Richard I The Lionheart

(Duplicate entry) This book is a translation of the _Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi_, a contemporary and near-contemporary account of the Third Crusade. It includes an introduction setting out the context of the original text and discussing its authorship and date of compilation, and copious footnotes explaining points in the text and comparing this account to other contemporary and near-contemporary accounts. There are also a number of maps and an index.

A obra que contem dois dos manuscritos que vão ser abordados e analisados na realização deste trabalho: as Chronicles of the Crusades, em que contem a Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, de Richard of Devizes, que relata os 3 primeiros anos do reinado de Ricardo I de Inglaterra entre 1189 e 1192 e que abordam os eventos que ocorrem em Inglaterra enquanto Ricardo está ausente e torna-se líder da Terceira Cruzada, e o Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi de Geoffrey of Vinsauf, que relata opostamente os eventos ocorridos em Jerusalém enquanto Ricardo I participa na Terceira Cruzada.

SALÂHADDİN EYYÛBÎ VE HAÇLILAR
Dünya  tarihindeki  yeri  oldukça  önemli  olan  birçok  olay  vardır.  Bu  olayların  başında Haçlı  Seferleri’nin  daha  farklı  bir  misyonu  olduğunu  söyleyebiliriz.  Seferlerin  vuku  bulduğu dönemde  veyahut  iler leyen  dönemlerde  çeşitli  dinamikleri  etkilemiştir.  Bu  bağlamda  dünya tarihi  açısından  oldukça  önemli  bir  olayın  gerçekleştiği  aleni  bir  gerçek  olarak  ortaya çıkmaktadır.  XI.  yüzyılın  sonlarından  XIV.  yüzyılın  başlarına  dek  sürecek  olan  Haçlı  Seferleri, Ort a  Çağ’da  hâkim  bir  din  olarak  bulunan  Hristiyanlık  ve  karşısında  yeni  doğmuş  bir  din  olan Müslümanlığı,  tarihin  kırılma  anlarından  birisi  olan  Haçlı  Savaşları  süresince  karşı  karşıya getirmiştir. Avrupa’da  Kudüs’ü  kafirlerin  elinden  kurtarmak  mottosuyla  ya pılan  birçok  ateşli  vaaz sonucu  yerel  liderler  ve  ölürlerse  cennet  ile  müjdelenen,  yaşarlarsa  da  toprak  ile ödüllendirileceklerine  inandırılan  halk  kitleleri  Haçlı  Seferleri’ne  iştirak  etmeyi  kabul etmişlerdi.  Bu  bağlamda  sayı  olarak  Orta  Çağ’ın  üstünde  ra kamlara  ulaşan  Haçlı  Orduları birçok  kez  Anadolu  ve  Mezopotamya  coğrafyasına  saldırmak  üzere  yola  çıkmışlardır. Düzenlenen  seferlerin  birincisi  Haçlılar  açısından  başarılı  geçmiş  ve  çeşitli  krallıklar  kurmayı başarmıştırlar.  Bu  krallıklar  Haçlıların  Yakın Doğu’da  tutunmalarına  olanak  sağlamıştır  ve Haçlı  Seferleri’nin  devamlılığını  sağlamışlardır.  Kudüs’ün  kurtarılması  hedefi  de  bu  seferde gerçekleşmiştir ve  burada  Kudüs Haçlı  Krallığı  kurulmuştur. Sonraki  süreçte  düzenlenen  İkinci  Haçlı  Seferi’nin  başarısı z  olması  ve  Yakın  Doğu’daki Haçlı  krallıklarının  zayıf  düşmesi  sonucu  çok  daha  farklı  gelişmeler  meydana  gelmiştir.  Bu farklı  gelişmelerin  merkezinde  ise  Selahaddin  Eyyubi  olacaktır.  Yerel  düzeyde  bölge siyasetinde  etkili  olan  Eyyubi,  Mısır’da  zayıf  düşen Fatımileri  ortadan  kaldırmıştı.  Burada kendi  hanedanını  kurmakla  kalmayıp  Hristiyanlığı  şaşkınlığa  boğacak  olan  Kudüs’ün  fethini  de gerçekleştirecekti.  Yapacağım  çalışmada  da  Selahaddin  Eyyubi’nin  bölgede  güçlenmesi  ve Haçlılar  ile  yaptığı  mücadeleleri  ele alacağım.  Bu  noktada  Türk  ve  İslam  dünyasının  Haçlılara karşı verdiği mücadeleleri daha  anlaşılabilir kılma  gayreti  taşıyacağım. Anahtar  Kelimeler : Haçlılar, Selahaddin Eyyubi, Hıttin, Üçüncü Haçlı  Seferi I I

