Regulatory state

Il libro discute lo sviluppo dei regimi di governance emersi negli ultimi tre decenni e analizza potenzialità e limiti delle innovazioni promosse a livello decisionale, nella definizione della policy e nei meccanismi di attuazione. I primi tre capitoli discutono gli elementi concettuali fondamentali che compongono il nucleo della governance, intesa come programma di ricerca impegnato nella razionalizzazione delle innovazioni politiche portate avanti in questo periodo. La discussione contrappone e valuta due analytical frameworks principali: quello derivato dalla Nuova Politica Economica, che viene qui associato alla nozione di 'stato regolatore', e quello influenzato da prospettive sociologiche, qui connesse all'idea di 'polity reticolare'. Viene inoltre analizza la distinzione interna alle teorie della 'polity reticolare' tra approcci neoistituzionali, che percepiscono la governance come modello organizzativo, e gli approcci sistemici, che la interpretano come processo dinamico autopoietico. Le restanti parti del libro propongono diverse critiche della governance sia come analytical framework sia come justificatory framework. Queste riguardano la presunta superiorità della governance rispetto al governo. I sistemi eterarchici autopoietici sono davvero più efficienti di quelli gerarchici? I regimi di governance emersi a livello locale, nazionale e transnazionale sono stati in grado di evitare i problemi che hanno messo in crisi i welfare states? Le procedure deliberative promosse dalla 'polity reticolare' hanno una legittimità superiore a quelle aggregative dello 'stato keynesiano'? I meccanismi di accountability manageriale prodotti dalla governance hanno reso i sistemi politici più reattivi alle richieste di stakeholders e società civile?

Notions of the regulatory state have come to stand, in the North, for leaching politics out of public administration, particularly from the influential policy literature supporting the diffusion of independent regulatory agencies. The paper challenges this contention, building on my prior work with co-editor Navroz Dubash in The Rise of the Regulatory State of the South (OUP 2013).

The paper extends the argument of that book beyond its original context of infrastructure and utilities regulation in two directions. First, it encourages contextualised, interpretive studies of the enforcement and compliance dynamics of social regulation (to complement the tendency for regulatory studies to prioritise economic regulation from a rulemaking perspective). Secondly, it urges regulatory scholars to engage more directly with the substance of political visions underpinning regulatory governance dynamics, referring to recent developments in Chile and Ecuador in the context of debates about post-neoliberalism.

Note: This is the text of a keynote address given to the Latin American International Congress of Public Administration, Quito, Ecuador, November 2014, and was later published in revised form in Spanish in La Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia (2014) Volume 60

En este libro se recogen los resultados de la investigación adelantada por la línea de tendencias y perspectivas del derecho administrativo del Grupo de Derecho Público de la Universidad del Rosario, con el auspicio de la GIZ. En él se mide la eficacia de los mecanismos de protección de los derechos por parte de la Corte Constitucional y del Consejo de Estado de Colombia, con especial énfasis en la utilización de instrumentos provenientes de la globalización del derecho, de los usuarios de los sectores de la actividad económica privada que se han adaptado, en mayor o menor grado, al modelo regulatorio de Estado, cuya adopción también responde, en buena medida, a la recepción de las influencias de la globalización económica y jurídica. Para tal efecto se parte de la explicación de las transformaciones del Estado contemporáneo y su adaptación al modelo regulatorio y de la manera en que éste se ha ido adoptando por parte del Estado colombiano, especialmente en la intervención pública sobre los sectores de la actividad económica privada, en cuyo régimen jurídico se han previsto mecanismos de protección de los derechos en cada uno de sus usuarios. A partir de esa descripción se examina la evolución de la jurisprudencia constitucional y administrativa en esta materia, teniendo en cuenta la influencia en ella de elementos provistos por la globalización del derecho y se mide con una metodología desarrollada para el efecto, la eficacia de la protección de los derechos de los usuarios de los sectores de salud, telecomunicaciones y transporte.

