Power Losses

This paper analyzes two maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) converter topologies that are part of an
interface converter for the integration of photovoltaics (PV) in
the grid. Two different MPPT converter topologies (boost
converter and quasi-Z-Source (qZS) converter) were selected and compared. Theoretical comparison includes an analysis of
regulations for obtaining continuous source current and
comparison of necessary parameters of the reactive elements of the systems.
270 W experimental prototypes of both converters were built
and experimentally compared. Theoretical and experimental
efficiency estimation is proposed and discussed. Also, the losses in diodes and MOSFETS are evaluated taking into account technical data from datasheets

In this paper are presented the power losses and sources of their occurrence in worm gear boxes. These are the losses that occur in the coupling of worm teeth and worm gear, losses in bearings, seals and oil churning power losses in the transmission. When the operation of worm gearing is characterized by line contact of coupled elements which is accompanied by significant sliding, the highest value have the power losses in the worm and worm gear coupling compared to other losses in gearing. Among other things, in the paper also presents the expressions that are used for calculation of individual power losses and efficiency of the gearing. The size of the losses primarily depends on the type of coupled material and geometry of worm pair, circumferential velocity (input rotational speed), the type and viscosity of lubricating oil, load, worm shape, and temperature and so on. The paper also deals with the influence of different factors on power losses and efficiency. As the efficiency of the worm pair is significantly lower compared to other types of gear pairs, the appropriate combination of geometric parameters and materials of worm and worm gear, lubrication and working conditions can significantly affect its increase.

The losses in European Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33 TW · h/year, whereas reactive power and harmonic losses add a further 5 TW · h/year. The reduction of distribution transformer no-load loss is particularly important as the ratio of no-load to load losses is nearly three. In this paper, the no load operation of wound-core transformers under sinusoidal and distorted supply-voltage conditions is investigated. For that purpose, a 2-D nonlinear transient finite-element analysis taking into account hysteresis has been developed. The hysteresis model is based on a modified Jiles–Atherton representation, and the proposed analysis is compared to experimental data.

Distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) continues to be a good option to reduce technical losses in a distribution power grid. However, this non-linear combinatorial problem is not easy to assess by exact methods when solving for large distribution networks, which requires large computational times. For solving this type of problem, some researchers prefer to use metaheuristic techniques due to convergence speed, near-optimal solutions, and simple programming. Some literature reviews specialize in topics concerning the optimization of power network reconfiguration and try to cover most techniques. Nevertheless, this does not allow detailing properly the use of each technique, which is important to identify the trend. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, it presents the objective functions and constraints used in DNR with the most used metaheuristics. Second, it reviews the most important techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA), ant colony optimization (ACO), immune algorithms (IA), and tabu search (TS). Finally, this paper presents the trend of each technique from 2011 to 2016. This paper will be useful for researchers interested in knowing the advances of recent approaches in these metaheuristics applied to DNR in order to continue developing new best algorithms and improving solutions for the topic.

Nowadays, transformers are made of conventional magnetic cores which are constructed of a single grainoriented or amorphous, magnetic steel. Even though, the transformer is the most efficient of electrical machines, with efficiencies typically above 90%, it is possible to improve transformer performance by using composite magnetic cores. Patents related to this simple and effective technique can be traced back to 1929. The specific technique can be applied to wound core distribution transformers. By using wound cores constructed with a combination of conventional and high permeability grain-oriented steel the total owing cost (TOC) of the transformer can be reduced effectively. This paper presents a brief review of patents on wound and composite magnetic cores and introduces a generalized technique for the determination of the optimum design variables of a new composite wound core design.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

