Roman Emona

Prispevek se ukvarja z dokončanjem in prezentacijo cerkve Marije Pomočnice v komendi nemškega viteškega reda v Ljubljani v letih 1716–1718. Tedaj so bila sicer glavna gradbena dela že končana, trije oltarji s slikami so že prispeli v Ljubljano, naročnik – komtur Guidobald grof Starhemberg pa se je že preselil na Dunaj. Kljub temu so morali zidarji, krovci, bakrarji, kamnoseki, kiparji, mizarji, ključavničarji, pozlatarji
in ne nazadnje glasbeniki in duhovniki postoriti še veliko, da je stavba zaživela. Dogajanje v tej zadnji fazi dobro osvetljujejo do sedaj neznani viri iz Centralnega arhiva Nemškega reda na Dunaju.

Studia universitatis hereditati je humanistična znanstvena revija za raziskave in teorijo kulturne dediščine z mednarodnim uredniškim odborom. Objavlja znanstvene in strokovne članke s širšega področja kulturne dediščine (arheologija, arhitektura, etnologija, jezikoslovje, literarna, kulturna, glasbena, intelektualna, religijska, vojaška zgodovina, zgodovina idej itn.) in pregledne članke ter recenzije tako domačih kot tujih monografij z omenjenih področij. Revija izhaja dvakrat letno. Izdajata jo Fakulteta za humanistične študije (Oddelek za arheologijo in dediščino) in Založba Univerze na Primorskem. Poglavitni namen revije je prispevati k razvoju raziskav kulturne dediščine v najširšem in k topoglednemu interdisciplinarnemu pristopu k teoretičnim in praktičnim raziskovalnim vprašanjem. Tako revija posebno pozornost namenja razvoju slovenske znanstvene in strokovne terminologije, konceptov in paradigem na področju raziskovanja kulturne dediščine v okviru humanističnih ved.

Železarstvo je bilo na Gorenjskem, predvsem pa v Bohinju, najpomembnejša gospodarska dejavnost vse od starejše železne dobe do 19. stoletja. Sam razcvet železarstva je omogočila kakovostna železova ruda – bobovec, ki jo je na tem območju veliko. Poleg tipičnega rudarjenja s kopanjem, je bilo bobavec mogoče pobrati tudi na površini, kar je bistveno olajšalo tudi izkoriščanje železove rude (Bizjak 2006, 85-87). Rudosledci niso le pobirali rude po nižinah in lahko dostopnih terenih, ampak tudi po visokogorju Julijskih Alp, o čemer pričajo številne postojanke. Razcvet bohinjskega železarstva je omogočila tudi velika gozdna poraščenost okoliških planot, ki je bila ključnega pomena za predelavo rude (Ogrin 2023, 634, 641). Takratni rudarji in železarji so železo v večji meri prenašali preko številnih prelazov v takratno halštatsko središče na Mostu na Soči (Trampuž Orel 2012, 34).

The article investigates issues related to children’s health status and mortality in Emona. It emphasises the discrepancy between the estimated high child mortality in Roman times and the relatively low percentage of child graves discovered in Emona so far. The results of analyses of cremated remains from some early Roman Emona graves suggest
that multiple individuals were sometimes buried in a single grave, often adults and children together. The article inquires whether these may be the previously undiscovered burials of the Emona children, exploring other possible explanations as well. Furthermore, some information is provided about the health status of the Emona children based on the materials examined thus far.

Bohinj je alpska kotlina na jugovzhodnem delu Julijskih Alp. Stalno je poseljena od starejše železne dobe, kolonizirali pa so jo ljudje iz Posočja zaradi bogatih nahajališč železove rude. Nastale so prve vasi v dolini z gospodarskim zaledjem v visokogorju, kot kažejo najdbe z Dolge planje na Prvem Voglu in Bošinke nad Dednim poljem. Keramika in ostanki temeljev koč nakazujejo možnost, da se je v tem času v visokogorju, poleg rudarjenja, začelo alpsko kmetovanje s sto- penjsko pašo iz vasi na visoka naravna travnata območja – planine, ki se je ohranilo vse do danes.

The Emona Archaeological Park, which comprises several sites in the heart of Slovenia’s capital city, was renovated and opened in its present form in the autumn of 2012. For the team involved in its management, maintenance and marketing, the experiences of this last decade have provided an opportunity to re-evaluate the ideas behind the project. This paper presents our view of the strengths and weaknesses of this archaeological park, and the potential for future improvements in its interpretation. In particular, we highlight the challenges involved in communicating this type of heritage, and in marketing it in a city already saturated with cultural tourism offerings.

