Public Place

The spatial quality of urban public spaces is determined by the interaction of those areas with their surroundings. Although public open spaces are an important element of the urban environment, their physical characteristics that relate to the city change over time. Examining the physical and environmental characteristics of the changing urban public spaces and the dimension of their use is a starting point for the continuation of the public values of that place. The concept of quality in the urban environment provides measurement and evaluation in subjects such as activities related to urban space, usage characteristics, spatial diversity, social and physical facilities. In this study, as one of the active and central public circles of Istanbul, the physical and historical transformations in the Beşiktaş coastal environment and the square are examined in the context of public open spaces and urban activities in the physical environment and the spatial quality of the open public space is evaluated.

Kentsel kamusal alanların mekânsal kalitesi o alanların çevresi ile etkileşimi üzerinden belirlenmektedir. Kamusal açık alanlar kentsel çevrenin önemli bir unsuru olmakla birlikte zamanla kentle ilişki kuran fiziksel özellikleri değişim göstermektedir. Değişen kentsel kamusal alanların fiziksel ve çevresel özellikleri ile kullanım boyutunun incelenmesi o yerin kamusal değerlerinin sürdürülmesi adına bir çıkış noktası olmaktadır. Kentsel çevrede kalite kavramı kentsel mekâna dair aktiviteler, kullanım özellikleri, mekânsal çeşitlilikler, sosyal ve fiziksel donatılar gibi konularda ölçme ve değerlendirme sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada İstanbul'un aktif ve merkezi kamusal çevrelerinden biri olarak Beşiktaş sahil ve çevresi, meydandaki fiziksel ve tarihsel dönüşümler, fiziksel çevrede kamusal açık alanlar ve kentsel aktiviteler bağlamında incelenerek kentsel mekânsal kalitesi değerlendirilmiştir.

در گذشته یکی از عمومی¬ترین و مردمی¬ترین فضاهای شهری در جامعة ایران، میادین شهری بودند. به تدریج و به خصوص بعد از مدرنیزاسیون کالبدی و حضور اتوموبیل در فضاهای شهری، هویت خود را از دست دادند و در چند دهة اخیر در بلاتکلیفی مطلق به سر می¬برند. بنحوی که امروزه، مفهوم ذاتیِ میدان که با تعاملات اجتماعی و حضور پر رنگ مردم، گره خورده ¬بود، رنگ باخته و نقش ترافیکی بر سایر نقش¬ها غلبه یافته است. میدان¬های اصلی شهر که با ذهنیت ساکنانش عجین شده ¬است، به دلایل متعددی در گذر زمان، کیفیات فضایی یک میدان را از دست داده است، و نقش ترافیکی و فلکه¬بودن آن، بر سایر نقش¬ها، چیرگی یافته است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی مؤلفه¬ها و سنجه¬های ¬مکانسازی میدان با تأکید بر ماهیت ذاتی میدان و وجوه مشترک آن با مکانسازی می¬باشد. این پژوهش از نظر نوع آن، کاربردی و توسعه¬ای بوده و ماهیت داده¬ها، از نوع کمّی می¬باشد و چارچوب نظری با استفاده از روش اسنادی و کتابخانه¬ای بررسی خواهد شد و بعد از مقایسه تطبیقی تعاریف میادین شهری و مکانسازی، و تبین معیارهای یک مکان- میدان شهری؛ نتیجتاً پنج مؤلفة مکانسازی میدان¬های شهری، در قالب پنج مورد "معماری شهری؛ منظرسازی سخت و نرم؛ مشوق و محرک؛ فعالیت؛ زیست¬محیطی" و هفده سنجه ارائه می¬گردد.

