Regional inequalities

The Paper explores the demand for the creation of new states in India. Earlier the reorganization was insisted on the basis of language and ethnicity but now the claims are made more on economic grounds due to the prevalent regional inequalities. The paper focuses on the shift of Congress for such demands in post colonial India, for maintaining unity and integrity in the state. The paper also discusses the political, economic and national integration challenges that have come up with the emergence of recent demands for new states.

Policy makers, political leaders, development analysts and other concerned citizens are increasingly focusing attention on the disparities in levels of development between different sections in India. There are glaring interstate disparities in India (Bhattacharya & Sakthivel, 2004, Nirvikar el.el, 2003, Kurien, 2001).Such disparities have important political, social, economic and law and order implications. Not only there are wide interstate disparities but there are disparities between the various regions of the states also. Studies pertaining to Tamil Nadu (Chelliah & Shanmugam, 2001) Karnataka (Devaraj, K. & Gopalakrishna) and Meghalaya (Nayak & Ray, 2009) reveals existence of considerable inter-district disparities in these states. Haryana is one state which has shown considerable progress since its inception in 1966. With a splendid economic growth, one of the highest per capita income index, sound industrial infrastructure, strong manufacturing base, advanced agriculture sector and vibrant service sector, Haryana is one of the highly economically developed and industrialised States of India. Today, it enjoys the unique distinction in India of having provided electricity, metalled roads and potable drinking water to all its villages within record time. Haryana has also done very well in terms of human development. The performance of the state as a whole is commendable. Given this background, it is interesting to analyse whether, the benefits of the state progress have been distributed equally or they are concentrated in few pockets of the state. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse some aspects of the inter-district disparities in Haryana METHODOLOGY Inter District Disparities in Haryana are analysed with the help of various indicators mainly grouped as Economic Indicators, Educational Indicators and Health Indicators The main source of the data is Statistical Abstract of Haryana but data has also been obtained from Planning Commission of India, Economic Survey of Haryana and CSO. The data has been examined at district level and the latest available data has been used. The data is represented through tables. Principal Component Analysis (hereafter referred as PCA) has been used to group the district with similar characteristics. PCA has been used to group the districts having similar characteristics. Principal component analysis is a multivariate technique for transforming a set of related (correlated) variables

ABSTRACT
Economic disparities are critical in nature and are the issues of
great concern in the modern world. Especially in India, the rural sector has been
victimized for various sorts of disparities in the fields of wealth, income, education, and
development. Studies say that 50% of the total national income goes to the hands of
only 20% of the total population and rest 80% of the total population has to depend on
the remaining 50% part of total national income. Indians constitute
about 17 per cent of world population. But we account for about 35 per cent of the poor
and 40 per cent of the illiterates in the world. Economic Planning has been used in the
country as an instrument for bringing about uniform regional development. But it’s not
enough to us; these are not normal characteristics of a modern nation which is aspiring
to be a world economic power. A decent society cannot be built on the ruins of hunger,
malnutrition, ill health and illiteracy. If the trend continues, our chances of gaining from
globalization on the strength of our human resources are slim. So, some major changes are to be happened. Trough this paper I am tempting to give a critical point of view of
the disparities which the rural sectors face today as well as to prescribe enough
solutions that will enrich the regional India of tomorrow.

Tanulmányunk az európai makrorégió regionális egészségegyenlőtlenségeit veszi górcső alá, különös figyelmet fordítva a kelet-közép-európai halandósági folyamatokra. Kutatásunk során egyrészt a vizsgált térség területi megosztottságára, a főbb törésvonalak
beazonosítására, valamint az egyenlőtlenségeket befolyásoló halandósági tényezőkre, másrészt az egészségi állapot regionális különbségei mögött meghúzódó társadalmi-gazdasági jelenségek kimutatására vállalkozunk.
Eredményeink alapján az európai makrorégió hagyományos kelet–nyugat irányú megosztottságán túl további „mikrorepedések” is felfedezhetők a különböző egészségi állapotot leíró mutatók mentén. A
korábban többé-kevésbé egyöntetűen hátrányos helyzetű kelet-közép-európai térség ma már korántsem tekinthető egységesnek. Az egészségi állapot szerinti regionális megosztottság mozgatórugói továbbra is a nem fertőző krónikus megbetegedések, ezek közül egyértelműen első helyen állnak a keringési megbetegedések. Eredményeink szerint a halandósági lejtővel párhuzamosan a gazdasági teljesítmény grádiense is megfigyelhető.