IC engines contribute to global warming through extensive use of fossil fuel energy and emission of combustion by-products. Innovative technologies such as cylinder de-activation (CDA), after-exhaust heat treatment, surface texturing and coatings are proposed to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions of the vehicle fleet. Therefore, study of coating technology through a comprehensive multi-physics analytical model of engine top compression ring is important to ascertain ways of promoting energy savings. This paper presents a multi-scale, multi-physics model of the compression ring-cylinder bore conjunction, using three alternative bore surfaces. The model comprises ring dynamics, contact tribology, heat transfer and gas blow-by. Tribological and thermal properties of advanced coatings, such as Nickel Nanocomposite (NNC) and diamond-like carbon (DLC) are compared with an uncoated steel bore surface as the base line configuration. Such a comprehensive analysis has not hitherto been reported in open literature, particularly with original contributions made through inclusion of salient properties of alternative bore materials for high performance race engines. Power loss and FMEP are evaluated in a dynamometric test, representative of the Worldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The NNC coating shows promising tribological improvements. The DLC coating is detrimental in terms of frictional power loss and FMEP, although it can effectively improve sealing of the combustion chamber. The differences in power loss of nominated bore surfaces are represented as fuel mass and CO emissions, using theoretical and empirical relations. For the first time the paper shows that advanced coatings can potentially mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of spark ignition (SI) engines, with significant repercussions when applied to the global gasoline-powered vehicle fleet.

This paper shows experimental results of longitudinal flux density and its harmonics at the limb, the yoke and the corner of a three phase, Si-Fe, five-legged wound transformer core. Results show that the flux density is nonuniform in the cores and there is high level of third harmonic component. Moreover, the lower flux values in the outer cores have been assessed and the simultaneous time variation of the flux in both outer cores has been demonstrated by measurements while the peak magnetic flux density values have been compared to FEM analysis. These findings enable a better understanding of the magnetic behavior of five legged wound transformer cores and their consideration is expected to achieve respective improvement of the design with respect to core losses and magnetostriction noise.

This paper proposes an optimal generation scheduling method for a power system integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generations (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) considering maximum harvesting of RES outputs and minimum power system operating losses. The main contribution aims at economically employing RES in a power system. In particular, maximum harvesting of renewable energy is achieved by the mean of ESS management. In addition, minimum power system operating losses can be obtained by properly scheduling operating of ESS and controllable generations. Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to search for a near global optimal solutions. The optimization problem is formulated and evaluated taking into account power system operating constraints. The different operation scenarios have been used to investigate the effective of the proposed method via DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The proposed method is examined with IEEE standard 14-bus and 30-bus test systems.

The importance of distribution transformer noload
loss on the operation of modern electrical grids is often
underestimated. Internationally, distribution transformer no load loss constitutes nearly 25% of the transmission and
distribution losses of electrical grids. The losses in European
Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33
TWh/year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a
further 5 TWh/year. In the Greek electrical grid the no-load
losses of 140,000 distribution transformers are estimated at
about 490 GWh/year. This paper has two goals: The first one is
to illustrate the significance of distribution transformer noload
loss in periods of high electric energy cost. The second
goal is the presentation of a novel numerical methodology for
wound core transformers no load loss analysis, enabling to
determine the economically and technically optimum transformer for every use, which has been developed in the
frame of the respective research project.

DG placement plays a major role due to the increase in application of distribution system. A Standalone DG can provide required power to the remote applications. Optimum locations and sizes of DG sources reduce power losses, and it also has impact on voltage profile and voltage stability of a distribution network. For optimal allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution systems MSO technique is adopted. A complete analysis is carried out on an IEEE 69 bus Radial Distribution System to prove the accuracy of proposed method. The results obtained by the proposed method are better than the other methods in terms of quality of the solution and efficiency.

This paper presents a power loss analysis for a Single Ended Parallel Resonance (SEPR) Converter used for induction heating. The analysis includes a comparison of the losses in the electronic switch when the circuit is realized using a conventional Silicon (Si) based IGBT or when using Silicon Carbide (SiC) based MOSFET. The analysis includes modelling and simulation as well as experimental verification through power loss and heat dissipation measurement. The presented results can be used as a base of comparison between the switches and can be a starting point for efficiency based design of those types of converters.