http://publicadireito.com.br/publicacao/ufpb/livro.php?gt=208

With the advent of the Regulatory State in Brazil in the 1990s, especially since 1995 with the Master Plan for the Reform of the State Apparatus, with the movement of privatization and privatization implemented in Brazil, with activities previously undertaken by the State and its companies, granted to the private sector.
Inspired by the American and French models, are introduced through specific legislation, sectoral regulators, with administrative and financial autonomy to regulate, to standardize and to supervise regulated entities.
The civil aviation sector has characteristics that differentiate them from other regulated sectors of the economy, with own regulatory framework and peculiar. Concessions airlines do not follow the same system provided in the Federal Constitution and the Public Procurement Law. Asserting itself, including the concessions of the airline would not be typical of administrative law, given the absence of a bidding process, contract arising from bidding process, the possibility of withdrawal from the sector, among other aspects to be analyzed, then questioned the legal nature of the concessions the airline.
The working hypothesis is the filling the legislative gap regarding the bidding process for granting airlines in Brazil, with editing law to that effect from the conclusion of the contract with the winning bidder providing clauses which secure the regulated entity can invest in the sector, as well as the adoption of incentive programs for the expansion of the route network to cover cities with low population density, thus fostering regional and national integration, with the potential to increase in the development of the Brazilian economy.

In his book, The Partial Constitution, Cass Sunstein resists suggestions that American history is a tale of steady civic decline. He denies that republicanism is a distinctive way of life or schema of civic action set in opposition to the dominant liberal paradigm of constitutional discourse. As early as 1993, when this book appeared, Sunstein was already known as the consummate political insider. Accordingly, he aims to preserve the core commitments of the liberal republican order established in the aftermath of the American Revolution.
Sunstein finds in the neo-Aristotelian ideal of deliberative democracy a constitutional synthesis of liberalism and republicanism which counters the risk that public officials will act in a "partial" or self-interested manner.
Unfortunately, Sunstein never provides any good reason to believe that the ideal of deliberative democracy can be realized within the increasingly obsolescent and ineffective structures of the regulatory state. He advocated giving women the right to abortion on demand, legally enforced integration of public schools and affirmative action, none of which have breathed new life into deliberative democracy.
Rather than obsessing over the equal protection clause, Sunstein would have been better advised to promote the extension of the Article IV guarantee of republican government to the irresponsible and unaccountable forms of corporate power which now dominate the institutional life of modern American society.

This paper discusses the establishment of the minimum wage determination process in the early twentieth century Australia, following the institutionalisation of compulsory industrial arbitration between capital and labour.  This process led to the 1907 Harvester judgment whereby the Common¬wealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration decision determined, for the first time, the amount of ‘fair and reasonable wage’ that the employers were required to pay.  The discussion focuses on the role of the state in the labour market regulation, development of the related legislation, and the role played by Justice Henry Bourne Higgins.  The paper briefly discusses the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 (Commonwealth), and the setting up of the Common¬wealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration.  There is a comparison of the nature of minimum wage law developments in other Anglo-Saxon economies and the paper draws on the history of the state involvement in the regulation of the economy.  The minimum wage became institutionalised in relation to the tariff protection of the Australian market from the twentieth century onwards, and the analysis herein includes the discussion of how tariffs contributed to the possibility of wage controls and labour market stability.
바야리,세랄 ( Bayari, Celal )
한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소, <글로벌정치연구> 5권1호 (2012), pp.163-198
이 연구는 초기 20세기 오스트레일리아에서 나타났던 최소임금 결정 과정의 진행에 관해 논의하고 있다. 1907년 하베스터 판례는 최초로 ``공정하고 합리적인 임금``이 얼마인지를 보여주었고, 그러므로 사측에게 요구할 수 있는 최소 임금의 정도를 제시할 수 있도록 한 근거로 사용될 수 있는 사건이었다. 이 글은 노동시장법에서의 국가의 역할, 관련 입법의 발전, 판례의 법적 근거로서의 역할 등을 중심으로 살펴보도록 할 것이다. 따라서 1904년 중재 및 협상에 관한 법(Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904)과 관련 법원의 설립을 간략하게 다룰 것이다. 최고임금은 20세기에 오스트레일리아 시장(market)의 관세보호와 관련하여 입법화되었으며 이 글에서는 어떻게 관세가 임금통제의 가능성과 노동시장의 안정화에 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보도록 할 것이다.

