded networks to external government policy, and the mutual presence of gatekeepers in both structures.

Project entrepreneurs often rely on network relationships to initiate and coordinate projects in dynamic project businesses. Over time, they typically build and maintain so-called project network organizations (PNOs) - longer-term sets of strategically coordinated project-based relationships that sustain beyond particular projects. Based on examples in film, research and other project businesses, this chapter examines in detail how PNOs operate by comparing three network perspectives -  networks as relational structures, networks as governance forms and networks as organizational systems. Each perspective is applied to look at three core interrelated features of PNOs: their strategic coordination, the formation of core project teams, and the formation of flexible partner pools. This chapter invites a more differentiated understanding of networks as contexts of project organizing and beyond. This is of relevance to students, scholars and practitioners of project-based organizing.

In research aim is to develop a new a systematic understanding of embeddedness and organization networks, offers an explanation of the links between social structure, micro-behavioral decision-making processes, and economic outcomes within the context of organizational networks.

Эффективная генерация новых знаний определяет развитие науки, технологии и общества в це-лом. Объектом исследования является научно-исследовательский коллектив как субъект генерации знаний. Научно-исследовательский коллектив по своей природе является объектом междисципли-нарного исследования, который находится на стыке экономики, социологии, науковедения, соци-альной психологии. На основе анализа различных теоретико-методологических подходов автором сформулированы собственное определение и подходы к классификации коллективов генерации зна-ний. На основе институционального подхода к анализу коллективной деятельности разработана типология научно-исследовательских коллективов как сетевых организаций. Кроме того, проведено первичное разделение издержек генерации знаний на физические и трансакционные. Результаты ис-следования являются фундаментом для дальнейшего анализа, в частности, оценки эффективности генерации знаний научно-исследовательскими коллективами / The effective generation of new knowledge determines the development of science, technology, and society as a whole. The object of research is the research team as an actor of knowledge generation. The research team by its nature is the object of interdisciplinary research, which is at the intersection of economics, sociology, scientometrics, and social psychology. On the basis of an analysis of various theoretical and methodological approaches, we formulated our own definition and classification of research teams. Grounding on the institutional approach to the analysis of collective action, a typology of research teams as network organizations has been developed. In addition, the primary division of costs of generation of knowledge into physical and transaction ones has been conducted. The results of the research are the foundation for further analysis, in particular, the evaluation of the effectiveness of knowledge generation by research teams.

Despite its long history of refugee crises, Asia lacks effective refugee protection mechanisms. Most Asian states resist ratification of the international refugee laws, and many international organizations are ineffective and lack concrete legal and political approaches to protecting refugees. Asian civil society, particularly Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN), collaborates to protect refugees by employing alternative frameworks. This paper argues that Asian civil society aims to challenge the nature of refugee protection in Asia. Instead of encouraging states to ratify the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, APRRN stimulates national-level implementation of refugee protection principles and practices from below. It engages its members in global decision-making by mobilizing and sharing resources with them. APRRN frames refugee protection as international human rights issue instead of as a national security concern.

With a growing interest in doing business in a Confucian society, scholars and managers have given much attention toGuanxias a governance mechanism. Yet, little has been known the unique aspects and the effectiveness ofGuanxi-based governance. To address such gap, we specify three distinct aspects ofGuanxiin a
business setting. First,Guanxi is a fine balance among three key elements: qing (emotion or feeling),li (reciprocity) andliyi (utilitarian benefits). Second,Guanxipertains to dynamic, interactive relationships at both individual and organizational levels. Third,Guanxiis unalterably linked to the concept of Guanxinetworking (or more precisely,quanzi). Based on these unique aspects, we argue that industrial marketing scholars can borrow theories from veracious disciplines and call for more effort in the empirical examination of the interactions among the three aspects of Guanxi-based governance, the efficacy of Guanxi-based governance, the developmental process of Guanxi networks, and the interactions of interpersonal Guanxito
organizational Guanxi.

