Perpetrators

In the paper, I discuss the case study of Irma Grese, labelled as the 'beauty beast' who was one of the cruelest and most infamous Nazi female perpetrator working in Auschwitz-Birkenau as a camp guard in the Holocaust history. I look into how Grese's figure is constituted through analyzing the trial testimonies of the Holocaust survivors from 1945 and the oral testimonies of the survivors, recorded between 1994 and 1999, available at the VHA collection of Shoah. In the article, I demonstrate that with the use of the combination of the different testimonies, it can be mapped how not only the 'evilness', but also the 'ordinariness' of Grese is constructed. As a result, I provide new insights on the general images of Nazi female perpetrators in both the public and the perpetrator scholarship in terms of two main aspects. One of them is the fact that 'recorded cases of female killers had been suppressed, overlooked and under-researched' and the female perpetrators in Third Reich 'were not marginal sociopaths' (Lower 2013: 4). Instead, I agree that the violent acts of female perpetrators were part of serving the Nazi party, thus, fulfilling the Nazi racist ideology (Lower 2013: 4). The other part of my contribution with the analysis is analyzing the 'ordinariness' of Grese. Despite her popular sexualized images in the public and even the scholarship, I aim to contribute to 'the new research directions that map out female perpetrators as 'ordinary' women which might be the first step towards getting a more individualized picture' about Grese (Pető 2009: 149).

This chapter discusses the wives of SS-officers as a limit case that shows the conceptual ambiguity of the category of the bystander: even though they were well-informed about, profited from, or were actively involved in the persecutory policies of the Nazi regime, their specific relationship to the acts of violence cannot be easily determined. Most of them never faced legal prosecution after the war, and post-war discourse construed them as innocent victims of or bystanders to Nazi crimes. This idea was furthermore exploited by the women themselves in their writings. Through an analysis of the composition and reception of different post-war representations of/by wives of SS-officers, this chapter explores the ethical and epistemological implications of these texts with respect to the figure of the bystander.

The article focuses on sexual/ized violence experienced by the female members of Ukrainian nationalist underground, its sympathizers, and civilians during Soviet counterinsurgency in Western Ukraine in the late Stalinist period. It reveals the reasons, forms, topography, functions and implications of sexual assaults on women suspected in collaboration with OUN and UPA during anti-partisan military and state security operations, interrogation process, recruitment to work for Soviet intelligence agencies, as well as in the prisons, and other places of detention. The article explores how the Soviet justice system tackled criminal investigations of sexual violence by members of the militia, NKVD-MVD-NKGB-MGB, Internal Troops, special military units (spetsgrupy), and other perpetrators. It examines whether the measures taken by the Soviet officials in order to prevent violence and to punish transgressors were sufficient. The paper argues that the sexual crimes and brutalization of women’s bodies were an intrinsic part of the state violent practices against anti-Soviet armed resistance, and a by-product of the continuum of political violence in Western Ukraine in the decade after the Second World War.

In genocide studies, as well as in literary and cinematic representations of mass atrocity, scholars and artists have been concerned with soldiers who experience a physiological and emotional breakdown while committing atrocities. These reactions often resemble disgust responses: perpetrators feel nausea; they convulse and sometimes vomit.

This is book chapter is published in the anthology Emotions and Mass Atrocity: Philosophical and Theoretical Explorations, editors Thomas Brudholm and Johannes Lang, Cambridge University Press, March 2018

A review of the studies related to the perpetrators of child abuse revealed that each minimal unit of human being has the potential to perpetrate. Based on this, the present study aimed to comprehend the factors of vulnerability among the perpetrators of the child abuse. The study followed a method of investigating through the reviews of articles and research papers, on the issues of child abuse and perpetrations, published between 1994 and 2015, open source. The identified factors of vulnerability included age, family climate, personality, victim-to-victimizer cycle and opponent process hypothesis. However, identification of the factors shall not mislead anybody to consider the potential to be vulnerable or to be good as dichotomous, because it is multidimensional. Notably, the vulnerable individuals are a risk to the society, for it may generate a victim at any instant. There is a gap in the current literature regarding the methods that could be introduced to reduce the vulnerability to perpetrate. To fill this gap, first thing that has to be done is to have a shift in focus. Current literature is giving more focus on strengthening the potential victims. Instead, methods to intensify the value strengths of the perpetrators are to be focused here after. A model that may become the base of such an approach is designed and presented on the basis of Values in Action classification.