Study of religious spaces in the city`s system, as one of the layers of semiotics, is effective
in understanding the urban landscape as a sustainable social-spatial structure. Religious
activities are related to spiritual and cultural concepts base on dominant ideology of the
society; so recognizing their influence on city is an expedient switch for understanding
social- spatial structure and the formation of public place. This research is followed by
reviews of religious sites in the city`s semiotics system, and its impact on public place.
Therefore, based on field studies conducted, three of the religious atmosphere is selected
and has defined their station based on the characteristics of each space, as the city symbol
or a focal point in city`s semiotics system, and is explored their effect on the creation
of public place. Indian community is the context of different religions with variety
religious activities in urban space. So three religious urban spaces of Indian cities have
been selected for this study. The review process demonstrate a significant relationship
between the public place and civic focal point. The religious-based focal points will form
public place; while religious sites in the city are considered merely as symbol, areas have
not been bed. Study conclude that the effective index of the focal points in the city, are
foreground the public place.

Layar alternatif merupakan salah satu jalur ekshibisi dari sebuah film sehingga dapat diapresiasi oleh banyak penonton. Saat ini sudah terdapat Taman Film di Kota Tangerang namun belum beroperasi dengan baik meskipun sudah hampir satu tahun berdiri. Hal tersebut menjadi landasan munculnya gagasan untuk memaksimalkan layar alternatif di Kota Tangerang agar menjadi sarana hiburan bagi pengunjung di ruang publik ini. Di sisi lain layar alternatif menjadi sebuah jalur yang dapat memperpanjang umur ekshibisi film di hadapan penonton selain jaringan bioskop komersial. Layar alternatif juga dapat menjalin kerjasama antara ekshibitor yang menyediakan tempat dengan produser atau distributor yang menyuplai filmnya, sehingga program pemutaran akan terus tersuplai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa keberadaan layar alternatif di Kota Tangerang memiliki potensi untuk menjadi kegiatan perfilman yang memiliki keberlangsungan di ruang publik.
Kata kunci : Ruang publik, ekshibisi, layar alternatif, taman, film

Urban Public Space in the Age of Mobility and Aestheticization, and the Necessity of an Interdisciplinary Approach. (O. Pachenkov, L. Voronkova)
Sharing Space with Strangers in Moving Public Places: Social Mixing and Secessionism in Mobility (G. Mattioli)
Architectural Visualizations as Promoters of Urban Aestheticization. A Visual Culture Approach (T. Scheidegger)
Public Art Spaces: The Dilemma of Economic Growth and Social Inclusion in an Aesthetised Urban Context. A Case Study of Initiative "Intermediae", Matadero Madrid, Spain (C.Fohrbeck)
Tracing Art in Urban Public Space: the Resistive Aestetic of Cultural Actors in Post-Communist Romania (L. Panait)
Contemporary Art: Between Action and Work. The Cases of Krzysztof Wodiczcko and Jenny Holzer (C. Chyka)
Sharing Spaces of Shared Experience: Creative Practices and Temporal Communities. (E. Lavrinec, O. Zaporozhets)

"Keberadaan ruang terbuka bagi publik di sebuah kota sangat diperlukan terutama keterkaitannya dengan isyu kepadatan kota. Selain itu ruang terbuka bagi publik juga dapat mempengaruhi kualitas kota dan memberikan fasilitas bagi masyarakat untuk berinteraksi dan beraktifitas di ruang terbuka publik.

Kota Surabaya dalam kurun waku 8 tahun terakhir, gencar dalam melakukan pembangunan ruang terbuka publik yaitu taman-taman (park) baik di lokasi baru maupun merenovasi yang sudah ada. Salah satu lokasi yang dipilih oleh pemerintah kota Surabaya untuk pembangunan taman adalah lahan bekas Stasiun Pengisian Bahan Bakar Umum (SPBU) yang peruntukan awalnya adalah untuk ruang terbuka publik