L’edizione critica della celebre canzone di Riccardo Cuor di Leone, Ja nuns
hons pris ne dira sa raison, è corredata da un’ampia introduzione sulle circostanze
storiche che hanno condotto alla cattura del re inglese e utili all’interpretazione
delle allusioni politiche della lirica. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla verifica
dell’identificazione di uno dei destinatari in Guglielmo di Cayeux. Il testo critico, fondato
su una nuova interpretazione dei rapporti stemmatici, è provvisto di un apparato
completo, un ampio commento, un glossario e la trascrizione delle melodie.

A dissertation for the study of a Masters in Medieval History at the University of Birmingham. It details the ups and downs the Cistercian Order had with King Richard and John, within the confines of the Angevin Empire.

Sorry the Latin text is not translated.

Published in "Francia", vol. 36 (2009).
This study is about the ceremonies of coronation and investiture of the dukes of Aquitaine at Limoges during the 11th and 12th centuries. This ceremony is compared to other royal and ducal coronations and ceremonies of investiture of Western Europe at the same period. With a publication of the text of the "ordo" of the coronation of the dukes of Aquitaine written at Limoges c. 1150 and followed by a translation into French.

The Prophecies de Merlin is an Old French prose work written in the final third of the thirteenth century, and combines factual, ‘prophetic’ material relating to recent history with fictional material relating to Arthurian legend. Scholars agree that the Prophecies were composed by a Venetian writer in the period 1272–79, although the work claims to have been translated for the emperor Frederick II by one ‘Maistre Richart d’Irlande’. As its accepted provenance is a city deeply involved in the crusades to the Holy Land and in the Latin East, and the supposed patron of the work was himself a crusader, it is no surprise that the factual material in the Prophecies de Merlin contains many references to actual crusades. Moreover two manuscripts of the Prophecies, both dating from the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, also include in the fictional ‘romance’ part of the work an episode involving a fictional crusade to Jerusalem, complete with a papal encyclical calling on western kings to join an expedition to save Jerusalem, a crusade indulgence, and details of recruitment and financing of the expedition. Although wars against the heathen are quite common in Old French Arthurian romance, those are nearly always holy wars rather than crusades, lacking the organisational elements and papal involvement which marked the institution of the crusade: so this episode demands attention. This article considers its possible historical sources, weighting up how the presumed authorship and dating of the work can be reconciled to this aspect of its content. It concludes that it reflects events in three historical crusades of the period 1189–1241, as well as the actual situation in the crusader states at the time of writing, combined with fictional epic and romantic material of the late twelfth century and the thirteenth century. The most obvious allusions are to the Third Crusade, which also receives prominent mention in the factual, ‘prophetic’ sections of the Prophecies (including reference to events at Bait Nūbā), but in addition there are echoes of the crusades of Frederick II and Earl Richard of Cornwall, which are not mentioned elsewhere in the Prophecies, while the reference to the ‘king of Ireland’ recalls the presence of the Lord Edward, overlord of Ireland, in the Holy Land 1271–72. The author of this episode combined this historical material with the familiar and appealing features of the entertaining Arthurian romance to create a new Arthurian episode which had direct relevance and interest to the audience.

Following the death of Emperor Henry VI on September 28th 1197 in Messina, Sicily, a dispute arose over the accession to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. A large opposition to the Staufer dynasty, centred around the “kingmaker” Adolf I of Altena, the Archbishop of Cologne, refused to accept Frederick, the deceased emperor`s two-year-old son, as successor. As a result of this resistance, Philip, Henry VI’s brother and Duke of Swabia, declared his candidacy for the Roman-German throne. His election by the pro-Staufer party in Mühlhausen on March 8th 1198 finally led to his coronation in Mainz half a year later. Meanwhile, the anti-Staufer group of nobles searched for their own suitable counter-candidate. Before the election in Cologne on June 9th 1198 of Otto of Poitou, the son of the Welf Henry the Lion and the nephew of English king Richard Lionheart, Adolf of Altena looked for other alternatives. Besides Duke Bernhard of Saxony, who relinquished his candidacy fairly early on, another who took on this role was Berthold of Zähringen. The following essay will explore his candidacy.