Fremstillingen av nazismens gjerningspersoner har endret seg over tid. De første årene etter andre verdenskrigs slutt ble aktørene som utførte Hitler-Tysklands masseforbrytelser, beskrevet som patologiske avvikere og sosiale tapere. I 1960-og 1970-årene koplet historikerne Holocaust og nazismen naert sammen med det moderne byråkratiet. Den såkalte skrivebordsmorderen fikk status som den «typiske» naziforbryteren. De siste årene har forskere tilskrevet raseideologien og antisemittismen større betydning. Denne artikkelen gir en oversikt over utviklingstrekk innen det som på tysk omtales som Täterforschung: forskning på nazismens gjerningspersoner. Samtidig søker den å skissere hvor forskningen på dette feltet står i dag.

Two days before the premiere of Milo Rau's Breivik's Statement, set for Octo-ber 19, 2012, the Deutsches Nationaltheater in Weimar canceled the performance. As a result, Rau moved the performance to a nearby cinema. The piece was a reenactment of the speech Anders B. Breivik had delivered six months earlier to the Oslo court in April 2012, when he stood trial for the murder of seventy-seven people. The hourlong speech in which Breivik explains the motivation for his deeds was not broadcast on television or reproduced in the news media. Yet bits and pieces of the speech were spread almost immediately via Twitter and other social media. Rau's reenactment constituted the first public performance of the speech in its entirety. The theater was concerned that this reenactment would be misconstrued as an endorsement or vindication of Breivik's views: Thomas Schmidt, then the director of the theater, stated that he did not want to "provide a platform" for Breivik's arguments.

Available here:
http://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/handle/unipi/13059
http://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/unipi/13059/Konstantopoulou_1830.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Master Thesis

University of Piraeus
School of Economic, Business and International Studies
Departments of Economic Science - Business Organization and Administration -
International and European Studies

MSc in 'Law & Economics'

Pages: 111

Language: Greek

Für Rechtsanwälte ergeben sich bereits in zivilrechtlichen Mandaten Dissonanzen zwischen beruflichem Auftrag und moralischer Werte. Angenommen wird eine ungleich größere Herausforderung bei der Verteidigung von Straftätern und der Analyse potentiell traumatischen Materials. Als konzeptionelle Replikation von Weir, Jones und Sheeran (2020) untersucht vorliegende Arbeit das Erleben von Strafverteidigern im Umgang mit traumatischem Material sowie den Einfluss von Organisationen und den Besonderheiten im juristischen Berufsbild. Dazu wurden im Rahmen dreier Experteninterviews mit Strafverteidigern qualitative Daten erhoben. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen zwar, dass Strafverteidiger regelmäßig mit traumatischem Material konfrontiert werden. Sie zeigen aber auch, dass dies wenig Einfluss auf sie zu nehmen scheint, so lange keine persönlichen Lebensbereiche assoziiert werden. Aus den juristischen Berufsverbänden wurden keine Unterstützungsangebote wahrgenommen. Von Bedeutung ist der Austausch mit Kollegen und die Sinnhaftigkeit im Rahmen einer rechtsstaatlichen Verteidigung und Hilfeleistung für die Mandanten einen gesellschaftlich wertvollen Beitrag zu leisten.

A fixed and reductionist 'image' of the perpetrator in filmed media is one with which audiences are all too familiar, whether consciously or not. This article uses perpetrator trauma theory, empathic appeals, unsettlement, and the uncanny to explore the South African television programme Truth Commission Special Report in order to illustrate the ways in which the broadcast challenged or reified the conception of perpetrators as 'monsters'. This will be exemplified through an analysis of several segments from the programme as it covered the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in transitional South Africa, and particularly its amnesty hearings of apartheid era perpetrators.