Penelitian ini dibuat untuk mengetahui tanggapan masyarakat yang menjadi pengguna taman-taman yang ada di lahan bekas eks SPBU mengenai kualitas taman yang meliputi manfaat penggantian fungsi dari sebelumnya, fasilitas yang disediakan, desain taman tersebut hingga saran untuk pengembangan taman ke depannya.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode survey lapangan menggunakan kuisioner. Hasilnya akan diolah menggunakan software SPSS 17 untuk mengetahui nilai tingkat kualitas taman-taman di lahan eks SPBU dan dianalisa menggunakan teori perencanaan ruang terbuka bagi publik.
Sampling terdiri dari empat taman, yaitu Taman Lansia, Taman Persahabatan, Taman Dolog dan Taman Undaan

Hasil yang diharapkan adalah munculnya berbagai tanggapan dari masyarakat mengenai keberadaan taman di bekas lahan eks SPBU yang secara tidak langsung akan berdampak pada kualitas sebuah kota serta menambah wacana tentang kualitas taman kota.


Kata kunci: taman, pengguna, kota."

The Accessibility and Universal Design are facilitators in the daily lives of all citizens. Although “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” project requires accessibility on paper, some problems can still be found in its implementation, especially when it comes to the use Public Places. Through that, an overview of the legal requirements about the program will be accomplished, on the federal, state and municipal scopes, and using the bibliographical research, a case study will be exposed about one of the housing developments, the São José III, located in São José de Ribamar, Maranhão.

A Acessibilidade e o Desenho Universal são facilitadores no cotidiano de todos os cidadãos. O Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida, apesar de impor acessibilidade universal em suas normas, na prática se encontra muito aquém das exigências legais, principalmente quando se refere aos Espaços públicos dos Conjuntos. A partir de tais questões, este trabalho realiza uma pesquisa bibliográfica, sobre as razões que originaram as demandas sociais por acessibilidade, as legislações vigentes no âmbito federal, estadual e municipal para, então, analisar um estudo de caso no Conjunto São José III, construído através do PMCMV no município de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão.

Physical environment is one of the factors that influences the activities and spaces formed to a varying degree and in many different ways. Footpaths form a significant micro-place of the physical urban environment. Primarily, a path for pedestrian accessibility and acts as an important public place for the city. In the scenario of socio-economic conditions in developing countries, owing to high poverty rate, unemployment and rural-urban migration, it is beneficial for people to adopt the informal way of using this entity of footpath. Moreover, due to the lack of efficient monitoring, footpaths, in this part of the world, have multiple utility factors, mainly social, economic and cultural.
The paper explores the role of the physicality of the footpath in the manifestation of spaces – tangible/intangible and the diverse activities. The quest is into identifying the meaningful relationship of geometry and multiple physical elements on a footpath with the quality of the public realm generated. The physical elements are analysed with reference to the context of certain Indian cities.
These physical elements have been qualitatively documented by means of surveys and a subjective understanding through observations of the sites taken for study.
A comprehensive understanding of these elements in the public realm revealed their influence in regulating certain movement patterns. The justifications for a particular path being more frequented are a matter of function and aesthetics rather than just intuition. This micro-understanding of various physical elements and the behaviour patterns observed on footpath can help in long-term street planning measures, at various scales. The paper highlights vital approaches in providing certain design opportunities with respect to the physical elements and the geometry of the footpath, thus improving the public realm of the street and of the place.

This article explores the value of urban history and material culture in the study of memory. More specifically, it offers an examination through a masculine lens of the ways in which urban icons have impacted and shaped individual and national identities. The article focuses on Bulnes Square in Santiago de Chile and the Eternal Flame of Liberty as a key place and symbol of Augusto Pinochet’s “fascism in progress.” I draw on local press archives, advertising, and photographs to further explore the gender metaphor of state and nation as expressions of monolithic nationalism and their perpetuation of a hypermasculine tone, examining their links to place and national memory construction.

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The spatial quality of urban public spaces is determined by the interaction of those areas with their surroundings. Although public open spaces are an important element of the urban environment, their physical characteristics that relate to the city change over time. Examining the physical and environmental characteristics of the changing urban public spaces and the dimension of their use is a starting point for the continuation of the public values of that place. The concept of quality in the urban environment provides measurement and evaluation in subjects such as activities related to urban space, usage characteristics, spatial diversity, social and physical facilities. In this study, as one of the active and central public circles of Istanbul, the physical and historical transformations in the Beşiktaş coastal environment and the square are examined in the context of public open spaces and urban activities in the physical environment and the spatial quality of the open public sp...