The Third Crusade (1187–1192) is renowned as a conflict between King Richard I of England and the Muslim Sultan Saladin—a reductionist perspective that reflects an enduring fascination with these protagonists both inside and outside academia. In fact, the expedition was significantly more diverse, with the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, and the king of France, Philip Augustus, leading major contingents to the East, while a number of smaller-scale expeditions also constituted part of the overall Third Crusade. This article surveys key developments in the enterprise's historiography—focusing primarily on the crusading careers of Richard, Frederick and Philip—and introduces the main sources. It suggests that hindsight has played a surprisingly prominent role in directing scholarly interpretations and that historiography has gradually diversified during the 20th and 21st centuries, moving away from the traditional Richard versus Saladin narrative to explore understudied individuals, events and themes.

Hubert Walter was doubtless an extremely talented man. He was often the intermediary between Richard and Saladin during the crusades and had already been chancellor. Richard showed his favour towards the man by electing him archbishop of Canterbury and then putting him forward as papal legate. However, he was very much Richard’s man. Unlike Becket, Walter usually took his role as chief justiciar more seriously than his pastoral, even burning a church down to catch a public demagogue. He was given the tremendous task of funding Richard’s wars.

The Chertsey tiles (c. 1250) rank among the most well-known and elaborate medieval floor tiles in England. Their pictorial tile roundels, some of which display Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in combat, have received substantial attention in scholarship, partly because images of the Crusades made before c. 1300 are surprisingly rare.  Despite the broad use in contemporary print and online media of the Chertsey tiles’ representation of Richard and Saladin’s (fictional) battle, however, the puzzle of the Latin texts which originally accompanied these roundels has remained unaddressed.  This is largely due to the tiles’ physical state: although probably intended for Westminster palace under Henry III and Eleanor of Provence, the so-called Chertsey tiles were discovered as a pile of fragments at Chertsey Abbey (Surrey, U.K.).  While previous scholars had pieced together the tiles’ pictorial iconography, the Latin texts remained a puzzle. The Chertsey tiles witness an unusual form of textual fragmentation, in which sequences of one to four letters remain, but due to the tiles’ disordered state at discovery, the ordering of these sequences was unclear. This essay presents an interpretation of the eighty-five extant textual fragments in this series, reconstructing words and some phrases. These phrases suggest particular sources for the combat tiles’ learned program of text and image, ranging from English royal seals, to widespread traditions regarding the Old Testament hero Samson, to Latin histories of warfare.  Reconstructions of the original appearance of the famous roundels when surrounded by their Latin texts are included.

Disponible en: https://santanderestudiospatrimonio.unican.es/index.php/sanespat/article/view/50

Ricardo I de Inglaterra, conocido como Corazón de León, es uno de los personajes más famosos de la Historia y también de los más legendarios. Presente en muchas novelas y películas como un héroe de las cruzadas o destronado por su hermano Juan en época de Robin Hood, su visión ha ido cambiando y sus actos se han juzgado mucho más severamente con el paso de los años. El contraste de lo que la literatura y el cine nos han contado con el escaso patrimonio documental que existe sobre el rey es lo que se realiza en este artículo.


Richard I of England, known as Lionheart, is one of the most famous and legendary people in History. Present in a lot of novels and movies as a hero of the crusades or dethroned by his brother John in the time of Robin Hood, his description has been changing and his acts have been judged more severely over the years. A contrast between what literature and cinema showed us with his scarce documentary heritage about this king is the main purpose of this study.