The Emona Archaeological Park, which comprises several sites in the heart of Slovenia’s capital city, was renovated and opened in its present form in the autumn of 2012. For the team involved in its management, maintenance and marketing, the experiences of this last decade have provided an opportunity to re-evaluate the ideas behind the project. This paper presents our view of the strengths and weaknesses of this archaeological park, and the potential for future improvements in its interpretation. In particular, we highlight the challenges involved in communicating this type of heritage, and in marketing it in a city already saturated with cultural tourism offerings.

The media landscape of the Habsburg Monarchy in the pre-March period was relatively meagre. In Carniola and other Austrian crownlands with a Slovenian population, the opportunities for literary development were limited: this is well evidenced by the ban on the publication of Slavinja in mid-1820 as well as by the many conflicts Krajnska čbelica (‘The Carniolan Bee’) had with censorship in the early 1830s. The modesty of literary activity in Slovenia at this time is often related to the low level of education and literacy among the population, discontinuity in the development of literary culture, and the general underdevelopment of the emerging Slovenian literary and media systems. However, imperial censorship also decisively contributed to this state of affairs. This article therefore outlines the functioning of the pre-March censorship apparatus at the state and local levels, showing how the censorship office in Vienna (headed by the count Josef Sedlnitzky) systematically blocked a...

In this bachelor thesis, I have presented an archaeological image of the western part of the Sava Hills. The research has focused on the site in Podlipoglav near Ljubljana. In antiquity, the site had been located in the eastern part of the city territory of Emona, close to the border of the 10th Region of Italy and the province of Pannonia. There, a team of archaeologists from the City Museum of Ljubljana conducted archeological excavations in 1997. There, they found a cemetery with 33 graves. The central part of the thesis is a detailed analysis of the cemetery, focusing on the typological processing of the pottery, which proves the existence of the Roman-period settlement in the nearby vicinity. The analysed cemetery had been used in continuity from the 1st to the 5th century. Because of its position in the vicinity of the border between the regions within the Roman Empire, this site presents a very interesting example of contact between multiple traditions.

Bohinj je alpska kotlina na jugovzhodnem delu Julijskih Alp. Stalno je poseljena od starejše železne dobe, kolonizirali pa so jo ljudje iz Posočja zaradi bogatih nahajališč železove rude. Nastale so prve vasi v dolini z gospodarskim zaledjem v visokogorju, kot kažejo najdbe z Dolge planje na Prvem Voglu in Bošinke nad Dednim poljem. Keramika in ostanki temeljev koč nakazujejo možnost, da se je v tem času v visokogorju, poleg rudarjenja, začelo alpsko kmetovanje s sto- penjsko pašo iz vasi na visoka naravna travnata območja – planine, ki se je ohranilo vse do danes.

Thirteen Roman inscribed stone monuments (as well as one fragment short of an inscription), are immured in the Ljubljana cathedral (1701-1706) and seminary building (1708- 1713). They are also referred to as the Thalnitscher Lapidarium. These are primarily Roman tombstones discovered at Ig or Ljubljana (Emona), two of which are most probably counterfeit, while one is a dedication to Hercules. A small fragment lacking an inscription may have belonged to an altar.Avtorica v članku objavlja s fotografijami trinajst rimskih kamnov z napisi in enega brez napisa, ki jih je dal Janez Gregor Dolničar (1655-1719) vzidati v tedaj novozgrajeno stolnico (1701-1706) in semenišče (1708-1713). Večinoma gre za rimske nagrobnike, najdene na Igu ali v Ljubljani (Emoni), od katerih sta dva prejkone ponarejena, eden je posvetilo Herkulu, odlomek brez napisa pa je verjetno del oltarja

The prehistoric settlement in the area of present-day Ljubljana, built at the crossroads of many important trade routes, had acted as a trading centre since the time of the Urnfield culture. Inhabited from the 13th to the 5th century BC, it experienced a drastic population decline from the middle of the 8th to the 7th century BC, as evidenced by a small number of contemporary graves. The internal layout of the settlement found at Tribuna (in the area of the Prule district) suggests a thoughtful and well-planned design of the prehistoric settlement space. The location of the acropolis on the strategically important castle hill and the “lower town” of Tribuna, inhabited by craftsmen and merchants, also reveal distinct early urban elements. Given the natural affordances of the wider area, a neighbourhood of workshops and warehouses could be expected near the Ljubljanica River, while the area of the present-day Poljane district, with its fertile eutric soil, might
have served as arable land.

