Pledge

Lo studio prende le mosse dal tradizionale modello di garanzia pignoratizia evidenziandone l'inadeguatezza a soddisfare le più moderne esigenze del mercato. L'evoluzione delle attività produttivo-imprenditoriali ha fatto emergere la necessità di non privare il debitore della materiale disponibilità di quei beni del patrimonio circolante che si vogliono dare in garanzia nell'ottica di evitare una riduzione della sua capacità produttiva che metterebbe a rischio le possibilità di adempimento pregiudicando così anche l'interesse primario del creditore garantito. A ciò si aggiunga come l'innovazione tecnologica abbia contribuito alla diffusione delle c.d. new properties che sovente rappresentano la moderna ricchezza di un'impresa (intangible assets) tale da determinare un convergente interesse a sfruttarla: del debitore per accedere a finanziamenti; del creditore per rafforzare le probabilità di soddisfazione delle proprie pretese. Sotto un ulteriore profilo la crescente rapidità del traffico giuridico ed economico rende necessario il ricorso a forme di autotutela consensuale - alternative alle procedure giurisdizionali - che permettano una soddisfazione immediata del creditore in caso di inadempimento del debitore. Vengono analizzati gli strumenti che si rivelano o potrebbero rivelarsi funzionali a fornire un'adeguata risposta a tutte le menzionate esigenze anche attraverso una costante comparazione finalizzata a prendere atto di come altri ordinamenti abbiano affrontato tali problematiche. Puntuali analisi critiche hanno ad oggetto gli interventi legislativi a partire da quelli più risalenti e settoriali sino a quello più recente del pegno mobiliare non possessorio di cui si evidenziano limiti opportunità e prospettive.

During the fifteenth century princes were largely dependent on income from domains, all kinds of rights such as tenths, tolls and income from judicial rights. While their expenses grew due to increasing wars of fought on a larger scale, their income from domains could not increase. As a result domains were used as pawns, securities for future payment, which further decreased princely income. In this study I analyzed the domain ownership of ducal domains in one of the four quarters of Guelders during the reign of Arnold of Guelders (1423-1473).

It is likely the duke had the largest say in assign the domains that were pawned. Although his subjects strongly opposed the alienation, via pawnings, of ducal domains, individual members of the elite were major pawn owners

This paper deals with the concept of bail in criminal law and the judgment of 3 judge's Bench of Supreme Court of India in CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 462 OF 2018, decided on 27th March, 2018 wherein it is held that Anticipatory Bail does not automatically entitle accused to regular bail under Section 439 Cr.P.C.

Sokan gondolják, hogy hitel csak a hitelközvetítésre szakosodott intézmények (takarékpénztárak, bankok, hitelszövetkezetek stb.) kialakulása óta létezik. Pedig a pénzintézeti rendszer nem " puszta helyen " született meg, a fenti intézmények létrejötte előtt s azóta is mindig léteztek nemcsak kölcsönt nyújtó szervezetek, hanem a kereskedelmi és magánhitelezésnek különféle informális csatornái is. A jelenséget már több ízben tárgyalta a korábbi szak-irodalom, mégsem állíthatjuk, hogy tisztában vagyunk azzal, hosszú távon mi is köti össze a régi és a modern hitelrendszereket. Ennek a hiányérzetnek a jegyében igyekezett az MTA Történettudományi Bizottságának Gazdaságtörténeti Albizottsága által megbízott szerkesztőség a Magyar Gazdaságtörté-neti Évkönyv második kötetében ismét egymás mellé ültetni a középkor, a kora újkor és a 19–20. század kutatóit, hogy tükröztessük és szembesítsük egymással a különböző korszakok eddigi eredményeit. Az itt közölt tizennégy tanulmány nemcsak arra törekszik, hogy a nemzetközi összefüggésekbe ágyazva mutassa be a tárgyalt jelenségeket, hanem kiadványunk révén fórumot is szeretnénk teremteni ahhoz, hogy a határon inneni és túli gazdaságtörténeti kutatók rendszeresen bekapcsolódhassanak a szakmai diskurzusba.