El tratamiento del cuerpo de las víctimas del conflicto armado por parte de los grupos paramilitares ha sido una muestra de los límites a los que puede llegar la violencia. Las masacres son los escenarios donde tales vejámenes son ejecutados, sea con la intención de acatar órdenes, sevicia o dar una lección a los testigos presentes. Por lo anterior, los descuartizamientos, desmembramientos y diversas formas de muerte inhumanas fueron aplicadas por los grupos paramilitares durante su accionar en los más de 25 años de trayectoria, generando no solo dolor y traumas, sino la evidencia del abandono estatal y una guerra no declarada a la población civil. Por medio de la exploración de diversos documentos del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Tribunales de Justicia y Paz y notas de prensa, se busca comparar las representaciones biosociales que tienen el paramilitar y la víctima y la intención, de acuerdo a lo anterior, de desmembrar o descuartizar el cuerpo durante las masacres; el cuerpo, símbolo de las representaciones culturales se convierte en el medio por el cual, el perpetrador trasmite un mensaje; claro, conciso y amargo
que marcará por siempre la memoria colombiana. En consecuencia, los resultados arrojan variables significativas con respecto al tratamiento del cuerpo; sevicia, acato de órdenes, castigos y lecciones, entrenamientos, entre otros, son algunas acciones que influyen en la construcción biosocial del cuerpo de la víctima. Esta investigación explora uno de los flagelos del conflicto armado; la violencia hacia el cuerpo humano, reconociendo la necesidad de continuar su
profundización en las diferentes áreas de las ciencias humanas.

Perpetrator images are those that are part of the machinery of destruction (torture, genocide…). This means that in them the act of violence and the apparatus of image production are interpenetrated. However, this condition does not predetermine the degree of personal, temporal, spatial implication between the two processes. And, in fact, several kinds of hiatuses may occur. The objective of this text is to analyse the production and migration of a perpetrator image-icon associated with the Cambodian genocide (the image of Hout Bophana). First, the article focuses on the process of (pragmatic) creation of this mug shot that identifies the detainee, emphasising her identity. Then, we study the use, re-appropriation, insertion, détournement of the same image in two films directed by Rithy Panh: Bophana, une tragédie combodgienne (1996) and Duch, le maître des forges de l’enfer (2011). In this proposed itinerary, we move from the creation of a performative image (the one that produces an enemy, instead of simply registering him) to its confrontation with the perpetrator (the Tuol Sleng’s director, Duch) responsible for its execution. In so doing, we draw attention to the pictorial and cinematic re-elaboration of the counter-figure, the reverse shot, of that perpetrator image: Bophana portrait as it was painted by the survivor Vann Nath.

Las fotografías del 68 tomadas por agentes del Estado, son una fuente de análisis de las formas en que operó la represión. Este artículo da cuenta de la importancia de re descubrir estas fotografías y emplearlas para tener una mirada más amplia sobre las formas de control del Estado, sus sistematicidad y cambios.

L’article présent est consacré à deux ouvrages sur le génocide rwandais : Une saison de machettes de Jean Hatzfeld et Le passé devant soi de Gilbert Gatore. La littérature et même la fiction s’imposent aux deux auteurs pour témoigner de cette période tragique et représenter la violence extrême des massacres. Ils n’ont d’ailleurs pas hésité à donner la parole au bourreau. Nous étudierons la mise en scène du tueur dans les ouvrages cités selon deux perspectives. Seront analysées en premier lieu la spécificité de la parole du bourreau, son attitude à l’égard de la mémoire et de la vérité et les difficultés inhérentes à son témoignage. Nous évoquerons ensuite le bourreau comme personnage littéraire en analysant les procédés narratifs mis en place et la position de l’auteur dans le récit.

This is the proof version of the index for my book Perpetrating Genocide: A Criminological Account (London: Routledge, 2018).  I am uploading it here to give people an idea of the content of my book.  Please note that this is not the final version so there may be some small errors.