This chapter discusses the extant theories used to interpret the occurrence of crime and fear in public places, which are set out within the framework suggested in the previous chapter. The aim is to translate these theories into an integrated conceptual framework within which safety (crime and fear) in public environments can be examined. None of these theoretical perspectives is without criticism, and none has been explicitly developed for application to public places. This theoretical review is intended to support the analysis of the empirical research illustrated in the five cross-cutting themes of the book derived from a wide range of perspectives and disciplines. We begin by discussing the concept of public places in relation to the dynamics of urban crime and fear. Then, due to the range of theoretical approaches in the international literature , the chapter concentrates on those aspects considered salient to the major components of the book: the city environment, people's mobility, users' perspective , metrics of crime and fear and intervention.

ABSTRACT
Designed by Oscar Niemayer and inaugurated in 2006, the Presépio de Natal promised to be
a space for the contemplation of urban landscape, shelter for the local art and place of
realization of craft fairs and events. However, what happened after its inauguration was a
reality of abandonment and marginalization. Only in 2014 the reality of space changed, with
the process of appropriation of the Crib by a group of skaters. Thus, the space was
appropriated by population for the practice of sport and leisure, with skating and
skateboarding as the main activities developed in space. This work aims to analyze this space
appropriation process, verifying how it was transformed from a designated space by architect
to a specific purpose in a space lived and perceived by population in different ways. To do so,
a survey of journalistic material on the Presépio de Natal and four semi-structured interviews
with organizers and visitors of the space were carried out.
Key-word: Public place; Lived space; Sport and recreation; Presépio de Natal; Natal/RN.

Drawing upon visual ethnographic research carried out in two Spanish cities between 2015 and 2018, this visual essay explores the ability of street art to speak about violence against women. Posters, wall writings and stencils represent both visual communication and political expression that can give an insight into this gender-based phenomenon. Street art pieces are linked to broader social contexts. The photographs and discourse analysis of the street art presented in this essay pay attention to the specific contexts of Spanish society and investigate the social spaces in which street art pieces are embedded. The author offers a critical perspective on assumptions regarding the gendered construction of public space and reflections on street-level visual resistance about violence against women in Madrid and Valencia.

O presente artigo centra-se em uma breve discussão teórica sobre a produção do espaço urbano e o espaço público, no contexto da modernidade. Neste cenário, foram trazidas algumas contribuições referentes à teoria da produção do espaço, destacando a importância do espaço urbano. Além disso, devido à relevância e, ao mesmo tempo, complexidade do papel do espaço público na contemporaneidade, julgamos como salutar a construção de uma discussão a respeito, tendo em vista que o espaço público proporciona valiosos questionamentos relacionados à reprodução do espaço, bem como os processos de usos e apropriações das formas e dos conteúdos espaciais pelos grupos sociais, além dos conflitos que se inter-relacionam cotidianamente. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho que segue, buscou-se o aparato teórico nas importantes análises desenvolvidas por alguns autores, como Carlos (2007, 2016); Castells (2009); Gomes (2014); Lefebvre (2006, 2008, 2010); Gottdiener (1997) e Serpa (2014). Além dos estudos e análises presentes nas obras citadas, buscou-se acrescentar apreciações que julgamos relevantes, referentes à discussão posta e baseada no referencial teórico utilizado, a fim de se contribuir para os estudos que prezam pela compreensão teórica acerca da produção do espaço urbano, bem como um entendimento sobre a concepção do espaço público, devido à sua complexidade e importância.

