Recursive

Ecrire un algorithme d'un module récursif qui permet de vérifier l'existence d'un entier X dans un tableau T de N entiers (N=10) , en utilisant la méthode de recherche séquentielle N.B. : La recherche séquentielle ou recherche linéaire ou recherche par balayage est une méthode de recherche pour trouver une valeur dans un tableau. Elle consiste à parcourir les éléments un par un, jusqu'à ce que l'élément soit trouvé, ou que toutes les cases aient été vérifiées.

Ecrire un algorithme d'un module récursif qui permet de vérifier l'existence d'un entier X dans un tableau T de N entiers (N=10) , en utilisant La méthode de recherche dichotomique. N.B. : La recherche dichotomique, ou recherche par dichotomie, est une méthode de recherche pour trouver un élément dans un tableau trié PROF. Yassine Ben Salah Application

1) An account of the relation between constructive and recursive functions, including the status of Church's Thesis, with a correspondence between Yannis Moschovakis and Alonzo Church;
2) A formalization of Kripke's Schema as a closed principle, using function generality, rather than second order quantification in Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory, and a classical verification-object for this principle;
3) Relative  to a verification-object for Kripke's Principle, a meaning explanation is given for the Kreisel connective for Brouwer's Creating Subject and a demonstration is given for each of of his axioms CS1-CS3 for the ensuing  Theory of The Creating Subject.
4) On pp. 19-21 I offer a novel analysis of Fitch's paradox and explain why the "knowability axiom" is unacceptable

"This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This part also focuses on prosodic differences between lexical words and weak function words (clitics) and shows that any attempt to describe the prosodic structure of Persian without addressing this crucial difference, will not be able to provide explanation for a wide range of phenomena. This study suggests that proclitics and enclitics behave asymmetrically in Persian: enclitics prosodize as affixal clitics, while proclitics are free clitics. Next, it addresses the problem of weak function words which are not a part of their preceding or following XPs, and demonstrates how the phonological well-formedness constraints determine the direction of cliticization in these XP-external function words. It also deals with the issue of clitic clusters in Persian which was not explored in the previous works. Another contribution of this study is reclassification of so-called exceptionally initial-stressed words.
This dissertation also deals with the longstanding problem of Ezafe constructions and by reviewing previous proposals on the prosodic structure of these constructions, based on phonological evidence and phonetic observations suggests that each lexical word in an Ezafe construction maps onto a Phonological Phrase, and the Ezafe morpheme phrases with its preceding material to satisfy the phonological well-formedness constraint ONSET. The prosodic structure of XP-external clitics such as the Ezafe morpheme is explained by adopting a syntax-prosody interface constraint namely MAP-XP, that bans two sister XPs inside a single Phonological Phrase. This study proposes a ranking of OT constraints by which the prosodic structure of Ezafe constructions and other syntactic phrases such as DPs and VPs can be predicted and explained uniformly. It also proposes that the interaction between morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints and prosodic markedness constraints determine prosodic constituents of all levels and their heads, and other constraints require the heads of phonological phrases to be associated with audible accents. The rightmost Phonological Phrase in an Intonational Phrase is the head. This head associates with an accent which is perceived more prominently than the other accents. One further issue explored here is the fact that in lexicalized Ezafe constructions and also in the ones containing given/old information, some words may appear without audible accent.
The phonetic difference between final and non-final accents is the subject of the second half of this dissertation. Previous research on Persian has shown that the main acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence is f0. This study reports production and perception experiment results conducted in order to answer the question whether final (nuclear) accents are perceived more prominently than the other ones only because they are not followed by any other accent, or because they are phonetically different from the non-final (pre-nuclear) accents. The results of production experiments reveal that nuclear accented syllables have a lower f0 range, but a longer duration in comparison with pre-nuclear accented ones. Other parameters such as overall intensity, spectral tilt and vowel quality do not differ significantly in the two types of accents. Perception experiments reveal that native listeners can indeed distinguish the two types of accents without having access to the portion of the utterance that follows the final accent. This proves that the two types of accents are phonetically different. Perception tests also show that the difference between the shapes of f0 curves in the two types of accents is the main acoustic parameter that helps the listeners distinguish them from each other. In pre-nuclear accented words, the f0 peak is at the right edge of the metrically strong syllable, and the curve has a rising slope at this point. In these syllables, the peak may even occur on the initial syllable of the following word. However, in the syllables associated with nuclear accents, the f0 peak is located inside the syllable, and the curve has a falling slope at the right edge of the syllable.
If the f0 at the right edge of a nuclear accented syllable is manipulated and raised so that the f0 peak is moved to the right edge, the native listeners will perceive the word containing this syllable as a pre-nuclear accented word. This study also shows that duration alone cannot cue the difference between the two types of accents. However, when accompanied by f0 changes, it can help the listeners distinguish the two accents more easily and more efficiently.
Downloadable at: http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1314_hosseini_1.pdf
"