Currently, political and institutional shortcomings rather than economic and technical paucity play a crucial role in the dynamics of the regulatory regime in Brazil. The regulatory
state has emerged in the country in the shadow of the developmental state, and an incomplete view of the former has delayed the reconciliation between both. Regulatory governance in turn has been treated in a short-sighted and ad-hoc way, which has seriously compromised its evolution. Over the last years, the country has slowed down the pace of regulatory innovation, and important gaps have been left open. The way forward for Brazil seems to rely heavily on the reassurance of political commitment at the center of government and on changes in administrative culture. These are pivotal issues if regulatory reforms are to regain momentum in the country.

Abstract The volume that we introduce breaks with the prevalent tendency in International Relations (IR) scholarship to treat rising powers (such as China, Russia, India and Brazil) as unitary actors in international politics. Although a neat demarcation of the domestic and international domains, on which the notion of unitary agency is premised, has always been a myth, these states’ uneven integration into the global political economy has eroded this perspective’s empirical purchase considerably. Instead, this collection advances the concept of ‘state transformation’ as a useful lens through which to examine rising power states’ foreign policymaking and implementation. State transformation refers to the pluralisation of cross-border state agency via contested and uneven processes of fragmentation, decentralisation and internationalisation of state apparatuses. The volume demonstrates the significance of state transformation processes for explaining some of these states’ most important foreign policy agendas, and outlines the implications for the wider field in IR.

The European Union is often considered as a prime example of a liberal regulatory state. We argue, however, that being limited to the regulatory policy does not prevent the European Commission from pursuing political aims going beyond market efficiency. We draw up two ideal-type perspectives of market regulation – being either efficiency or equality enhancing – that differ systematically in terms of rationale, degree of intervention, patterns of stakeholder access and conflict within the regulator. We trace these aspects in three financial services initiatives on the registration and supervision of reinsurers, equal treatment in financial services and the regulation of consumer credit. Our analyses suggest that there is scope for equality-enhancing re-regulation when proactive agents proceed decidedly on the basis of social-treaty concerns and frame regulatory beneficiaries as market participants as well as when they seek the redistribution of rights instead of resources.

Political theories of the modern state describe a rise of the regulatory healthcare state, balancing the imperatives of cost control and quality assurance and welfare norms such as solidarity. This paper analyses the unique case of Switzerland, where the rise of the regulatory healthcare state occurred late and incompletely, with the adoption of the Federal Health Insurance Law in 1994. The Swiss federal state pursues the social objective of universal access to healthcare through social health insurance regulation. This paper demonstrates that economic efficiency has not been the primary goal of healthcare coverage within the Swiss regulatory healthcare state despite rising costs. As another exceptional feature, Switzerland has diverged from the traditional path of judicial behavior in the regulatory state. This paper critically dissects how the Swiss Federal Court has become a crucial actor, imposing limits on access to healthcare and shaping decision-making criteria for social regulation, such as cost-benefit and cost-impact analysis. Through this judicialization of limit-setting, the judiciary engages in an ongoing constitutional dialogue on the limits of the regulatory welfare state and its sustainability for the future.

O período que se inicia nos anos 80 do século XX e se estende até aos nossos dias, carateriza-se por uma acentuada redução do papel do Estado na economia e na sociedade. Este movimento de "desestatização" não significou, porém, o retorno ao velho “laissez-faire” típico do liberalismo, mas antes a emergência de um novo paradigma de regulação pública. A ideia passa por regular o(s) mercado(s), não diretamente pelo Estado, como outrora, mas através de novas instâncias administrativas independentes. Este processo tornou-se o traço mais característico da paisagem institucional da administração pública contemporânea. Partindo do modelo de Estado regulador, neste texto analisamos, sucintamente, uma das suas principais novidades do movimento neoliberal, o advento da heteroregulação, a regulação realizada por agências públicas "independentes" (ou "neutras"), que constitui o paradigma da regulação pública da época moderna.