Law on Pledge of Movable Assets for Commercial Transactions (the Movable Pledge Law), regulating the pledge of certain movables, which are enumerated under Article 5 of the Movable Pledge Law entered into force on 1 January 2017. According to the Movable Pledge Law, the pledged movable(s) need not be delivered to the pledgee for perfection of the pledge. One of the most important alterations to the previous legislation can be considered the fact that, after entry into force of the Movable Pledge Law, commercial enterprise pledge is to be established according to Movable Pledge Law (and not according to Commercial Enterprise Pledge Law numbered 1447 (the CEP Law), which is abolished by the entry into force of the Movable Pledge Law). As per Movable Pledge Law, the commercial enterprise pledge will comprise all machinery, tools, equipment and transportation vehicles in a commercial enterprise which are necessary for, and physically allocated to, the ongoing operations of the enterprise and, also, the commercial title of the pledgor and the name of the commercial enterprise. Furthermore, the commercial enterprise pledge may also include, depending on the agreement of the parties, future movable assets of the commercial enterprise. According to the Movable Pledge Law, a movable pledge agreement can be executed by and between (i) Turkish banks, financial leasing companies, factoring companies and Turkish public institutions that are authorized to lend or provide guarantees, merchants, craftsmen, farmers, producer organizations, self-employed individuals and legal entities acting as lenders; or (ii) merchants and/or craftsmen. Under the Movable Pledge Law, a merchant is any individual or legal entity that carries out commercial operations through a commercial enterprise. Therefore, legal entities established and operating abroad would also be considered merchants to the extent that they carry out commercial operations through a commercial enterprise. It is important to note that the CEP Law allowed commercial enterprise pledge to be established in favour of: (i) financial institutions authorised to grant loans; (ii) real persons or legal entities engaging in a credit sale; or (iii) cooperatives (kooperatifler). Article 5 of the Movable Pledge Law sets out the movables which can be pledged as per the Movable Pledge Law in a numerus clausus manner. This extended list of aforementioned items contains receivables, perennial plants, intellectual and industrial property rights, raw materials, animals, all kinds of earnings and revenues, all kinds of licences and permits, rental incomes, tenancy rights, all kinds of movable enterprise installation including machinery and equipment, consumable materials, stocks, agricultural products, trade name and company name, commercial licence plate and commercial line licence, commercial project, and wagons and railcards. In addition, these items can be also pledged even though a third party has the possession of the item subject to the pledge. However, the Movable Pledge Law expressly stipulates that it shall not apply to account pledges and pledges of which the subject matter is financial agreements pertaining to capital markets instruments and derivative financial instruments. The Movable Pledge Law defines the financial agreements as spot, future, forward, option or swap transactions which are based on financial instruments such as interest rate, merchandises, foreign currency, share certificates, bill of exchange, index, etc., repo and reverse repo transactions, any transactions similar to the above including other transactions used in financial markets and agreements containing any kind of combination of such transactions. Interpreting the wording of the Movable Pledge Law, we understand that share pledge will not be able to be established as per the Movable Pledge Law. However, we expect that the scope of the Movable Pledge Law will be further clarified by further secondary legislation or market practice offering more guidance on the matter. According to the Movable Pledge Law, the pledge over the movable will be perfected by registration of the pledge agreement with the Pledged Movables Registry. In order for the pledge agreement to be registered with the Pledged Movables Registry, the pledge agreement should be either (i) prepared in an electronic medium (electronic platform of the Pledged Movables Registry) and printed by a notary public, signed by the parties, followed by the certification of the signatures of the parties before the notary public; or (ii) the agreement should be executed ex officio before the official of the Pledged Movables Registry.

This paper is focused on pledges of movable property of Brno citizens in
14th century during an urban collection registered in tax sources. The research was
based on certain group of taxpayers and the results are summarized in four parts.
These parts include the analysis of the source itself, description of the taxpayers
with the pledges, the property and an attempt to reconstruct the whole process of
the pledge payment.

During the fifteenth century, princes in the Low Countries experienced financial and political problems. Their finances were dependent upon the revenue from domains, which could not keep up with the growing expenses from wars and court life. This was also the case in Guelders, where Duke Arnold (r. 1423-1473) pawned his domains, often to members of the Estates, in order to fund his deficits. The State assembly as a whole opposed this use of the domains, and promised extraordinary taxes (aides, bedes) to redeem the alienated domains. As a result, the duke became financially and politically even more dependent on his subjects.

In 1420, duke Jon IV of Brabant got into conflict with part of his high nobility. They blamed him, among other things, for his financial politics, which they claimed were worse than those of his predecessors. In their opinion, the alianation of ducal lands east of the river Meuse (the Laden van Overmaas) was highly problematic. However, analysis of the acquisition and use of these lands by previous dukes - and specifically the pawning of the lands of Valkenburg between 1412 and 1420 - show no significant changes in ducal policy. Like the other Brabantine lands in this region, Valkenburg was used as a way to reward military support or satisfy creditors, most of them nobles from the Rhine-ares. Likely, political changes, rather than financial ones, were some of the main reasons for the conflict between the duke and the high nobility in 1420.

