Park and Recreation Planning

The article presents the development of Planty Dietlowskie (named after the professor of Jagiellonian University, Józef Dietl) on the part of the old Vistula River that was reclaimed. Th e Vistula cut-off  formed a natural frontier between the city centre and the Kazimierz district, inhabited by Jews, which had earlier been an independent suburban Jewish town. In the eyes of hygienists and modernizers, the old Vistula presented a signifi cant problem: it was becoming less and less passable, and people on its two banks used it to dispose of waste and sewage. Th e fi lling up of this part of the old Vistula was at the top of the list of objectives postulated by the municipal government. Th e project was implemented with fi nancial support from the National Department, and squares were arranged. As a result, the Christian and Jewish quarters found themselves next to each other. Th e author questions whether this physical closeness had any impact on the social integration of Kraków’s inhabitants.

ÖZ
Korunan alanlar kapsamında tabiat parklarının ele alındığı bu çalışmanın amacı, Mersin ilindeki tabiat parklarının, rekreasyon potansiyelinin belirlenmesidir. Belirlenen amaç doğrultusunda Mersin ili sınırlarında yer alan sekiz adet tabiat parkı araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir. Birincil veriler, araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturan her bir tabiat parkı ile telefon aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında kullanılan ikincil veriler ise Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar 7. Bölge Müdürlüğü, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü ile Mersin Valiliği'nin resmi internet sitelerinden elde edilmiştir. Toplanan veriler, Gülez Yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Mersin ili tabiat parklarının rekreasyon potansiyelinin, %63 (Çamdüzü Tabiat Parkı) ve %85 (100. Yıl Gümüşkum Tabiat Parkı) aralığında değiştiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Korunan Alanlar, Tabiat Parkları, Sürdürülebilirlik, Turizm, Mersin

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational potential of the nature parks operating in Mersin as protected areas. The sample is composed of eight nature parks located in Mersin. In the study, primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected from each nature park via telephone. Secondary data were collected from the official websites of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Seventh Regional Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks, General Directorate of Meteorology and Governorship of Mersin. Gülez method was used to analyze the data in order to determine the recreational potential of the nature parks. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the values of the nature parks' recreational potential range from 63% (Çamdüzü Nature Park) to 85% (Gümüşkum Nature Park).
Keywords: Protected Areas, Nature Parks, Sustainability, Tourism, Mersin

From the Andes to the Himalayas, mountains have an extraordinary power to evoke a sense of the sacred. In the overwhelming wonder and awe that these dramatic features of the landscape awaken, people experience something of deeper significance that imbues their lives with meaning and vitality. Drawing on his extensive research and personal experience as a scholar and climber, Edwin Bernbaum’s Sacred Mountains of the World takes the reader on a fascinating journey exploring the role of mountains in the mythologies, religions, history, literature, and art of cultures around the world. Bernbaum delves into the spiritual dimensions of mountaineering and the implications of sacred mountains for environmental and cultural preservation. This beautifully written, evocative book shows how the contemplation of sacred mountains can transform everyday life, even in cities far from the peaks themselves. Thoroughly revised and updated, this new edition, published by Cambridge University Press, considers additional sacred mountains, as well as the impacts of climate change on the sacredness of mountains.

See the following link to a video of an interview about the book: https://youtu.be/Z6jArlrw0gM

© Mišljenja smo da je “TRIM staza” izuzetno korisna i podesna za masovnu aktivnost. Lako se održava, izrada i obnavljanje sprava ne traže puno vremena i sredstava. U trasiranju, konstrukciji staze, postavljanju sprava, obezbeđenju staze najveći doprinos dao je FOND ZA ZAŠTITU ŽIVOTNE SREDINE opštine Obrenovac, sa svojim materijalnim i ljudskim resursima.

© Prilikom konstrukcije i izrade same staze koristila su se iskustva Norveških, Holandskih i domaćih autora iz ove oblasti, a dali smo i veliki lični doprinos.