Interregional trade constitutes a major factor of creating spatial economic interdependence. Both within and outside the national borders, spatial economic interdependence can be extremely strong. The interregional trade fl ows can infl uence decisively the economic development of each region. They can also formulate the size of the regional multipliers. In this article, the characteristics of spatial economic interdependence among the 51 Greek administrative prefectures are analyzed and evaluated by using the estimations of the regional multipli-ers. In particular, an interpretation of the interregional inequalities by connecting the interregional multipliers is attempted with certain economic as well as other characteristics of the prefectures of the country.

In developed countries, administrative front
offices are becoming increasingly more
sophisticated, with e-government facilities
and applications. Public administrations are
finding ever-improving interfaces to serve
customers while optimising their operations.
They are also discovering the increasing
functionality that can be achieved through
popular social media platforms. At the same
time Hungary is responding to these
phenomena with a significant phase delay,
and regional inequality has been observed.
Although public administration should show
a uniform level of development and service
portfolio in each part of the country,
Hungary is experiencing very large extremes,
which do not always stem from the existing
framework, disadvantages, settlement size,
and ethnic backgrounds. A great deal is at
stake if uniform development is not ensured:
some areas will become invisible not only in
cyberspace and in Hungary’s thematic maps,
but at the same time will not be able to
provide basic administrative services to those
who live there. These areas are currently
referred to as ‘administratively disadvantaged’
districts. This situation worsens the livelihood
of the affected population and on the longterm
the survival chances of these settlements
as well. In this paper, we shed some light on
the factors responsible for the regional
inequalities in the infocommunication
technologies (ICT) facilities of Hungarian
local governments. Similar trends have been
observed in Slovenia, Slovakia, and the Czech
Republic, too.

Knowledge-intensive activities, such as business services are nowadays more and more concentrated in big cities or city regions. These activities require skilled labour, so young graduates in particular are present in these areas, while in rural areas labour force is less qualified. The study investigates whether this concentration phenomenon can be observed in Hungary, or rather regional equali-zation takes place. The authors analyse the spatial distribution of the population’s educational level, in particular the spatial distribution of graduates. Their investigation is based on the 1990, 2001 and 2011 censuses of settlement level. The study analyses the evolvement of education and its impact on regional inequalities at different regional levels (settlement, micro-regional and county levels) by using basic statistical and concentration indices.

The aim of this study is to identify how the individual
labour market disadvantages limited employment
situation and regional employability of
jobseekers in the 2007–2015 economic situation.
The target groups of the study are long-term
jobseekers, those over the age of 50 years, undereducated,
disabled, and young entrants. The
study follows a dual approach; on the one hand
it shows that in the group of the most disadvantaged
jobseekers living in the disadvantaged areas
of Hungary, what are the labour market disadvantages
and through what type of interactions
do these contribute to the creation and fixation
of unfavourable labour market situation of the
affected; on the other hand, by analysing the
country as a whole, it examines the spatial aspects
of the accumulation of labour market disadvantages
and the determining dimensions of
the problem (multiple, dominant, and secondary
disadvantages) in a territorial approach, on a settlement
level. The results of the research dealing
with the countrywide survey of unemployment
have shown that the individual disadvantages
influence the opportunities of jobseekers
through various mechanisms. These cumulative
effects influence different segments of space in
different ways and make the primary labour market
(re)integration challenging.

Resumen A lo largo de este trabajo analizamos las desigualdades en la tasa de actividad entre las provincias de Argentina durante el periodo 1991-2010. Las teorías afines a la lógica del " mercado " consideran que la libre movilidad de los factores, equilibraría los mercados laborales de las distintas provincias. Los datos de la realidad muestran que estas diferencias tienden cristalizarse en el tiempo. El comportamiento de la dinámica migratoria, lejos está de mejorar la situación, más bien tiende a empeorar las condiciones iniciales del mercado laboral, y es responsable en cierta medida de la perpetuación de las asimetrías entre las regiones más desarrollados y las más postergadas. Palabras claves: mercado de trabajo, desigualdades regionales, tasa de actividad, migraciones. Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the inequalities observed in the activity rate between Argentine provinces in the 1991-2010 period. According to theories in line with the logic of the " market, " the free movement of factors could balance the labor markets of the different provinces. As shown by factual data, these differences tend to become more marked over time. Far from improving the situation, the behavior of