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

Secured Communication involves Encryption process at the sending end and Decryption process at the
receiving end of the communication system. Many Ciphers have been developed to provide data security .
The efficiency of the Ciphers that are being used depends mainly on their throughput and memory
requirement. Using of large key spaces with huge number of rounds with multiple complex operations may
provide security but at the same time affects speed of operation. Hence in this paper we have proposed a
method to improve Caesar cipher with random number generation technique for key generation operations.
The Caesar cipher has been expanded so as to include alphabets, numbers and symbols. The original
Caesar cipher was restricted only for alphabets. The key used for Caesar Substitution has been derived
using a key Matrix Trace value restricted to Modulo 94. The Matrix elements are generated using recursive
random number generation equation, the output of which solely depends on the value of seed selected . In
this paper, we made an effort to incorporate modern cipher properties to classical cipher. The second stage
of encryption has been performed using columnar transposition with arbitrary random order column
selection. Thus the proposed Scheme is a hybrid version of classical and modern cipher properties. The
proposed method provides appreciable Security with high throughput and occupies minimum memory
space. The Method is resistant against brute-force attack with 93! Combinations of keys, for Caesar
encryption

Application Ecrire un algorithme d'un module récursif qui permet de calculer la valeur de la fonction d'Ackermann, définie pour m et n (entiers positifs) par :  A (m, n) = A (m-1, A (m, n-1)) (Si m>0 et n>0)  A (0, n) = n+1 (Si m=0 et n>0)  A (m, 0) = A (m-1,1) (Si m>0 et n=0)

The recursive comb filters or Cascaded Integrator Comb filter (CIC) are commonly used as decimators for the sigma delta modulators. This paper presents the VLSI implementation, analysis and design of high speed CIC filters which are based on a low-pass filter. These filters are used in the signal decimation which has the effect on reducing the sampling rate. It is also chosen because its attractive property of both low power and low complexity since it dose not required a multiplier. Simulink toolbox available in Matlab software which is used to simulator and Verilog HDL coding help to verify the functionality of the CIC filters. Design procedures and examples are given for CIC filter with emphasis on frequency response, transfer function and register width. The implementation results show using Modified Carry Look-ahead Adder for summation and also apply pipelined filter structure enhanced high speed and make it more compatible for DSP applications.

This article presents the design and implementation of a robust simulation methodology for hybrid models of physical systems that encompasses behavior patterns that undergo discrete transitions between modes of continuous behavior evolution. This methodology is based on a mathematical framework that captures time scale and parameter abstractions in modeling complex physical phenomena. The formal semantics for characterizing hybrid behaviors is defined in terms of three distinct modes of system operation: (1) continuous, (2) pinnacles, and (3) mythical. A key link is established between the switching transitions and the a priori and a posteriori state vector values, which defines the recursive mode switching functions that govern the interactions between the continuous and discrete components of the system models. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by examples of physical system models that are presented along with a simulator to handle these.

In this paper, a distributed estimation algorithm using Bayesian-based forward backward Kalman filter (KF) is proposed for stochastic singular linear systems. The method incorporates generalised versions of KF for bounded cases with complete and incomplete prior information, followed by estimation fusion of these cases. The incorporated filters remain optimal given the cross-covariance of the local estimates. The proposed approach is validated on a coupled-tank system.

Li-ion battery pack is a complex system consisting of numerous cells connected in parallel and series. The performance of the pack is highly dependent on the health of each individual in-pack cell. An overcharged or discharged cell connected in a parallel string could change the total capacity of the battery pack. In a pack, current-split estimation plays an important role to monitor the cell functions. Therefore, a scheme is required to estimate current-split accurately, which can thereby help to improve the overall pack performance. To what follows, a recursive weighted-covariance based estimation method (RWEM) was proposed to estimate the current-split of each set of parallel connected cells. RWEM assigns weights to the interconnected cell structure by using correlation information between battery parameters in order to estimate the current-split. This was achieved by first deriving the one-step prediction error method, where consistency for covariance was proved.
Furthermore, iterative recursion for sparse measurements was also considered. Performance evaluations were conducted by analyzing sets of real-time measurements collected from Li-ion battery pack used in electric vehicles (EV). Results show that the proposed filter accurately estimated the battery parameters even in the presence of faults and random noise variances.

