Rational Choice Theory

We describe a simple environment to study cooperation be- tween two agents and a method of achieving cooperation in that environment. The environment consists of randomly gen- erated normal form games with uniformly distributed pay- offs. Agents play multiple games against each other, each game drawn independently from the random distribution. In this environment cooperation is difficult. Tit-for-Tat can- not be used because moves are not labeled as "cooperate" or "defect", fictitious play cannot be used because the agent never sees the same game twice, and approaches suitable for stochastic games cannot be used because the set of states is not finite. Our agent identifies cooperative moves by assign- ing an attitude to its opponent and to itself. The attitude de- termines how much a player values its opponents payoff, i.e how much the player is willing to deviate from strictly self- interested behavior. To cooperate, our agent estimates the at- titude of its opp...

Purpose Child criminal exploitation (CCE) emerges from the complex interplay between potential targets, motivated perpetrators and conducive environments. Drawing on contextual safeguarding and rational choice theory. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relational dynamics that lead to CCE in terms of complex systems. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the existing criminological and public health perspectives on CCE and compare against current assessment protocols used to identify child victims of exploitation. Findings Findings demonstrate a conceptual and empirical flaw in existing practice. This flaw can be understood in terms of a failure to include both environmental conditions and the perpetrator’s motivation when trying to prevent CCE. Research limitations/implications To correct this, this paper develops an original systemic model called circles of analysis. This model builds on contextual safeguarding to overcome this identified flaw by also including p...

This paper challenges the utility-maximization principle as a valid explanatory tool for actor behavior, highlighting its unfalsifiability and lack of depth in explaining the sense-making mechanisms of individuals and states. The author critiques the principle's hollowness in both individual and state-level analyses, suggesting that it fails to provide substantive insights into decision-making processes. The paper concludes with a call for more concrete theories to replace the utility-maximization principle in behavioral analysis.

Iktisat biliminin metodolojisi baslangicta baska bilim dallarindan oldukca etkilenmis, ancak daha sonra kendi icine kapanmis ve farkli bilim dallariyla temasi sinirli olmustur. Bir bilim dalinda ilerlemeyi saglayan onemli unsurlardan biri de diger bilim dallarindan elde ettikleri kazanimlar olmaktadir. Iktisat bilimi sosyal bilimlerin tum alanlarinin yani sira fizik, tip ve psikoloji ile de isbirligi yapmak zorundadir. Bu nedenle bilim adamlarinin farkli disiplinlerdeki gelismeleri ve bilgi birikimlerini kendi alanlarinda daha cok kullanmalari gerekmektedir. Bu cercevede alanimizla ilgili olarak, yerlesik iktisadin diger bilim dallari ile iliskilerinin yeterli olmadigini soyleyebiliriz. Yeni ekonomik faaliyetleri anlayabilmek ve buna iliskin iktisat politikalari gelistirebilmek icin oncelikle, elimizdekileri elestirel bakis acisiyla degerlendirmek gerekmektedir. Sorun yerlesik iktisat anlayisi olan neo klasik iktisadin temel varsayimlarini dahi tekrar gozden gecirmeyi gundeme getire...

I study necessary and sufficient conditions for a choice function to be rationalised in the following sense: there exists a complete asymmetric relation T (a tournament) such that for each feasible (finite) choice situation, the choice coincides with the uncovered set of T. This notion of rationality explains not only cyclical and context dependent choices observed in practice, but also

Globally, the engagement of citizens in civic responsibility and politics is considered critical for the nurturance of democratic culture. In this context, this study was conducted to understand the citizens’ attitude toward civic responsibility and the decision to vote along with factors considered influential in determining this attitude. It was a mixed-method study. For a quantitative study, a survey was conducted by collecting data from 300 respondents: 150 from the rural background and 150 from the urban background. Quantitative results revealed that educated respondents belonging to the urban area and falling in the category of high monthly income are more likely to cast vote because according to them their vote can bring change, the vote is their responsibility and vote brings a real representative, whereas uneducated people belonging to the rural falling in the category of the low monthly income group are found more motivated for voting without casting vote. Additionally, th...

We consider the problem of the evaluation of similarity of voting procedures which are crucial in voting, social choice and related fields. We extend our approach proposed in our former works and compare the voting procedures against some well established and intuitively appealing criteria, and using the number of criteria satisfied as a point of departure for analysis. We also indicate potential of this approach for extending the setting to a fuzzy setting in which the criteria can be satisfied to a degree, and to include a distance based analysis. A possibility to use elements of computational social choice is also indicated.

This article is part of an exchange including Anthony Alfieri and William Simon in the Georgetown Law Journal on the implications of law firms\u27 increasing reliance on the concept of risk management as the focus of efforts to ensure ethical conduct by lawyers. A risk management program involves the adoption of various policies and procedures designed to minimize conduct that may lead to individual and firm liability. Conflicts checking procedures, standard terms in engagement letters, and the requirement of a second signature by a disinterested partner on legal opinions are but a few of such measures. On one hand, the risk management paradigm reflects appreciation of the importance of situational incentives and pressures in shaping behavior in organizational settings. This is an advance over conceptions of legal ethics that assume that behavior is principally a function of individual character. Law firms are now major business enterprises, and their systems of rewards and sanction...