© Svakodnevno se povećava broj ljudi sa srčano-sudovnim smetnjama, mentalnim oboljenjima, povredama na radu usled pada koncentracije...Psiho-fizički zamor je prisutan kod svih uzrasta oba pola, pretežno kod gradskog stanovništva, što značajno utiče na radni kapacitet i sposobnosti.

© Savremeni tempo života, aero zagađenja, a naročito nedovoljno kretanje osnovni su uzroci negativnog fizičkog i mentalnog zdravlja čoveka.

© Ovaj projekat je i usmeren na to da ljudima pruži pomoć u izlazu iz “gradskog radnog stereotipa” i da ih podstakne na kretanje, fizičko vežbanje, da im ukaže na vrednosti i značaj prirode i prirodnih oblika kretanja u svakodnevnom životu i radu.

© Potrebno je napraviti takve programe koji će biti dostupni svakom čoveku bez obzira na uzrast, pol, nivo treniranosti, raspoloživost materijalnih sredstava i koji će mu pomoći da se suprostavi postojećim negativnim uticajima savremene civilizacije, bez obzira da li je iz naše zemlje ili je turista na proputovanju ili koji će se zadržati izvesno vreme, i smatramo da ovaj projekat baš to predstavlja - “TRIM STAZA ZA SVE I SVAKOGA”.

© Svim mojim prijateljima želim: u telu ZDRAVLJE, u duši MIR, u mislima RADOST, u srcu MLADOST, u radu USPEH, u ljubavi SREĆA...

► Tehnički urednik: Vojin Nestorović dipl. inž. tehn.
► Sportsko-rekreativni demonstrator: Miloš Đokić

While parkour is a sporting and playful practice investing urban spaces and being more and more visible, in the context of expansion of lifestyle sports that evolve in public places, parks and other open spaces of cities, it presents a contemporary issue for urban planning. Starting from the practice and its characteristics, which are playful-recreational, juvenile, subversive dimensions and the particularity of its form of space occupation, the main stake of this research is to understand how parkour is able to lead to a renewal of the approach of the public policies and actions. By mobilizing study areas on the cities of Nantes and Rennes through observation phases and interviews with various stakeholders, the approach is particularly interested in the emergent planning tools that are parkour-parks. Parkour finally aims to move the whole city, and if municipalities are now dealing with the issues of diverting the use of space, a growing demand for fun and recreation in the public space, the emergence of an original form of citizenship of young people who invest through alternative models, it is the entire urban society that is impacted by a broader social change involving parkour.

ABSTRACT The locations and the relationships between locations that have emerged with urbanization and the growth of cities have placed considerable pressures on city dwellers. In recent times, city dwellers have been seeking comfort both inside and outside their homes. The search for comfort outside of homes, in particular, has increasingly focused on satisfying both the physical and psychological eeds of city dwellers. To satisfy such demands, efforts should be made to create locations with aesthetic and functional qualities. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the relationships between the visual quality of urban recreational areas and the structural and vegetation landscape elements of these areas with regards to the preferences of visitors and users. One-on-one interviews using photo- questionnaires were conducted in the study areas with 409 individuals. Based on our findings, it was observed that the water surface area, the widths of pedestrian walkways, the function of recreational areas, plant composition, plant color composition, and plant species diversity can positively affect the visual quality of a landscape area. Furthermore, it was determined that a lack of bush-type plants within the plant composition can have a negative effect on visual quality.

Understanding the determinant attributes affecting visitor demand at tourist destinations and the accompanying economic impacts are strategic for the management of protected areas (PA). This cross-sectional quantitative study examined the distribution of recreation opportunity classes, determinants of visitation demand and economic impact of tourism in the Federal System of Protected Areas of Brazil. The analyses used the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) classification framework (Driver & Brown, 1978; Brown et al., 1978; Clark & Stankey, 1979) and a spatial demand model to evaluate demand and supply based on three attributes: physical, social and managerial. In addition, as an extension to the ROS framework, the assessment considered internal, as well as external attributes. Furthermore, a visitor spending analysis based on the Money Generation Model (MGM2) (Stynes et al., 2000) was conducted to evaluate economic impacts of the PAs on the surrounding communities. Specifically, the research examined the recreation classes of use and standards for the Brazilian PAs, the prediction of tourist demand using the recreation classification system, and the economic impacts of tourism in PAs of Brazil.
Results showed that both internal PA attributes and external characteristics are considered by visitors. The results have practical utility and can be used to improve investment efficacy among the PAs that already receive visitors and to evaluate the tourism attractiveness for new PAs. Also, findings are useful for the communities and small businesses located in the adjacent areas, since adequate prediction of visitor demand provides support for tourism activities. The economic analysis demonstrated that total contributions of around 8 million visitors in 2015 reached more than $1.2 billion dollars in total sales, $342 million in personal income, and $473 million in value added to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and supported 43,602 jobs. The analyses demonstrated that every dollar Brazil invested in the PA system produced $7 in economic benefits nationally. The results showed that the economic impacts of ecotourism not only directly affect PA management and the tourism industry but also indirectly affect other types of businesses and the local communities.