In this work, the performance of two equalizers Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) is observed by calculating the BER effect of Rician channels over low Doppler shift. AWGN is also added to the channel from -10 dB to 20 dB. The Bit Error Rate (BER) of 2, 4, 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) signals and 16, 64- QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) over Rayleigh and Rician channel is calculated.

This study presents nonlinear thermo-viscoelastic analyses of isotropic polymers that belong to a class of thermo-rheologically complex materials (TCM). The nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model is expressed with an integral form of a creep function, whose initial, long-term, and transient properties change with stresses and temperatures. A combined recursive–iterative method is formulated to solve the viscoelastic integral equation. The recurrence formula

Self-reference, the ability of a system to refer to itself, is a necessary condition for complexity, and can indeed form the basis for a definition of complexity. When a part of the system can refer to the whole of the system, there indeed have to be deeper complex structures and processes than those that only superficially appear. Examples of the centrality and essentialness of self-reference to complexity can be found in many fields of study, including mathematics, intelligent networks, and systems engineering processes.

Fractals are mathematical structures under exploration and development in virtually every academic discipline and beyond: “besides mathematics and science, fractals have direct applications in many fields, including music, literature, visual art, architecture, sculpture, dance, technology, business, finance, economics, psychology, and sociology” (Frame & Mandelbrot, 2002, p. 4). Since fractal geometry today is “the only available language for the study of roughness, a concept that is basic and related to our senses, but has been the last to give rise to a science,” (Ibid., p. 11) and ‘roughness’ or unevenness or irregularity is a natural, universal tenet of thought and matter, the science behind fractal geometry unifying it across disciplines holds much promise.

The rise of a multidisciplinary discourse containing measurable -- and predictable – patterns of irregularity is attributed to fractal geometry with the seriousness and playfulness of mathematics at its root. Because of these fundamentals, the newness of the study of fractal geometry lends itself to extreme unpredictability. Since formulas and algorithms create fractal images and patterns, much of the fun and exploration of fractals lies in ability to experience new mathematical conjectures in anticipation of new discoveries.

Such an exploratory method has been developing across the disciplines with diverse jargon but one common language uniting them all, that being this staunchly predictable yet wildly unpredictable mathematical integrity of the fractal, dependent upon the available formula or algorithm used to suggest its creation and level of complexity.

We have yet to discover or unveil a serious application of fractal geometries related to patterns of irregularity in consideration of the work of Irwin Panofsky and the positing of iconography in art history, e.g., or in philosophy with study of Michel Foucault’s architecture of knowledge or history of insanity, which appear to naturally lend themselves to such interrogations.

BackgroundA critical part of future service delivery will involve improving the degree to which people become engaged in ‘self-management’. Providing better support for self-management has the potential to make a significant contribution to NHS efficiency, as well as providing benefits in patient health and quality of care.ObjectiveTo determine which models of self-management support are associated with significant reductions in health services utilisation (including hospital use) without compromising outcomes, among patients with long-term conditions.Data sourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, EconLit (the American Economic Association’s electronic bibliography), EMBASE, Health Economics Evaluations Database, MEDLINE (the US National Library of Medicine’s database), MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) and PsycINFO (the behavioural science and mental health databas...

BackgroundA critical part of future service delivery will involve improving the degree to which people become engaged in ‘self-management’. Providing better support for self-management has the potential to make a significant contribution to NHS efficiency, as well as providing benefits in patient health and quality of care.ObjectiveTo determine which models of self-management support are associated with significant reductions in health services utilisation (including hospital use) without compromising outcomes, among patients with long-term conditions.Data sourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, EconLit (the American Economic Association’s electronic bibliography), EMBASE, Health Economics Evaluations Database, MEDLINE (the US National Library of Medicine’s database), MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) and PsycINFO (the behavioural science and mental health databas...

This paper presents a high speed low complexity algorithm and architecture for encoding and decoding Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on evaluation. The recursive use of discrepancy computation step of Berlekamp-Massey (BM) algorithm leads directly to the computation of message symbols without using Chien Search and Forney's Formula, making the circuitry much simpler for proposed decoder as compared to the classical decoder. Also, the proposed scheme requires less clock cycles compared to the classical decoder leading to reduced energy consumption. In order to make a fair comparison, classical and proposed decoder for RS codes over the field F256 has been implemented on TSMC 65nm ASIC process using some arithmetic units. For RS(255, 239) code, the proposed decoder has a total cell count of 16075 which results in a reduction of 57.6% in hardware area as compared to classical decoder. Also, 53.07% timing reduction is obtained with the proposed decoder.