Background: The tourism industry beyond all reasonable doubt is not only one of the most rapidly growing industries in the globe but one of the largest employers generating an annual revenue of billions of dollars. However, in spite of that, the industry according to nascent studies has some profound negative socioeconomic , political, cultural and environmental impacts on communities. For instance, the act of involving children in sexual activities by tourists has affected the children physically, mentally, emotionally, economically, socially and psychologically. Some have even died. Even though the precise number of victims of child sex tourism casualties and their circumstances is not scientifically well researched and documented, it is an indisputable fact that they are in millions. This lack of scholarly documentation, beyond reasoning has posed a great challenge to all concerned authorities. Thus, this research aims at addressing this gap. Purpose: The fundamental rationale for a systematic literature review is to examine the present scale and degree of the causes of child sex tourism, share knowledge to spark and inspire processes that will usher in rapid growth from all directions in the fight against the menace. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature using information collected from different sources was actuated. Google Search Engine was used to search these articles. During the search, numerous combinations of words and phrases were used to ensure that articles reflect the most recent knowledge and scholarly works. In essence, only peer-reviewed articles published after 2008 were selected except extract perceived to be of fundamental mileage to the study. However, articles published by dedicated international organizations working for the protection of children for years and have produced indefatigable knowledge in commercial sexual exploitation of the children were stealthily appraised. Results: Poverty, which is commonly cited, is not the sole justification for the commercial sexual exploitation of children, even though it contributes to an environment that may be a sequel to such exploitation. In sum, a range of other complex contributing factors includes consumerism, culture, economic disparities, social, political instability, environment, corruption, lack of reporting crimes, lack of and/or inadequate laws, poor enforcement, lack of interest, debt burden, structural adjustment programmes, practice of projecting women as subservient to men, discriminatory policies, poverty, natural calamities, lack of training, demand and supply, power imbalances, sex trade, family encouragement, philanthropic organizations, Internet access, crime and violence, transient workers, freedom of movement, domestic tourists, population expansion, child trafficking, individual, loss of communal farmlands; and porous borders. Conclusion: In conclusion, the causes of child sex tourism can be simply pooled and catalogued into social, economic, political, natural, technological, individual and legal causes.

Resumo: A presente entrevista nasceu como proposta de atividade a ser desenvolvida no interior da disciplina História do Tempo Presente: teoria e historiografia, do curso de pós-graduação no interior do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Nosso objetivo é trazer à baila a pesquisa da professora Teresa Basile que desenvolve estudos sobre a segunda geração afetada pela ditadura nos anos 70 do século XX na Argentina, a saber; as filhas e filhos de repressores argentinos que condenam os crimes praticados pelos seus pais. Basile explora o tema abordando os vínculos entre literatura, violência, política e memória, nas literaturas latino-americanas das últimas décadas. Portanto, trata de temas que nos levam a perceber as violências praticadas pelo Estado no passado recente, nos fazendo refletir sobre as permanências dessas violências no presente e nas lutas que tentam cessar essas repetições na atualidade. Palavras-chave: filhas e filhos de repressores, memória, literatura, ditadura argentina. LA DICTADURA ARGENTINA EN FOCO: EL PROBLEMA DE LAS HIJAS E HIJOS DE LOS REPRESORES POR TERESA BASILE Resumen: La presente entrevista nació como una propuesta de actividad a desarrollar dentro de la materia Historia del Tiempo Presente: teoría e historiografía, del curso de posgrado en el interior del Programa de Posgrado en Historia de la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina. Nuestro objetivo es traer a colación la investigación de la profesora Teresa Basile, quien desarrolla estudios sobre la segunda generación afectada por la dictadura en la década de 1970 en Argentina, a saber: las hijas e hijos de represores argentinos que condenan los crímenes cometidos por sus padres. Basile explora el tema abordando los vínculos entre literatura, violencia, política y memoria, en la literatura latinoamericana de las últimas décadas. Por tanto, trata temas que nos llevan a percibir la violencia practicada por el Estado en el pasado reciente, haciéndonos reflexionar sobre la permanencia de estas violencias en el presente y en las luchas que intentan frenar estas repeticiones en la actualidad. Palabras clave: hijas e hijos de represores, memoria, literatura, dictadura argentina.