City planning agendas, in practice have been largely focused on better machine-concrete interaction. Our cities today are a nexus of contradicting visions led by the corporate sector, the government institutions and the grassroots sector. The capital power of the corporate sector has dominated most part of the twentieth century and still continues to retain upper hand well into the twenty first century. Despite this, the grassroots sector has been gaining significance and may become a force to reckon with in the distant future as the policy makers also realize the importance of sustainable growth. This paper is an attempt to understand the challenges faced by the developing countries in implementing sustainable transport policies, with a focus on above mentioned stakeholders, demonstrated using secondary sources. It is hoped that identifying these challenges will help stakeholders transform into facilitators of sustainability as a common societal goal.

The study evaluates the spatial behaviors of women in urban public place through ‘fear of crime’ and ‘public place functionality’ factors; by using direct observations and questionnaire within the Grand Bazaar as a historical urban public place in the center of Kerman, which is located in the Southwest part of Iran. The study provides a particular perspective to the analysis and understanding of how women make decisions and behave in a spatial setting based on environmental psychology studies. This study applies combinational research methods including qualitative and quantitative approach, including analytical, descriptive, correlation, and logical reasoning methods. This study also conducts direct observation in order to search the strengths and weaknesses of Grand Bazaar as a public place. The results of the study reveal that there is a significant correlation between fear of crime and women’s environmental perception of Grand Bazaar. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that the anxiety of being in less crowded parts of Bazaar is more tangible among women than men. On the other hand, the results show there is a significant correlation between time periods and women’s activities in Grand Bazaar.

“Circle” (with its translation of Urdu verses) first appeared in Independent's Vantage  in 1991 as part of my series on Public Places of Bombay (see "Walking Looking Thinking" in Books). The essay was chosen by Editor Alan Ross as representative of writings from India and reprinted in London Magazine in their special  India Golden Anniversary issue (No.3&4 Vol.37 Aug/September 1997).

The style of elucidating a point with a verse was inspired by the correspondence between my mother and her sister; their letters always interwove verses. One of the verses in the essay is by my father.

"H. Masud Taj ("Circle") describes the architectural splendour of the great Town Hall of Bombay and the surrounding garden which the Tatas restored. Patterned as a mosaic are the light and shade of the garden, the architectural grandeur of the building and the surrounding squalor brought together in a glorious harmony by the use of Urdu couplets. Nowhere so far have any of the 'Jubilee' writings taken such pains to bring out the hidden dimensions of the complex relationship we Indians have with our colonial past—one half awe, the other half an assertion of our own greatness."

- Ira Pande, Biblio: A Review of Books Vol.II No.11  Nov 1997, p. 22

"Two contributions deserve special mention: H. Masud Taj's "Circle", and Christopher Pinney's "Camera Indica". Taj, an architect by profession, contributes what may best be called a heady mix of factual detail and imagination, architecture and poetry, linguistic ingenuity and sensitivity."

- Manju Jaidka, The Tribune, Oct. 19, 1997

Modernist urban planning has traditionally liked to see the designation of land use in the form of a single program (housing, commercial, cultural, ludic etc.). We are used to seeing playgrounds as autonomous spaces in the city demarcated by fences or vegetation. Areas of separation rather than inclusion. Rarely do we see overlapping urban programs in these spaces, especially since children are concerned. This is why it was surprising to come across this structure in Beersheba’s Gimel neighborhood.

UbiComp in the Urban Frontier captures a unique, synergistic moment – expanding urban populations, rapid adoption of Bluetooth mobile devices, tiny ad hoc sensor networks, and the widespread influence of wireless technologies across our growing urban landscapes. The United Nations recently reported that 48 percent of the world's population current lives in urban areas and that this number is expected to exceed the 50 percent mark world wide by 2007 [1]. In developed nations the number of urban dwellers is even more dramatic – expected to exceed 75%. Current studies project Bluetooth-enabled devices to reach 5.4 billion units by 2005 – five times the number of mobile phones or Internet connections [2]. Mobile phone penetration exceeds 80% of the population in places like the European Union (EU) and parts of Asia [3]. WiFi hardware is being deployed at the astonishing rate of one every 4 seconds globally [4]. We argue that now is the time to initiate inspirational research into th...