This article is part of an exchange including Anthony Alfieri and William Simon in the Georgetown Law Journal on the implications of law firms' increasing reliance on the concept of risk management as the focus of efforts to ensure ethical conduct by lawyers. A risk management program involves the adoption of various policies and procedures designed to minimize conduct that

In this paper we experimentally test a theory of boundedly rational behavior in a "lemons" market. We analyze two different market designs, for which perfect rationality implies complete and partial market collapse, respectively. Our empirical observations deviate substantially from the predictions of rational choice theory: Even after 20 repetitions, the actual outcome is closer to efficiency than expected. We examine to which extent the theory of iterated reasoning contributes to the explanation of these observations. Perfectly rational behavior requires a player to perform an infinite number of iterative reasoning steps. Boundedly rational players, however, carry out only a limited number of such iterations. We have determined the iteration type of the players independently from their market behavior. A significant correlation exists between the iteration types and the observed price offers.

Social decision-making presents arguably the most complex problem an animal can face. Collective, economic decision-making requires the integration of predictions based on the outcomes of prior interactions alongside predictions generated from ongoing social information. Many economic decisions are made as individuals interact with each other, however how the manner in which animals perceive and display social information affects economic decisions remains largely overlooked. Hence we developed a social dilemma task, traditionally focused on how experienced outcomes affect choices, but allow each rat player access to proximate social information.(...

Defensores do princípio da precaução propõem com frequência mudanças nas práticas científicas, para que elas facilitem o mesmo objetivo do princípio: evitar ameaças incertas ao ambiente ou à saúde humana. A ciência deveria ser uma ciência precautória. Apesar da importância prática da ciência precautória e da sua proximidade com os debates sobre ciência e valores, ela ainda não foi sistematicamente examinada. Neste artigo, pretende-se contribuir para a literatura sobre a ciência precautória de dois modos: sistematizando sua literatura prévia e propondo uma definição de um de seus elementos principais, a precaução epistêmica, como uma orientação específica para a gestão de riscos indutivos. Conclui-se com algumas objeções que tal definição levanta, bem como caminhos de pesquisas futuras para abordá-las.

La proliferación de controversias en torno a los beneficios y riesgos de distintos proyectos y sistemas científico-tecnológicos ha obligado a la sociología, la filosofía y la teoría política a explorar formas de resolución democrática que permitan dar voz tanto a la ciudadanía concernida como a diferentes expertos. Esta búsqueda dio como resultado que la teoría deliberativa se convirtiera, desde la década de los noventa, en uno de los marcos más prolíficos para pensar y llevar a la práctica procesos de diálogo en los que el público pudiera, tanto escuchar a la comunidad experta en los asuntos objeto de controversia, como expresar sus propias opiniones y preocupaciones. Han sido muchos los estudios dedicados a explorar las ventajas e inconvenientes del modelo deliberativo y sus diferentes formatos: conferencias de consenso,4 paneles ciudadanos5 o encuestas deliberativas.6 Sin embargo, en la literatura se echa en falta una revisión de algunos compromisos teóricos dentro de los planteamientos deliberativos que permita decidir si resultan adecuados para guiar el proceso comunicativo en el contexto de las controversias tecnocientíficas. En este trabajo se analizan dos de estos compromisos. El primero, el de la imparcialidad, según el cual los participantes del encuentro deliberativo deberían dejar de lado sus intereses en caso de no coincidir con el bien común. El segundo, aquel que asume que el cambio de preferencias debería darse en función del reconocimiento de las mejores razones que se hayan podido aportar.

En este artículo se indaga por las condiciones necesarias para la cooperación de municipios colindantes en la integración de áreas metropolitanas en Colombia a partir de una revisión, bajo el marco analítico del institucionalismo de elección racional, de las principales teorías sobre el gobierno metropolitano y la normativa vigente relacionada con la jurisdicción metropolitana en el país. Se concluye que la conformación de un área metropolitana en Colombia obedece a la existencia de beneficios extraordinarios para los municipios participantes, y que el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza metropolitana depende, bien del mantenimiento de dichos beneficios o bien de un fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de veeduría que modifiquen los incentivos a los hacedores de políticas.

Pasca serangan udara Israel-sampai saat ini negara zionis tidak membantah dan tidak juga mengonfirmasi tuduhan itu-ke Kantor Kedutaan Besar Iran di Damaskus, Suriah, pada tanggal 1 April 2024, yang menewaskan dua jenderal Iran dari Brigade Quds Garda Revolusi Iran (IRGC), Jenderal Mohammad Reza Zahedi dan Jendral Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi, akhirnya Iran memberikan respon cukup keras, membalas serangan dengan meluncurkan ratusan roket dan drone ke daerah pendudukan zionis-Israel, untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah konflik di Timur Tengah, negeri para mullah itu melakukan serangan langsung ke wilayah Israel, sebelumnya konflik diantara kedua negara hanya melibatkan proxy war atau perang tidak secara langsung.