Much of the literature linking organizational design to performance falls into two broad streams. One conceptualizes structure bureaucratically, i.e. in terms of a hierarchical pattern of authority or reporting relationships, as well as the degree of standardization, formalization, specialization, etc. The impact of structure and other elements of design on performance is most typically contingent upon other factors such as strategy, task characteristics, and environmental conditions. The other stream conceives of structure more informally, i.e. as a network of interpersonal and intra-organizational relationships. Properties of informal structure are typically shown to have a more direct (less contingent) impact on organizational performance.  Despite these rather pronounced differences, considerable overlap and complementarity exists between  the two streams. Little of it has been systematically examined, however. In this paper I compare and contrast a pair of exemplars from each stream—the information-processing perspective and the social network perspective—with respect to their conceptualizations of organization design and its relationship to performance. The paper concludes with several specific recommendations for future research combining the two approaches.

There is a considerable body of academic literature showing that organisational networks are important for a range of key workplace outcomes such as career advancement (Wolff & Moser, 2009), knowledge management (Parise, 2007), and innovation (Brass, Galaskiewicz, Greve & Tsai, 2004). This academic work is being reflected in workplaces, with concepts such as Wirearchy (Husband, 2015) acknowledging that command and control hierarchical methods of organizing workplaces are being overtaken by social and technological change. Human resource (HR) departments and practitioners, and particularly their learning and development functions, are a key factor in this change. However, there remain questions around how far HR practitioners understand the extent of the potential, operation and complexity of networks within their organisation and therefore have the tools at their disposal to make the most of them.

This paper will examine the extent to which a link has been established between networks and key workplace outcomes. It will consider whether and how this link is reflected in current HR theory and practice. An attempt will be made to draw out some lessons about the extent to which existing network practice takes into account the current state of academic research into networks. In conclusion it will identify that there is strong potential for a network approach within HR, both at the theoretical and practical levels. Research is particularly lacking with regard to networks with a focus other than increasing the social capital of an individual. However, further empirical research is needed both in terms of further analysis of existing HR practice and the impact of networks on HR outcomes before a solid relationship can be established.

We first met Valdis Krebs in mid-1988, when he responded to our musings on groupware with his thoughts on visualizing organizations and work flow (see Release 1.0, 9-88). At the time, he was an IS project manager during the day and a UCLA grad student at night. For a school project consulting to Toyota's then-new Lexus division on organizational design, he developed some software to help make explicit and measurable some otherwise fuzzy concepts. Since then, he has started a consulting practice and further developed InFlow, the software tool (with Prolog programmers in England and algorithm experts in Latvia). This issue of Release 1.0 contains Valdis' advice on making sense of the torrent of alliances, mergers, acquisitions, layoffs and corporate divorces we see each week, as well as the personal relationships within and between companies that make everything else happen.

his commentary paper aims to highlight issues associated with the supposed ability to transfer knowledge across networks. In response to the paper “Risks in Organizational Networks: An Exploratory Framework”, (Trkman and Desouza this Issue), we argue that the taken-for- granted assumption that knowledge is transferrable represents a risk in itself. We analyze knowledge in networks using a practice perspective –in turn we consider knowledge as enacted in social practices and as context-specific. In contrast with Trkman and Desouza’s paper, we argue that if knowledge is seen as enacted in practice, a framework that maps risks associated with knowledge transfer is limiting. We conclude that, since knowing in practice is emergent and not fully controllable, adopting a set of best practices on how to effectively transfer (or not) knowledge could itself be risky for managers who then believe that knowledge can be treated as a commodity and easily moved about a network.