While Portland’s Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) has proven to be extremely successful in its initial goal of preserving agricultural land, recent State Measures and expansion attempts have challenged its ability to control development and continue operation using the policy- based methodology it has for the past 40 years.

Projections of population growth will continue to indicate a need for the region to exhibit increased flexibility in its policies to include landscape design. A new development strategy integrating rural and urban land uses has the potential to address multiple regional interests, rebuild consensus and encourage new landscape relationships.

What if Urban Growth Boundary expansions were made based on the preservation of neighborhood character in addition to the preservation of soil and natural resources? This project proposes a strategy for choreographing an integrated landscape network facilitating gradations of land use, preservation, development and ecology. Preservation is no longer a black or white condition, instead adaptive to site specific social and geographic circumstances.

The study emerges from an analysis of existing dynamics in three proposed UGB Expansion Zones. It is based on on-site data collection and observations, conversations with local professionals and residents, geo-spatial data and a variety of academic and local media sources.

Rekreasyon alanları, modern teknolojinin gelişmesine ve kentleşmeye bağlı olarak son yıllarda adından sıklıkla söz ettirir hale gelmiştir. İnsanoğlunun doğal hareketlerinde meydana gelen azalmalar, yoğun çalışma saatleri ve bunların beraberinde getirdiği sağlık sorunları, rekreasyon alanlarının her geçen gün önem kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada belediyeler tarafından yaptırılan rekreasyon alanı tercihinde etkili olan ve rekreasyon alanlarına katılımı engelleyen faktörlere ilişkin likert tipi geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) için 320, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için 260 olmak üzere toplam 580 [18-55 yaş ( =28.34, ss=9.90), %55.7 (323)’si kadın] bireye uygulanmıştır. Yapılan AFA neticesinde her iki ölçeğin de 5 boyut altında toplandığı ve toplam varyans açıklama oranının rekreasyon alanı tercih etkenlerinde % 56.35, rekreasyon alanı katılım engellerinde ise %71.23 olduğu saptanmıştır. Ölçeklere ilişkin AFA  sonrası yapılan DFA için uyum iyiliği değerlerinin yeterli olduğunu, dolayısıyla modelin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir model olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Boyutlar arası korelasyon Spearman-Brown korelasyon katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Her ne kadar boyutlar arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar olsa da değer olarak düşük ve orta düzeyde oldukları görülmektedir. Korelasyon değerleri AFA ve DFA’da ortaya çıkan alt boyutların ayrı birer yapı oluşturduğu sonucunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen korelasyon değerleri her iki ölçeğin yapı geçerliğinin yeterli düzeyde olduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

People reside in homes; however, they live in neighbourhoods comprised of parks, sidewalks, restaurants, shops and other everyday places. Whether current or potential neighbourhood residents feel at home in these places remains an under-theorised aspect of neighbourhood change. Rather than housing policy or real estate development, this essay explores public space as a mechanism of neighbourhood change. Drawing from ethnographic research in the Latino barrios of North Denver, it deconstructs the history of one small yet vital public space—la Raza Park. During the 1970s, this park, its pool and the many events it grounded, built community cohesion and fostered cultural identity. In 1981, city authorities went so far as to deploy a SWAT team to la Raza Park to enforce a permit violation. The following summer, they demolished its pool. North Denver is now gentrifying rapidly. This essay stitches these disparate-seeming events into a story of neighbourhood change.