This paper provides insight into strategies used by social care initiatives to create caring environments for people with a variety of abilities and disabilities. The analysis is guided by the concept of 'micropublic places' and builds on research about changing spaces of care and three types of spatial, symbolic and public-private boundary logics. Using ethnographic methods, we map three hybridization strategies that challenged spatial separations of functions, professional diagnostic labels, and public-private distinctions While these hybridization strategies have been analyzed separately in literature about specific vulnerable groups like psychiatric patients, this analysis shows how they combined to form new spaces of care.

Although social confict due to the presence of diferent groups divided by cultural, religious or ethnic issues plagues many contemporary cities, community and participatory planning methods still pay little attention to segregation in contested spaces as a specifc matter of concern. This paper aims to contribute to flling this gap through the development of a novel tool to be implemented during community planning processes in contested cities, particularly in (visual) mapping processes. The pilot area for developing the lexicon has been selected within the city of Belfast, which has been struggling for years with problems related to inter-religious sectarian conficts. The material efects on the urban structure of the long process of defensive planning during the so- called Troubles and within the post-conficts peace programmes have been investigated by analysing urban artefacts including edges, borders, barriers, doors, visual control points. The paper suggests that a simple, recognizable lexicon may contribute to honing community planning methods in contested places by integrating the traditional methodology of visual mapping with a tailored taxonomy of elements of urban confict, which may be used at many stages of the planning process, including developing a visual map, design and planning, and developing and implementing an action plan.

In this article, the study of the constitutional and legal basis of public peace in Ukraine is carried out.
The existing scientific elaborations of modern and Soviet scientists and state of legislation currently in force in the context of the subject under study are analysed.
It is stated that the problem of the legal basis of public peace is extensively covered in scientific literature, mainly in the field of administrative law, while the question of the constitutional and legal basis of public peace in Ukraine, as well as the reflection of pablic peace in the Constitution of Ukraine have not been formulated.
The current state of study the notion "public peace", it’s nature, characteristics and distinguishing the areas of public peace from other social relations are examined. The most complete, according to the author’s opinion, definition of public peace  is also provided.
The constitutional standards are covered that concern social relations in the field of public peace and standards of sectoral legislation, such as prohibiting and regulating rules that specify the rights and duties of citizens in the sphere of public peace.
On the basis of the research the author’s decision concerning the constitutional and legal basis of public peace in Ukraine is formulated.
The conclusion illustrates that the legal rules under study do not fully cover the social relations that make up the notions "public peace" and "public place". In connection with this in Ukraine there is the necessity for legislative determination of public peace and public places, as well as the adoption of Law of Ukraine "On security of public peace" that will strengthen and support it at a high level in the state.

Keywords: public peace, constitutional standards, legal basis, sectoral legislation, public relations, human rights and freedoms, public place, security.

The urbanization of densely populated emerging Indian cities brings out new requirements, new development and thus change in the morphology of a place. To prepare these urban areas for adaptation to morphological changes requires taking social and urban policy issues into account, but its effectiveness eventually depends on the changes in individual and collective preferences for the particular precinct. The emergence of the issue is not in the newly emerging urban sprawls but precisely intense in the old / origin/ historic core of an urban setting. The development in coherence with the pace of technology and users is major theme to be analyzed. An idea that can provoke the sense of place making in an Indian context would help retain the habitability of a space, making it a Successful adaptive place. Thus the paper demonstrates the phenomenon in one of the core area of an Indian city.

Strolling along Riau Street and shopping in Factory Outlet are major attraction to the visitor as well as to the small-scale entrepreuner for the urban spectacle and business opportunity being suggested. This paper will discuss the informal activities that constitute urban spectacle on the pedestrian ways in front of the Factory Outlet, and the spatio-temporal arrangement being created through human activities and commodity transaction. Further on the paper will summarize the physical and emotional aspect of urban spaces in attracting people and creating pleasurable experiences.