Pierwsza dekada XXI wieku  to okres bezprecedensowego rozwoju instytucji otoczenia biznesu w Polsce. W całym kraju powstawały nowe parki technologiczne, inkubatory przedsiębiorczości, centra transferu technologii, fundusze pożyczkowe, ośrodki szkoleniowo-doradcze. Towarzyszyło temu przekonanie, że te różne podmioty muszą ze sobą współpracować, aby działać efektywniej i skuteczniej. Środkiem do tego celu miały być formalne sieci instytucji otoczenia biznesu, a głównym wzorem do naśladowania założona z inicjatywy Komisji Europejskiej międzynarodowa sieć Innovation Relay Centres. Dostęp do funduszy unijnych po wstąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej podsycił zapał do tworzenia nowych inicjatyw sieciowych, takich jak Krajowa Sieć Innowacji. Okres entuzjazmu minął jednak dosyć szybko. Okazało się bowiem, że większość sieci przestała działać tuż po zakończeniu realizacji projektów, w ramach których były one zakładane. Dlaczego tak się stało? Czy słuszne było wzorowanie się na sieciach europejskich? Jakie były efekty działania sieci instytucji biznesu w Polsce? Jak powinny funkcjonować sieci instytucji otoczenia biznesu?

A multinational corporation (MNC) has a number of unique advantages. Of these, the flexibility to operate as a coordinated multinational network places the strategic emphasis on resources and learning. Coordination and integration are needed to provide coherence in resource commitments. Operating as a coordinated multinational network can provide the flexibility needed to implement global strategies. A netw^ork organization results in linkages and interrelationships that require organizing and managing ditferentially. This article focuses on the organizational and managerial characteristics that are needed to operate as a coordinated multinational network. These characteristics include: a strong central leadership role; the flexibility to The ideas presented in this article are organized into four sections: understanding the multinational corporation as a coordinated network; characteristics that define a coordinated multinational network; integrative systems/processes of a coordinated multinational network ; and concluding recommendations for strategic management. respond to opportunities; a differentiated, multidimensional focus; distributed, interdependent capabilities; the managerial capacity to achieve coordination; and a collaborative decision-making process. This article also discusses the changes needed in structural mechanisms and systems. Explored are the planning process, performance evaluation and control, information technology/management information systems, and human resource management.

Para evitar a devastação da Floresta Amazônica e assegurar que os recursos naturais existentes na Amazônia sejam utilizados racionalmente em benefício da grande maioria da população nela residente e do progresso econômico e social do Brasil, bem como no combate ao aquecimento global, é imprescindível que haja uma gestão ambiental eficaz com base em uma estrutura em rede que integre as ações de todos os órgãos públicos e privados que atuam na Amazônia.

Interorganizational cooperation is becoming increasingly important in the modern economy. The daily practice of enterprises is to simultaneously participate in many interorganizational systems, e.g. network structures and supply chains. At the same time, the interdependencies resulting from the impact of various interorganizational systems are, to date, a relatively poorly recognized cognitive and research area. This article aims to present the complexity of relations between enterprises, which are both network organization actors and links in many supply chains in the context of the increasing connectedness of a network. Operation within the network structure is the more attractive for enterprises, the greater its combinational potential, which is understood as the number of possible relations and ties connected to the actors of the interorganizational network. The article underlines that the conditions for the development of network connectedness may relate to the operational nature of cooperation. As a result of empirical research (135 manufacturing enterprises belonging to cluster organizations and cooperating within cluster supply chains), it was established that there is a positive relationship between the use of supply chain standards by enterprises belonging to an organizational network and the intensity of their cooperation in supply chains. Therefore, the use of supply chain standards by enterprises operating within a network organization is a factor determining the development of the network connectedness.

Aims: develop a new a systematic understanding of embeddedness and organization networks, offers an explanation of the links between social structure, micro-behavioral decision-making processes, and economic outcomes within the context of organizational networks.