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With an increasing global population, there is growing demand for access to natural greenspaces for recreation. The importance of such access is now widely recognised, for example in terms of improvements to physical and psychological health. Because recreation can also result in damage to ecological interest, there is a need to balance access and nature conservation. As the primary mode by which visitors arrive to many sites is by car, parking characteristics may influence on-site visitor levels. However, few studies have related visitor use to parking features. Using data from 55 unpublished studies, we consider how parking type (e.g. formal car parks, laybys), parking capacity, presence/absence of facilities and charging relate to the visitor volume at sites designated for their nature conservation interest. A negative binomial regression model to control for the effect of habitat type and season is then developed. The number of visitors was significantly different between parking locations with different capacities. Compared to the smallest locations (2.7 visitors per hour), this difference was strongest for the largest locations (12.5 visitors per hour). Visitor numbers varied less between parking types and with the presence/absence of facilities. Locations where parking was charged, across all capacities, had significantly more visitors than free-of-charge locations. These results provide estimates of typical levels of use at different parking locations. However, visitor numbers might also be influenced by a site's attractiveness. Further studies on visitor numbers before and after introducing measures are needed, to provide empirical evidence for the effect of parking interventions.

The design of urban public park is an important factor which influence urban community leisure. The objective of this study is to investigate the community perceptions on nighttime leisure activities in urban public park. The questionnaire survey is done in Padang (green field) located in the urban center of Shah Alam and Putrajaya using random stratifies technique. There are four types of variable studied related to nighttime leisure in an urban public park namely comforts, conveniences, safety and nighttime leisure. The findings from this study are expected to show a positive perception of nighttime leisure in urban public park towards urban community

• We compare methods for collecting data on current and potential recreational use. • Local planners indicated best results for free listing and participatory mapping. • Methods that require few resources have highest potential for adoption in planning. • Technical skills required for social media data analysis currently prohibits use. • Better communication of scientific methods and insights towards planners needed. A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Evidence-based recreation planning Outdoor Recreation Peri-urban landscapesparticipatory mapping Landscape preferences Analysis of social media data A B S T R A C T Growing demand for outdoor recreation puts pressure on highly-frequented peri-urban areas. In the Netherlands, a more equal distribution of recreationists has been proposed by the Dutch government to relieve pressure on overcrowded recreation hotspots. Devising landscape planning strategies that redirect recreation flows requires reliable data on areas that people currently use and what areas would also be suitable for recreation. Such data may not be available for local planners. The objective of this study was therefore to analyse how different data gathering methods can support local recreation planning. For an empirical case study in the Netherlands, we compare data on current and potential use of landscapes for outdoor recreation through participatory mapping, free listing, quantitative photo ranking, and analysis of social media data. Based on maps produced from these different data we interviewed local planners to assess how applicable and relevant the different methods are for planning practice. Local planners indicated they had limited knowledge of and access to scientific methods and insights. Their assessment of different methods suggests that some methods are not yet applied for local planning, such as free listing or participatory mapping. These methods have potential to be used for evidence-based planning, because they require few resources to be implemented. Planners also indicated that using social media data would be interesting, but that the skills required to collect and analyse data are typically not currently in place. Our results show the potential and challenges for research methods to be integrated into local planning practice to distribute recreation flows more effectively.

Local communities often conserve nearby natural areas to support recreational activities and other benefits these areas provide. Areas protected by local communities could contribute to wider efforts to achieve large-scale conservation goals, such as biodiversity protection, provided the ecological conditions on-site are compatible with achieving these goals. To explore the potential contribution of locally established protected areas, we focus on areas protected by local communities in California, USA, using ballot initiatives, a form of direct democracy. We compare the ecological condition of wooded habitat on protected areas funded by local communities through the ballot box to that of similar habitats on protected areas funded by a state conservation agency. As an indicator of ecological condition, we focus on coverage by exotic plant species. We examine whether protected area characteristics or aspects of human-mediated onsite disturbance related to recreational use explain exotic plant cover found on each type of protected area. Exotic plant cover did not differ between areas protected by local communities and those protected by our larger scale conservation actor. Instead, elevation was the best predictor of exotic plant cover. Our results suggest protected areas established by local communities may be in no worse a condition than those established by a state public agency and warrant inclusion when tracking progress towards large-scale conservation goals for protected areas.