Since 2020, the pledge of shares has been re-recognized as one of the efforts for business development, as an example of which will be carried out by PT Pegadaian after the merger with PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia. This fact shows that Pledge of Shares has developed as a new trend in economic development, especially in limited liability companies. However, in Indonesia, this trend growth has not been matched by a regulatory system that guarantees legal protection for debtors, especially in the Pledge Of Shares Execution for a Public Company, which are carried out by private sale. This condition has created many legal vacuums, which have led to inconsistent court decisions regarding the pledge of shares execution in public companies. Therefore, according to the above, through this writing, the author aims to describe a regulatory pattern that can create a protection mechanism for debtors related to the Pledge of Shares Execution for a Public Company by private Sale—aiming to provide reco...

1. General Principles and Concepts; Survey (zakenrecht/goederenrecht; absolute/personal rights; distribution over Books 3 and 5 Civil Code). - 2. Acquisition of Ownership/of Other Property (transfer of property; traditio, valid causa, right to dispose, conveyance, assignment, etc.). - 3. Security Rights and Other Restrictions to Paritas Creditorum (pledge; mortgage; preference and privileges; retention; separate estates).

2018 Özet: Türk Hukuk sisteminde taşınır rehnine dair genel hükümler 4721 sayılı Türk Medenî Kanunu'nda yer almaktadır. Bahsi geçen hükümler kural olarak teslime bağlı taşınır rehnini düzenlemektedir. Kanunkoyucu taşınırların teslim şartına bağlı olmaksızın rehnini mümkün kılarak küçük ve orta ölçekteki işletmelerin finansman sağlanmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla 6750 sayılı Ticarî İşlemlerde Taşınır Rehni Kanunu'nu yürürlüğe koymuştur. Gerçekten de Kanun taşınırların teslime bağlı olmaksızın rehnini mümkün kılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra Kanun ile düzenlenen Rehinli Taşınır Sicili, taşınır rehinlerini tek bir kayıt sistemi altına toplaması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu incelemenin ana amacı yürürlüğe konulan yeni düzenlemeye göre hangi taşınırların rehnedilip hangilerinin rehnedilemeyeceği hususunun belirlenmesinden ibarettir. Abstract: In the Turkish Law system, general provisions as to chattel mortgage located in Turkish Civil Code (The Law Number:4721). As a rule, mentioned provisions regulate the chattel mortgage which is engaged to traditio. The legislator had enacted The Law of Chattel Mortgage On Commercial Transactions (The Law Number:6750) for the purpose of making easier to provide finance for SMEs by making chattel mortgage possible without condition of traditio. Indeed, The Law makes mortgage movables without engaging to traditio possible. In addition to this,

Una moderna concepción de las garantías reales debe concentrarse para considerar más bien el concreto haz de intereses, que las formas particulares elegidas para efectivizarlo en la individuales estructuras formales
En en el derecho de los contratos y de las garantía reales y mobiliarias, en efecto, en razón de  operaciones financieras cada vez más complejas y articuladas, de la creciente variedad y multiplicidad de las situaciones a regular, se exige una mayor elasticidad en la definición y configuración de la misma noción de “garantía real”.
La complejidad, la variedad y la ductilidad de los intereses – que con la función de garantía real se expresan en una determinada estructura formal en cada modelo de garantía – plantean la necesidad de técnicas de actuación de aquella función que trasciendan el aparente carácter estático de los intereses representados, mediante la abstracción de la técnica respecto de una rígida identificación con los intereses tutelados.
En el moderno derecho de las garantías reales a una pluralidad de estructuras y de modelos contractuales corresponde, a menudo, una unicidad de función de garantía.
La reestructuración de las calificaciones formales de las garantías reales – en razón de la unicidad de la función de garantía real perseguida – debe, por lo tanto, operar mediante el reconocimiento de valor de la cualidad de los intereses implicados en cada operación económica particular.
El libro –  que retoma y desarrolla precedentes estudios sobre el tema, a través del análisis estructuralista y de la comparación juridica con algunos modelos de garantías reales – tiene como objetivo ofrecer una nueva calificación del concepto y del sistema de las garantías reales, que tiene en cuenta de la unicidad de su causa contractual concreta incluso en la variedad de las estructuras formales a través de las cuales el concepto de garantía se expresa.