Iran merupakan salah satu negara di dunia yang mempunyai program pengembangan nuklirnya sendiri. Program pengembangan tersebut di mulai pada tahun 1950-an atas bantuan Amerika Serikat. Pasca terjadinya revolusi Islam Iran pada tahun 1979 telah mengubah hubungan antara Iran dan Amerika Serikat yang dulunya dekat hingga menjadi musuh sampai sekarang. Proses pengembangan tersebut sempat terhenti untuk beberapa waktu. Namun pada masa pemerintahan Rafsanjani selaku Presiden Iran ke-4 Iran mulai memikirkan akan pentingnya pengembangan energi nuklir hanya untuk kepentingan nasional negara tersebut. Pada tahun 2002 muncul sebuah kelompok yang mengatakan bahwa Iran secara diam-diam sedang mengerjakan senjata Nuklir. Lantas badan Atom dunia The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mengadopsi resolusi yang menyerukan Iran untuk menunda semua kegiatan pengayaan dan akan melakukan inspeksi. Namun konflik antara Iran-As semakin memanas dan pastinya mempengaruhi kestabilan kawasan Timur-Tengah. Jurnal ini akan membahas dampak apa yang ditimbulkan oleh Konflik ini terhadap kestabilan kawasan. Menggunakan metode kualitatif, jurnal ini akan mendeskripsikan dampak apa yang ditimbulkan dengan menggunakan data-data yang didapat melalui metode Library Searching.

Âsiklar, yuzyillar boyu, toplumu yonlendiren, uyaran, onlara onculuk eden bir islev yuklenmislerdir. Toplumu, kisileri elestirmis, onlara cesitli konularda ogutler vermislerdir. Onlar, halkin gozunde gelenegin baslangicindan-asagi yukari 15-16.y.y.- gunumuze gelinceye kadar ustun nitelikleri olan insanlar olarak gorulmus; halkin icinde yasadiklari ve halktan bir parca olduklari icin halkin duygu ve dusuncelerini, kaygilarini, sorunlarini, siirleriyle dile getirmislerdir. Kisacasi halkin goren gozu, duyan kulagi, konusan agzi olmuslardir. Bu yuzden makalemizde onlarin siirlerinden yola cikilarak toplumun Kibris Baris Harekati ve Kibris meselesine bakisi goz onune serilmeye calisilmistir. Yontem olarak ise oncelikle Kibris meselesinin tarihi gelisiminden bahseden bir giris bolumunun ardindan-âsiklardan yapilan derlemeleri kapsayan ozel arsivimizde yer alan- gerek âsiklardan yapilan derlemelerden gerekse bildirinin kaynakca kisminda gosterilen,( Erman ARTUN, Saim SAKAOĞLU, Metin OZARSL...

This study aims to clarify sufficient conditions for weak orders on the existing and null alternatives to make leximax and leximin rules over the power set satisfy extensibility. Each null alternative indicates 'choosing not to choose the corresponding existing alternative'. Extensibility requires that a preference order of any two alternatives is equivalent to that of their singleton sets. Then, the leximax (alternatively, leximin) rule ranks any two subsets by comparing the same-ranked (null) alternatives in the two transformed subsets (which include the existing alternatives in each subset and the null alternatives of other existing alternatives) from top to bottom (alternatively, bottom to top). We then introduce the following two new properties: Semi-inversion desirability requires that a preference of any two null alternatives is not identical to that of their existing alternatives. Consistent desirability requires that a preference order of 'a null alternative and a non-paired existing alternative' is not identical to that of their paired (null) alternatives. We show that semi-inversion desirability implies extensibility, and the combination of semi-inversion desirability and consistent desirability is weaker than a traditional property, namely self-reflecting. Furthermore, we clarify the sufficient condition to make the leximax and leximin rules equivalent.

In his monumental masterpiece, A Treatise on Human Nature, which explains the methodology of human reasoning concerning matters of fact and describes the roles that passions and morals play in it, Hume arrives at an enormously interesting maxim: An academic controversy cannot continue for long unless the disputants assign different meanings to the major terms employed in the debate. This theory has been applied in this paper to examine the behavioural criticisms about Homo Economicus (HE), the pivotal perception in the neoclassical microeconomic model.To achieve this objective, the paper discusses the origin and evolution of the concept, reviews behavioural criticisms, summarises the main tenets of Hume's philosophy of human knowledge and finally examines the behavioural opinions from Hume's perspective. The paper concludes that Hume's theory convincingly explains the reason why the HE controversy is continuing for over half century-a fact that both the mainstream and be...