In modern times, park gardens and green areas are seen as one of the most important leisure time activities. At the same time, parks that are open spaces for common use within the city are indispensable places for the individual in terms of interaction and socialization. However, it has been seen that there is not enough research on park gardens and green areas in Turkey or in other countries. The purpose of this study is to reveal the factors that affect the motivation to go to park gardens and green areas. In order to accomplish this aim, it was applied a survey of 204 individuals selected with easy sampling method. As a result of the research, it is seen that there are four factors: discharge, personal development, quality life and economic situation and sports activities. Looking at the average of the factors it was determined that discharging has the highest average. This is followed by sports activities and personal development. However, the quality of life and the economic si...

Greenways represent corridors of benefits with a unique capacity to contribute to sustainable urban development, yet more research is needed to understand the extent to which greenway-related benefits are realized and distributed across diverse populations and settings. Using intercept surveys of greenway users during summer 2015, our study explored use patterns and preferences along two trails traversing diverse neighborhoods: the Eastside Trail in Atlanta, GA (n = 505), and the Leon Creek Greenway in San Antonio, TX (n = 429). Descriptive statistics and regression-based analyses revealed that exercising and escaping the stress of city life were the top motivations for visiting both trails, and safety and security were rated as top concerns among visitors (particularly women and racial/ethnic minorities). On the urban Eastside Trail, where more users accessed the trail by foot or bicycle and engaged in a variety of trail-based activities, cultural benefits linked to social interaction and community connectivity were more widely acknowledged. On the suburban Leon Creek Greenway, where most visitors tended to travel longer distances to access the trail, typically for physically-active recreation, experiential benefits stemming from outdoor recreation in natural settings were more strongly recognized. Both trails attracted substantial numbers of racial/ethnic minorities, with Hispanics and other non-white users representing about 55% of Leon Creek Greenway and 32% of Eastside Trail visitors. Social and nature-based motivations were more common among these user groups. Planners and managers can utilize these results to identify strategies for maximizing greenway-related benefits among diverse groups of potential trail users.

The National Park Service has been a leader in conservation and land management for 100 years and a manager of Congressionally designated Wilderness for 40 years. A thorough analysis of Wilderness policy is necessary to ensure that the NPS is adequately prepared to manage the resources in light of climate change, the ultimate trammel. Without this adequacy the wilderness values that are held so dear may become casualties of the rapidly changing world.

Why garden?  Why go for a walk?  Why own a dog?  When does soccer season officially end?  While conducting my ethnography, both neighborhood newcomers and long-time residents of North Denver’s rapidly gentrifying neighborhoods of Highland and Berkeley asked me these questions.  By no means naïve or off-topic, their inquiries cast light on the complex practices and politics that drive the quotidian territorialities of neighborhood change.  Gentrification is primarily theorized as the result of the uneven movement of capital within cities or as an outcome of society-wide cultural changes.  Weaving economic and cultural theory into an analysis of often overlooked places of cultural reproduction, this study focuses on three types of public space—neighborhood parks, community gardens and sidewalks—in an exploration of the micro-politics of neighborhood change  Social (de)legitimation of everyday spatial practices in unremarkable public places plays an important role in shifting the boundaries of gentrification.  Taking a close look at how municipal offices in concert with non-governmental power centers direct structural changes to the design and management of parks and community gardens facilitated my theoretical analysis of how obscure cultural hegemonies become obvious in public practice.  In Highland’s community gardens long-standing Hmong gardeners are chastised for not gardening within aesthetic and often rigid geometries of order.  In North Denver’s Berkeley Park dog runs replace soccer fields.  Trajectories of change also emerged from within unexpected quarters.  A first Sunday stroll, organized by neighborhood newcomers in Highland, inscribed the sidewalks of this erstwhile Latino barrio as gentrified space.