En este artículo se estudia un caso de conformación de una red de servicios empresariales, a partir de organizaciones públicas y privadas, con el fin de ilustrar una metodología de análisis y obtener conclusiones relevantes que permitan optimizar este tipo de iniciativas. Luego de presentar el marco teórico se realiza una evaluación del microentorno de la red, a partir del análisis de involucrados (stakeholders), y una valoración del manejo interno, a través de un enfoque de gestión de redes. Los resultados ponen en evidencia los errores cometidos en algunos de los factores y temas analizados, lo que finalmente significa que se desperdiciaron recursos que bien enfocados pudieron haber sido de mucho provecho para un sector económico (la microempresa) con muchas necesidades.
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This article describes a case of a network of business services, with public and private organizations, in order to illustrate a methodology of analysis and obtain relevant conclusions to optimize these initiatives. After presenting the theoretical framework, an assessment of the microenvironment of the network is performed through stakeholders analysis, and also an assessment of internal management, through a network management approach. Results show the mistakes in some of the factors and issues analyzed. This means that resources that could have been a boon to an industry with many needs (microenterprise) were wasted.
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Öz: Ekonomik kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilmesi, girişimciliğe verilen önem ile yakından ilintilidir. Kalkınmanın sağlanmasında devletlere düşen sorumluluğun yanı sıra, girişimcilere düşen sorumluluklar da vardır. Girişimciler sosyal ağları aracılığıyla hem yerel çevrelerini, hem de ulusal ve uluslararası pazarları doğrudan etkiler hale gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla artık her girişimci potansiyel bir uluslararası oyuncudur. O nedenle, girişimcilik sürecinde girişimcilerin sosyal ağları onların performanslarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Günümüz dünyasında, finansal sermayenin tek başına girişimcilik başarısı için yeterli olmadığı açıktır. Bu çalışmada, Aksaray ili Organize Sanayi Bölgesi'nde faaliyet göstermekte olan işletmelerin girişimci/yöneticilerinin sosyal ağ özelliklerinin analiz edilerek Aksaray Organize Sanayi Bölgesi'nin "girişimcilik ağ haritası" oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın ana kütlesini, Aksaray ilinde vergi sıralamasında ilk 100'de yer alan 49 işletmenin girişimcileri/yöneticileri oluşturmaktadır. 98 adet girişimci/yöneticiden elde edilen verilerin istatistiki analizleri IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 ile, sosyal ağ analizi ise UCINET 6.0 yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada hem nitel hem de nicel yöntemlerden faydalanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, sosyal ağ özellikleri en yüksek 3 işletmenin X1, X2 ve X4 işletmeleri olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, "n-cliques" analizi sonucunda Aksaray ilindeki işletmelerin oluşturduğu ağ düzeneğinin gruplaşma potansiyeli yüksek bir ağ düzeneği olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Girişimcilik, sosyal ağlar, sosyal ağ analizi, Organize sanayi bölgesi, girişimcilik haritası

Nothing could be further from the truth by Jerry Michalski. today. Studying the emergent organiza-The edge of chaos. tion reveals how the organization is NETWORK PROPERTIES 3 adapting to its turbulent environment. Strength and reach. It provides valuable insights ...

Mechanisms that enable declining networks to avert structural collapse and performance degradation are not well understood. This knowledge gap reflects a shortage of data on declining networks and an emphasis on models of network growth. Analyzing >700,000 transactions between firms in the New York garment industry over 19 years, we tracked this network's decline and measured how its topology and global performance evolved. We find that favoring asymmetric (disassortative) links is key to preserving the topology and functionality of the declining network. Based on our findings, we tested a model of network decline that combines an asymmetric disassembly process for contraction with a preferential attachment process for regrowth. Our simulation results indicate that the model can explain robustness under decline even if the total population of nodes contracts by more than an order of magnitude, in line with our observations for the empirical network. These findings suggest tha...

This book chapter analyzes the network structures within local civil societies in the field of unemployment issues in two European cities (Cologne and Turin). Our aim is to investigate the impact of organizational similarities. According to the assumption of ‘homophily’, we expect that organized civil societies are patterned along alliances and cliques of entities with similar organizational features and missions. For this purpose, we test the impact of action repertoires, governance structures, and working relations with public authorities on project collaboration. Our paper shows that governance structures have no impact on collaboration, while the two other factors do make a difference. These findings point to a cleavage in the organizational structure of both cities that divides insiders from outsiders, deriving from local conflicts over labor market policies.