Distribution transformer operation is sensitive to
the distortion of the supply voltage waveform. According to
Strategies for development and diffusion of Energy Efficient
Distribution Transformers (SEEDT), reactive power and
harmonic losses add a further 5 TWh/year to the losses of
European Union (EU-27) distribution transformers. In the
present paper a systematic experimental procedure is
developed in order to evaluate the effect of voltage harmonics on distribution transformer operation. Also, a theoretical analysis based on the hysteresis design tool of Matlab and a finite element code integrating the hysteresis phenomena is carried out.

Cylinder liner temperature affects frictional losses. Optimum liner temperature improves energy efficiency and reduces emissions. Liner temperature is hardly affected by viscous shear of lubricant. This implies optimum conditions would be independent of engine speed. a b s t r a c t Despite extensive research into alternative methods, the internal combustion engine is expected to remain as the primary source of vehicular propulsion for the foreseeable future. There are still significant opportunities for improving fuel efficiency, thus directly reducing the harmful emissions. Consequently, mitigation of thermal and frictional losses has gradually become a priority. The piston-cylinder system accounts for the major share of all the losses as well as emissions. Therefore, the need for an integrated approach, particularly of a predictive nature is essential. This paper addresses this issue, particularly the role of cylinder liner temperature, which affects both thermal and frictional performance of the piston-cylinder system. The study focuses on the top compression ring whose critical sealing function makes it a major source of frictional power loss and a critical component in guarding against further blow-by of harmful gasses. Such an integrated approach has not hitherto been reported in literature. The study shows that the cylinder liner temperature is critical in mitigating power loss as well as reducing Hydrocarbon (HC) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions from the compression ring – cylinder liner conjunction. The results imply the existence of an optimum range for liner working temperature, independent of engine speed (at least in the studied cases) to minimise frictional losses. Combined with the study of NOx and HC emissions, the control of liner temperature can help to mitigate frictional power loss and reduce emissions.

Efficiency improvement is the new challenge in all fields of design. In this scenario the reduction of power
losses is becoming more and more a main concern also in the design of power transmissions. For this reason
it is important to have some models available in order to quantify the power losses since the design stage. The
power losses of a gear transmission can be subdivided primarily into bearing losses, seal losses, meshing
losses and churning losses [1]. Literature provides some models for the prediction of most of this losses.
Some models, obtained on the basis of experimental tests, can be found in literature which describe the
influence of gear geometric and kinematic parameters on hydraulic losses like for instance those proposed by
Mauz [2], who has concentrated on hydraulic losses, or by Dowson [3], who has concentrated on windage
losses. Nevertheless the authors maintain that a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena responsible
of gear losses is still needed in order to improve existing models and CFD simulation can be an effective
approach for such investigation. Marchesse et al. [4], on the basis of a state of the art on the application of
CFD to gear power losses, applied CFD models to study air-windage losses of gears and have validated their
results by means of experimental tests. Simulations of the churning losses of planetary gearboxes and
squeezing losses have been investigated by the authors in previous works [5, 6]. The authors have also
investigated the oil-windage losses [9] (100% immersion in the lubricant) by mean of CFD simulations and
the results have been compared with the experimental ones available at FZG [10] giving good agreement [9].
In order to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in churning losses (dip lubrication with
the presence of a free surface), CFD simulations have been run in order to investigate the effect of the same
parameters, like helix angle, tip diameter, face width, rotational speed and lubricant properties on the
churning power losses generated by a single rotating gear. The numerical results have been compared with
the measurements.
This report is focused on the oil squeezing power losses. This kind of losses is associated with the
compression-expansion process by the meshing teeth. The contraction of the volume at the gear mesh implies
an overpressure that induces a fluid flow primarily in the axial direction and this, for viscous fluids, means
additional power losses and a decrease of the efficiency.
In this work this phenomena has been studied by means of some CFD simulations. The influence of some
operating conditions like the lubricant properties, the rotational speed and the temperature have been studied.

Voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current systems (VSC-HVDCs) are often used in transmission and distribution regions and accomplish good operating results. They are popular due to the recent innovation of controllable semiconductor devices and bulk power transmission for long distances of about 500 km and above. However, the loss contributions of VSC-HVDC systems are relatively high compared to the traditional LCC-based HVDCs, which tends to be the main hurdle to the application of VSC-HVDC to high power transmission. Thus, the loss characteristics of VSC warrants further investigation. In this paper, the loss calculations of two level and three level VSC-based HVDC technologies are studied and corresponding loss reducing measures are obtained from the results. An essential step in the thermal management design of the power electronic devices, in this case, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and diode, is required for accurate calculation of both conduction and switching losses of these devices. In order to achieve optimized designs, tools are needed for accurate prediction of device junction temperature and power dissipation. Therefore, according to IEC 61803 (Determination of power losses in HVDC converter stations), the loss calculation models of converter station equipment under operation and standby mode are established in detail alongside the datasheet parameters of the devices.

In present times, the use of DG systems in large amounts in different power distribution systems has become very popular and is growing on with fast speed. Although it is considered that DG reduces losses and improves system voltage profile, this paper shows that this is not always true. The paper presents a GA-IPSO based approach which utilizes combined sensitivity factor analogy to optimally locate and size a multi-type DG in IEEE 57-bus test system with the aim of reducing power losses and improving the voltage profile. The multi-type DG can operate as; type 1 DG (DG generating real power only), type 2 DG (DG generating both real and active power) and type 3 DG (DG generating real power and absorbing reactive power). It further shows that though the system losses are reduced and the voltage profile improved with the location of the first DG, as the number of DGs increases this is not the case. It reaches a point where any further increase in number of DGs in the network results to an increase in power losses and a distortion in voltage profile.

In an open electricity market environment, dispersed generation is predicted to play an important position. A high level of penetration and dispersion with distributed generators of an electric network imposes some additional problems; among them, of significant importance is the reconfiguration. The problem of reconfiguration has become more difficult because the customers ask more and more quality in power supply and reliability. The paper presents an original algorithm, aiming to find out the optimal open-looped points of electrical distribution networks with dispersed generation in order to obtain optimal radial configurations using Pareto optimality and evolution strategies.

Ball bearings are an integral part of many machines and mechanisms and often determine their performance limits. Vibration, friction and power loss are some of the key measures of bearing performance. Therefore, there have been many predictive analyses of bearing performance with emphasis on various aspects. The current study presents a mathematical model, incorporating bearing dynamics, mechanics of rolling element-to-races contacts as well as the elastodynamics of the bearing outer ring as a focus of the study. It is shown that the bearing power loss in cage cycles increases by as much as 4% when the flexibility of the outer ring is taken into account as a thick elastic ring, based on Timoshenko beam theory as opposed to the usual assumption of a rigid ring in other studies. Geometric optimisation has shown that the lifetime power consumption can be reduced by 1.25%, which is a significant source of energy saving when considering the abundance of machines using rolling element bearings. The elastodynamics of bearing rings significantly affects the radial bearing clearance through increased roller loads and generated contact pressures. The flexible ring dynamics is shown to generate surface waviness through global elastic wave propagation, not hitherto taken into account in contact dynamics of rollers-to-raceways which are generally considered to be subjected to only localised Hertzian deflection. The elastodynamic behaviour reduces the elastohydrodynamic film thickness, affecting contact friction, wear, fatigue, vibration, noise and inefficiency.

The article presents the experimental study of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) utilizing magnetite nanoparticles with diameter of 15.2 nm. Temperature measurements of the ferrofluid samples were carried out in real measurement system using parallel resonance phenomenon. Based on the obtained temperature curves the basic heating parameters of ferrofluid, namely the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and power losses in tested nanoparticles have been specified. The authors systematize the current knowledge of these quantities and additionally propose two models that simplify their determination with given errors, omitting the mass and volume concentrations of the individual components of magnetic fluid.

This paper introduces a novel technique for iron loss minimization of wound core transformers. The proposed technique involves the evaluation of appropriate design variables of wound cores constructed by a combination of standard and high magnetization grade steel. The evaluation of the optimum design variables of the multiple grade lamination wound core is achieved by combining a permeability tensor finite-element model and simulated annealing with restarts.