The De Ortu Walwanii is a Latin prose romance, surviving in a single early fourteenth century manuscript, BM Cotton MS. Faustina B VI. Scholars agree that it is by the same author as the Historia Meriadoci which is preserved in the same manuscript. There is some disagreement over the date of composition: some scholars ascribe it to the twelfth century, while others prefer the late thirteenth century. Scholar agree, however, that it was written by a learned cleric, for its Latin is deliberately complex. It is clearly not simply a reworking of a French romance. James Douglas Bruce demonstrated in 1898 that the original source for the crucial episode of the story – the child born illicitly and in secret who is sent away across the sea and brought up by foster parents – was the legend of Pope Gregory the Great. Previous studies have not, however, succeeded in identifying the source of the long central episode in the story concerned with the relief of the land of Jerusalem. This article points out that the essential details of this episode, far from deriving from a French romance as has been suggested by earlier scholars, are strikingly similar to the account of the Third Crusade and in particular the journey of King Richard the Lionheart to the East in the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi. It demonstrates that several episodes in the De Ortu and the Itinerarium peregrinorum are so similar that they could not have been conceived independently. As no intermediary source is known, the author of the De Ortu probably took these incidents directly from the Itinerarium itself, using the concept of Richard the Lionheart’s journey to the Holy Land and its major events on which to hang his hero’s adventures. However, the article concludes that the author did not mean to indicate that Gawain was Richard, or that Richard was Gawain; the Itinerarium was simply a source of inspiration, and a reminder of what a hero should be.

Ανάλυση των συνθηκών κάτω από τις οποίες η Κύπρος περιήλθε στην κατοχή του Άγγλου βασιλιά Ριχάρδου Α΄ του Λεοντόκαρδου το 1190, καθ' οδόν προς τους Αγίους Τόπους προκειμένου να συμμετάσχει στη Γ' Σταυροφορία. Παράλληλα εξετάζονται οι λόγοι για τους οποίους τελικά ο Ριχάρδος μεταβίβασε την Κύπρο στον Γκυ ντε Λουζινιάν (δημοσιεύτηκε στο περιοδικό Ιστορία Εικονογραφημένη, τεύχος 597, Μάρτιος 2018).
Analysis of the circumstances under which  Richard I the Lionheart conquered Cyprus in 1190, on his way to the Third Crusade.

This article presents long siege of Acre during the Third Crusade. Small crusaders troop under the command of king Guy de Lusignan reached the foreground of harbor fortress and started siege. Though many attacks from the garrison of City and from forces of Saladin on their back, crusaders withstanded until to arrival of main forces king of France Philipe II August and king of England Richard the Lionheart. Their activities led to capture garrison of Acre and taking over the city by crusaders for a hundred years.

Scholars of the Albigensian Crusade in 13th century Occitania have tended to focus on the dissident Cathars as the only explanation for the crusade, where they have used them as weapons in their own contemporary political and religious debates since the end of the military campaigns. This dissertation problematizes this explanation and instead asks the fundamental question; why aim the crusade against Languedoc when the Holy Roman Empire had problems with Cathars at the same time? And is the Cathars the only reason for the crusade?

This thesis has thoroughly analysed the socio-political relationships between five kin groups with links to Occitania before the crusade. The study is based on the ‘elite’ prosopographical method and is supported by theories about kin, dynastic marriages, amicitiae (friendships), and coniurationes (conspiracies) as political means. These approaches are completely new to the research about the Albigensian Crusade and have opened for a new understanding of the organisation and circumstances surrounding the society that the crusade was aimed against.

Through an examination of the marriages and alliances of the Capetian, Plantagenet, Barcelona-Aragon, Toulouse, and Trencavel kin groups it is concluded that there firstly was a bipolar struggle for power between the Counts of Toulouse and the alliance led by the count-kings of Barcelona-Aragon and the Trencavel viscounts. Secondly a pattern emerges for the Capetian and Plantagenet kings, who only became interested in Toulouse through their marriages with Eleanor of Aquitaine who had an inheritance claim to the county. Thirdly a kin-relation between Pope Innocent III and the Frankish king Philip II Augustus is explored and analysed to answer, why the Pope approached Philip about the Cathars in Occitania and not the more influential leader of the Aragonese alliance in Occitania, Count-King Peter II of Barcelona-Aragon.

Graded 12 (A).

This article explores the Anglo-Norman military intervention during the Third Crusade on the Portuguese coasts, by analysing the narratives of Ralph of Diceto and the Gesta regis Ricardi. It then examines the motives that produced the multiple interventions by the Anglo-Norman fleets from the point of view of the English historiography of the crusades to the Levant. Finally, it discuses the contemporary perception and the consequences of these incursions to the peninsula, and the later interventions of Nordic crusaders in Iberia.