Prior to Operation Barbarossa there were 220,000 Jews living in Lithuania, of which approximately 120,000 in small towns and villages. These provincial Jews were totally annihilated within the first five months of the German occupation. Extermination camps were not yet in existence, and the Jews were not even imprisoned in ghettos during the initial period. It could have been expected that the harsh German and Lithuanian violence against the Jews would be met with an active response. However, the article reveals very limited resistance, whether active or passive, by any of the Jews. In order to explain the phenomenon of so few acts of resistance, the article proposes to analyse these acts along the timeline of the stages of the extermination process, which were aimed to prepare the Jews for their deaths. Examining those acts in light of the circumstances and the physical and mental condition of the Jews in each of those stages separately, enables a better assessment of the acts of resistance that did take place during each stage, as well as a more convincing interpretation of the reasons for the limited extent of Jewish resistance in the Lithuanian province.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN PARENTAL CHILD ABDUCTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXAMINATION OF RECORDS. PERPETRATORS OR VICTIMS OF AN OFFENCE?

In all countries all over the world the world, women are less likely to commit crime than men. The following study aims at verifying this assertion on the grounds of the criminal offense of child abduction, which is understood as the abduction of a child by his mother or father. The article provides information on whether women, in the context of parental abductions, are more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of this type of offense. It discusses selected factual situations described on the basis of criminal cases referred to in Art. 211 of the Criminal Code.

Analizando dos novelas que retratan figuras paternas implicadas en la represion, pretendo mostrar que, valiendose del formato hibrido de la autoficcion, los “hijos” y sus coetaneos abordan la ultima dictadura militar introduciendo voces que complementan las de las victimas y sus familiares. Mientras que Soy un bravo piloto de la nueva China contrapone dramaticamente la historia de un represor y su hijo a la de un “hijo”, Una misma noche esta protagonizada por un narrador que lucha por conciliarse con un acto de colaboracion de su padre. Si, en ambas obras, la cercania biografica entre autor y narrador posibilita una mayor identificacion del lector con este ultimo (Arfuch 2013), el recurso a la ficcion permite esquivar juicios sobre la verdad de lo narrado y criticas de un aduenamiento “inapropiado” (Blejmar 2014). Propongo que, de este modo, la autoficcion facilita no solo la introduccion de estas perspectivas, sino incluso su desplazamiento hacia papeles protagonicos. Remitiendo a ...

The aim of the study is to analyze from a criminological perspective a peculiar case of deviance: that perpetrated by homeless people, defined as "an individuals in a condition of material and immaterial poverty, carrying a complex, dynamic and multiform kind of discomfort". In collaboration with the Division of the Railway Police of the Regions of Puglia, Basilicata and Molise, 95 homeless were recruited and the incidence of perpetrators and victims of crimes was investigated.

Hate crimes find their ideological foundation in the perpetrator’s perception of his victims’ otherness.  While the social sciences have long recognized the importance of this process, in which a group of ‘others’ is identified, stigmatized, discriminated, and finally dehumanized, it is rarely discussed in judgments or legal scholarship.  Prior to any genocide ˗ the ultimate hate crime ˗ commonalities between ‘us’ and ‘them’ are removed. Instead, dissimilarities are enhanced, often by means of communication such as propaganda, to the point where the perpetrator calls for the extermination of the ‘others’.  This chapter argues that this process is not only of general interest for the understanding of genocidal dynamics, but also of legal significance for the interpretation of the protected victim groups of genocide. It will also show that transitional justice bodies and human rights institutions take a different approach to the definition of the crime of genocide and the construction of the protected victim group than international criminal courts. In their quasi-legal analysis of the crime of genocide, these organs appear to be more sympathetic to the incorporation of theories of othering. However, there exists no uniform approach to the analysis of genocide, neither in the jurisprudence of the international criminal courts nor in the reports of non-legal bodies.