—In this paper, we investigate some aspects related to microgrid (MG) stability. Due to different applications of MG, its structure and deployment topology vary depending upon the nature of application and operating modes (islanded or grid connected). So, the stability of MGs varies accordingly. This paper precisely explains the stability aspects (e.g., phase angle and power losses) of remotely located islanded MG having the capability to integrate distributed energy sources. Initially, the stability of three bus system is assessed under variable load and find some gaps related to stability as MG involves a high penetration of distributed energy sources. These gaps indicate that stability of a MG is not only in the control of generation/load but also in its coordination with other loads. After that, we implement the load coordination technique and analyze the stability against fixed and dynamic loads. For comprehensive analysis, four different cases are considered in which we vary load at different bus bars and check the performance. Lastly, we integrate the distributed energy source to islanded MG and perform the stability analysis. For validation purpose, extensive simulations of the proposed cases are conducted using Matlab. Simulation results depict that load coordination technique is more efficient regarding MG stability.

Već duži niz godina primijetan je globalni trend povećanja broja i snage distribuiranih generatora (DG) koji se priključuju na elektrodistributivne mreže. Ovaj trend je prisutan i u Bosni i Hercegovini, posebno nakon uvođenja sistema poticaja za proizvodnju električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora energije. Kao jedan od Operatora distributivnog sistema u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, JP Elektroprivreda BiH d.d. – Sarajevo (JP EP BiH) već dugi niz godina priključuje i vrši pogon DG-a u svojim elektrodistributivnim mrežama. U nekim elektrodistributivnim mrežama su međutim već dostignuti maksimalni kapaciteti po pitanju integracije DG-a te je potrebno analizirati mogućnosti za povećanje kapaciteta ovih mreža. U ovom radu je ova analiza urađena na 10 kV odvodu Grebak, koji je sa ukupno 128 km vodova (28 km kablova) najduži srednjenaponski odlaz u elektrodistributivnom sistemu JP EP BiH. Na ovom odvodu su trenutno priključena četiri DG-a ukupne snage 2070 kW. Pri pogonu ovog odvoda sa postojećim DG-ima primijećeni su značajni problemi u vidu nedozvoljenih vrijednosti napona izvan dozvoljenih granica od ±10 %. Na ovom odvodu nije moguće priključiti planiranih novih pet DG-a ukupne snage 2153 kW, bez daljeg narušavanja naponskih prilika. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati mogućnosti povećanja kapaciteta ove mreže pomoću dvije mjere: prelazak na 20 kV naponski nivo i upravljanje faktorom snage DG-a sa sinhronim generatorima. Ovaj rad analizira uticaj ove dvije mjere na naponske prilike, aktivne gubitke snage te opterećenje elemenata mreže. Analiza je urađena u profesionalnom softverskom alatu za analizu elektroenergetskih mreža PowerCAD. Rezultati analize za postojeću 10 kV mrežu pokazuju da je promjenom faktora snage postojećih DG-a moguće sniziti napone, ali uz negativan uticaj na povećanje aktivnih gubitaka snage. Rezultati analize nakon prelaska mreže na 20 kV napon pokazuju da se tada na mrežu mogu priključiti svi planirani DG-i, uz zadovoljavajuće naponske prilike i bez preopterećenja elemenata mreže, te uz smanjenje aktivnih gubitaka snage u mreži. Definisanjem najpovoljnijeg faktora snage DG-a u 20 kV mreži moguće je dodatno sniziti napone i smanjiti aktivne gubitke snage. Zaključak je da se prelaskom na 20 kV naponski nivo i upravljanjem faktorom snage DG-a može značajno povećati kapacitet mreže za integraciju DG-a.

—By using an accurate switching model it's possible to adjust the thermal distribution between the semiconductors and increase the output power of the converter for Active Neutral Point Clamped converters [1]. In this paper the study of switching sequence optimization for 3 Level ANPC converters is extended to analyze the performance of the converter under different cooling water inlet temperatures and different water/glycol mixtures of the cooling water.

Distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) continues to be a good option to reduce technical losses in a distribution power grid. However, this non-linear combinatorial problem is not easy to assess by exact methods when solving for large distribution networks, which requires large computational times. For solving this type of problem, some researchers prefer to use metaheuristic techniques due to convergence speed, near-optimal solutions, and simple programming. Some literature reviews specialize in topics concerning the optimization of power network reconfiguration and try to cover most techniques. Nevertheless, this does not allow detailing properly the use of each technique, which is important to identify the trend. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, it presents the objective functions and constraints used in DNR with the most used metaheuristics. Second, it reviews the most important techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA)...

The deregulation of the Nigerian power sector has resulted in the quest to explore power generation options for power quality improvement. One of such options is the pattern shift from central power generation to embedded power generation. Network integration of embedded generators (EGs) causes several regulatory, technical and economic issues. This research focuses on power quality challenges that may arise as a result of network integration of embedded generation in a weak electricity networks using Ogba 33 kV injection substation as case study. The embedded generators considered comprised of gas turbine and diesel generators. NEPLAN software was used to perform the load flow analysis with and without EGs connection on the network. This was necessary so as to ascertain the healthiness of the existing distribution network for EGs integration. The power quality issues considered in the study were bus voltage profiles and the total line losses. Simulation results showed that EGs conn...

Energy efficiency and functional reliability are the two key requirements in the design of high-performance transmissions. Therefore, a representative analysis replicating real operating conditions is essential. This paper presents the thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) of meshing spur gear teeth of high-performance racing transmission systems, where high generated contact pressures and lubricant shear lead to non-Newtonian traction. The determination of the input contact geometry of meshing pairs as well as contact kinematics are essential steps for representative TEHL. These are incorporated in the current analysis through the use of Lubricated Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis (LLTCA), which is far more realistic than the traditional Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA). In addition, the effects of lubricant and flash surface temperature rise of contacting pairs, leading to the thermal thinning of lubricant, are taken into account using a thermal network model. Furthermore, high-speed contact kinematics lead to shear thinning of the lubricant and reduce the film thickness under non-Newtonian traction. This comprehensive approach based on established TEHL analysis, particularly including the effect of LLTCA on the TEHL of spur gears, has not hitherto been reported in literature.

Up to now, many modulation techniques have been proposed for neutral point clamped (NPC) inverters. In this paper, for the first time, a general methodology is applied to calculate and compare the failure analysis and reliability of NPC inverter with most commonly used control strategies. Also, the mean time to failure (MTTF) of NPC inverter is derived for different control strategies. It is demonstrated that the key feature of control strategies in determining the reliability of inverter is their loss distribution among the switches. The failure rate of components that is relevant to this study and junction temperature calculation is developed, then conduction losses and switching losses of switches for different control strategies are calculated. Finally, the most reliable control strategy is identified. Experimental results obtained have promptly justified the theoretical analysis and outlined procedure.

This paper introduces a study of utilizing solar energy farm that is integrated with the national grid based on intensive data availability of solar energy in Jordan. The study discusses the impact and the ability of integrating solar farms into the national grid of Jordan. The study considerd different cases and, various power system studies for connection points of solar farms to medium voltage networks. Among these studies are short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses. The main objective of the study is to analyze impacts of integration of solar farms on distribution systems of the chosen areas. Photovoltaic (PV) system with varying penetration levels are integrated at different locations (connection points) into the distribution network. Calculations are performed and models are built using actual data obtained from the Jordanian power grid with PV interconnection. The effect of the short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses in the distribution system are ...

In today’s competitive manufacturing environment organizations focus on preventing all the 16 losses described in the total productive maintenance (TPM) philosophy. This paper aimsto provide some insights on the relative scale for assessment of these 16 lossesin the small-scale industries within the jurisdiction of the proposed Marathwada Auto Cluster in India. Using a case study based on survey methodology is this paper conductsrelative loss analysis in small-scale industries in order to aid improving the effectiveness and efficiency in proposed auto cluster. Specially, the insights gained from this study are expected to assist managements of manufacturing organizations in prioritizing training and other TPM issues