The economic reforms in China have resulted in firm spatial polarization. In my study I am focusing first on increasing disparities between the provinces as well as urban and rural districts. Then I analyze to what extent the main economic actors are concentrating their investments in a priori wealthier regions. I present that until the turn of the millennium the state was extremely one-sidedly concentrating its investments in more affluent provinces. This strategy has shifted since then gradually, and since 2008 rapidly, to a rather balanced regime of distribution. Private investors are the only other actor devoting considerable investments to less affluent provinces, although, in the recent years, they have not adopted in their investment strategy a shift comparable to that of the state. Chinese limited liability companies as well as foreign investors have strongly concentrated their investments in provinces with higher GDP indicator, both before and after the 2008 crisis. Massive per capita investment inequalities between the towns and the countryside, in the benefit of the former, have proved stable since the mid-1990s.

An attempt was made to understand the gap between health and social vulnerability to Covid-19 pandemic. By using mul- tistage sampling technique, 150 samples were collected dur- ing March- April 2020. Data highlight that households are highly exposed to novel Covid-19, and also equally sensitive to inadequate and poor availability and accessibility of clean water, sanitation and health care system. Data suggest a grass root awareness program ( ex-ante preventive measures) in the regional languages; increase public health budget to meet the demand and improve the supply chain; establishment of more physical and human infrastructure in long run; com- prehensive plan to ensure continuous water supply in the ru- ral areas.

Regional planning in Latin America has traversed a long path. Analyzed from the beginning of the 21st century, it seems to include instruments that would make possible the public management of regional inequality with a comprehensive approach. The article analyzes the relation between the bureaucratic apparatus of the State and regional planning in two moments: the decades of the 1960s and 2010s. Two specific promotion policies are examined: the National Development Plan (1965-1969) and the Strategic Territorial Plan- Argentina 2016. On the basis of the analysis it is possible to argue that neither State bureaucracies nor private sector actors have managed to establish cooperation mechanisms that ensure a shared project, thus creating a situation characterized by the absence of “embedded autonomy”.

In our paper we analysed the regional health inequalities of Europe with the aim of highlighting the role of country and country-group effects. Our hypothesis, which states that the processes at the above levels also have an effect on territorial mortality, proved to be true. Based on the analyses, country and country group effects can be clearly demonstrated in the development of Europe's regional (NUTS3 level) health inequalities. It is important to emphasize that, for both macro-regional and national analyses, regional economic prosperity is an independent predictor of regression analysis.

Published in: Jakab G. - Csengeri E. (2019): 21th Century Water Management in the Intersection of Sciences. Conference Papers. Szarvas, Hungary, Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Agricultural and Economic Studies, pp. 264-272.

The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the disparities in the Italian regions on the demand side. In more detail, an attempt will be made to find if the consumption behaviour of Italian households is different in the regions. With this in mind, Istat's 2000 Italian Family Budget data set was analysed. The data in question, which were collected through a two-stage sample over Italy's 20 regions, contains information regarding the expenses of approximately 23,000 households. In this analysis, both households and regions are considered as units: households are nested in the regions so that the basic data structure is hierarchical. In order to take this hierarchical structure into account, a multilevel model was used, making it possible for parameters to vary randomly from region to region. The model in question also made it possible to consider heterogeneity across different groups (regions), such as stochastic variation. First, regional inequalities were tested using a simple model in which households constituted the first level of analysis and were grouped according to their region (the second level). As a second step, and in order to investigate the interaction between geographical context and income distribution, another model was used. This was cross-classified by income and regions. The most relevant results showed that there is wide fragmentation of consumption behaviour and, at the same time, various differentiated types of behaviour in the regions under analysis. These territorial differentials become clear from income class and items of consumption.L'objet du travail est l'analyse des différences, entre les régions italiennes, des comportements des consommateurs. Le traitement statistique des données individuelles est originale car il est conduit par un modèle ‘multilevel’. Le modèle multilevel tient compte de la structure hiérarchique de données et permet au paramètres estimée de varier par hasard. En outre, ce modèle permet que l'hétérogénéité entre le différent groupes de familles (les unités statistiques) peut varier par hasard entre le régions. Pour l'analyse des différences régionales modèle ‘multilevel nous avons estimée un premier modèle avec les familles au premier dégrée hiérarchique et les régions au second dégrée. Car le facteur géographique interagit avec la distribution du revenue dans chaque région nous avons estimée un autre modèle cross-classifiée par lequel le familles sont groupées par le revenue.