«[...] et la chanson un peu particulière de Richard Cœur de Lion». With these words Pierre Bec ends his list of the songs that constitute the elusive genre of the rotrouenge. Indeed, the features of the rotrouenge are not clearly defined: the most authoritative scholar who established the corpus of Old French lyrics included in this genre is Friedrich Gennrich, who argued that the essence of the rotrouenge had to be found in its music. However, a fundamental characteristic of medieval music is variance, and errors may occur along the process of transmission. This essay will trace back the steps of Richard Lionheart’s Ja nus hons pris ne dira sa raison, from its manuscripts to its editions, and try to ascertain – if an error has been committed – who is to blame: the Ancients or the Moderns.

This paper was read a conference in 2012 and is published in the Proceedings of the eighth International Congress on Cyprus Studies (EMU Pubs. 2013). Since then a new edition of Ambroise has been appeared, edited by Catherine Croizy-Naquet (2014).

موضوع هذه الدراسة هو المفاوضات التي دارت بين السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي والملك الإنجليزي ريتشارد قلب الأسد لمدة عام كامل (1191 - 1192م). ليس الهدف من البحث سرد الأحداث التاريخية، ولكن دراسة وتحليل بعض الجوانب الهامة وهي: الأسباب التي دفعت بالصليبيين للجلوس على مائدة التفاوض، وحقيقة فكرة المصاهرة السياسية التي اقترحها ريتشارد قلب الأسد لتزويج أخته من شقيق صلاح الدين، ثم مَن هو المسئول عن مصرع المركيز كونراد، وأخيرًا الهدنة العامة التي انهت أحداث المفاوضات بين الجانبان.

أشرف صالح محمد سيد، فن التفاوض الأيوبي ودبلوماسية الصليبيين خلال الحملة الصليبية الثالثة على الشرق (587 – 588هـ / 1191 – 1192م).- مجلة علوم الإنسان والمجتمع (مجلة دولية مُحكمة تصدرها كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية – جامعة بسكرة).- ع6 شعبان 1434هـ/ جوان 2013م (الجزائر). ص 15 – 53.

La carrière de Robert de Thurnham donne l’exemple d’une ascension spectaculaire permise par le service royal au tournant du xiiie siècle. Lorsqu’à son retour de croisade en 1194 Robert de Thurnham est fait sénéchal d’Anjou par Richard Cœur de Lion, c’est le premier Anglais nommé à ce poste depuis la création de l’office sous Henri II. L’analyse détaillée de sa carrière entre 1194 et 1211 permet de considérer sa nomination, d’abord en Anjou puis en Poitou en 1201, comme une expérimentation de la Couronne, qui espère ainsi mieux contrôler son sénéchal. L’expérience est inédite et elle n’est pas reproduite. Ce parcours continental de Robert de Thurnham peut être lu comme un choix stratégique permettant d’accéder à davantage d’opportunités que sur les îles Britanniques, et ainsi de favoriser son ascension. En faisant bénéficier de ces contacts son frère aîné Étienne de Thurnham, qui sert pour sa part le roi en Angleterre, il développe avec lui une stratégie commune afin d’augmenter le prestige et le patrimoine de leur famille.


Robert of Thurnham’s career is an example of a remarkable ascension made possible by royal service at the end of the 12th century. When he came back from crusade in 1194, he was appointed seneschal of Anjou by King Richard: Robert was the first Englishman to be given this charge since its creation under King Henry II. Detailed analysis of his career between 1194 and 1211 allows one to consider his appointment, first in Anjou and then in Poitou in 1201, as a form of royal experimentation which would facilitate the control of the king over his seneschal. This unprecedented experiment, however, was not renewed. From Robert of Thurnham’s point of view serving on the Continent was a strategic choice: it allowed him more encounters and opportunities than he would have had in the British Isles. By allowing his brother Stephen – who also served the king, but in England – to benefit from these opportunities, the two brothers thus developed a common strategy designed to enhance their family’s prestige and patrimony.

Juan Sin Tierra se ha convertido en uno de los reyes medievales ingleses mas conocidos por el gran publico. El cine ha ido variando su imagen, presentandolo a veces como el peor villano imaginable capaz de todo tipo de crueldades y otras como alguien torpe, inseguro y lleno de traumas. Juan Sin Tierra ha sido utilizado tambien para personificar valores propios del siglo XX y se ha cargado de connotaciones negativas. El objetivo es mostrar la vision que el cine ha ofrecido de el y ofrecer el contraste con la realidad de alguien no mas cruel que sus contemporaneos.