Searching for unknown earthquakes in Slovenia in the first millennium, we performed archaeoseismological analysis of Roman settlements. The Mesto pod mestom museum in Celje exhibits a paved Roman road, which suffered severe deformation. Built on fine gravel and sand from the Savinja River, the road displays a bulge and trench, pop-up structures, and pavement slabs tilted up to 40◦. The city wall was built over the deformed road in Late Roman times, supported by a foundation containing recycled material (spolia) from public buildings, including an emperor’s statue.
We hypothesize that a severe earthquake hit the town before 350 AD, causing widespread destruction. Seismic-induced liquefaction caused differential subsidence, deforming the road. One of the nearby faults from the strike-slip Periadriatic fault system was the seismic source of this event.

Applying von Thünen model for understanding the settlement pattern of Emona’s territory The article presents the use of geographical infor- mation system (GIS) when applying von Thünen landuse model to Emona’s territory. Some draw- backs notwithstanding, the usefulness of the model as a heuristic tool in this case-study is argued, both for studying the relations between markets, distance and agricultural land-use, and subse- quently the settlement logic of the study-area. Aplication is implemented in GIS. In addition to the points discussed in the text, GIS offers a variety of additional procedures for modelling the Thünen approaches.

Between the second half of the 18th century and the end of the First World War, metallurgy in Slovenian territory went through numerous changes and technical innovations that left a considerable mark on metallurgical production facilities and the places in which they operated. If at the beginning of the 19th century these facilities had a rather “mediaeval” look to them, their appearance a hundred years later was considerably closer to what they looked like in the last decades of the 20th century. In comparison to previous centuries, the centre of ironmaking, at least in the technological sense, moved from Upper Carniola to Slovenian Carinthia and Styria. Upper Carniola was only able to catch up with them again
towards the end of the 19th century, when ironmaking activities in the region were confined to only one settlement that, precisely in this time, underwent a transformation into a major ironmaking centre. In addition to the iron industry, other sectors worth highlighting are lead and zinc production, which experienced an expansion thanks to the lead smelters in Mežica and Litija and the zinc working plants in Celje.

Exactly who were the exploratores and what function did they fill within the Roman army? By looking at the campaigns of the soldier-emperor Maximinus Thrax (r. 235-238), we can discover some clues. Published in Ancient Warfare 15.1 (2021), 18-21.

The pre-Enlightenment scholars from the Land of Carniola explored the
region, its past, sociality and nature in order to give it praise. They aimed to produce knowledge based on rational reasoning in accordance with the emerging modern scientific episteme. They encountered mythical discourse which they attempted to overcome, yet, as the author of this article argues, they also drew from mythical discourse. Through case studies the author shows how ancient myths played a role in consolidating identity and building community. She argues that pre-Enlightenment scholars built collective memory in reference to the mythological establishment of the city of Ljubljana.

New technologies are vehicles for dissemination of cultural values. They also enlarge the number of persons that have access to heritage. This paper presents a web-based platform, developed within the
Erasmus+ AD HOC (Accessible and Digitized Cultural Heritage for Persons with Disabilities) project that enables perceptual accessibility of such content for persons with disabilities. The main principle followed during the entire project duration was the principle of Universal Design – including accessibility for persons with disabilities from the very beginning and thus creating a generic model of an accessible platform for some important aspects of the cultural heritage of Macedonia, Slovenia, Greece and Italy.

The aim of this work has been the identification of the painter’s materials employed in the wall’s decoration of some destroyed building dating approximately between the first century B.C. and the first century A.D. This research originates from a previously started joined archaeological and analytical investigation concerning a really varied group of findings that resulted from an excavation performed by Soprintendenza Archeologica in the area of Monte d'Oro in Rome. The focus of this study progression has been directed to a numerous selection of monochrome red, pink, and yellow pigmented fragments. The analyses were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) combined to Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies; visible reflectance measurements have also been carried out in order to evaluate its appliance in such a kind of archaeological studies. Most attention has been given to the assessment of the perfo...

The article presents an interesting cradle from the early 19 t h century in the National Museum of Slovenia and is connected with Srajbarski turn Castle in Dolenjska and the Carniolan nobleman Count Anton Alexander Auersperg, a German politician and, under the pseudonym of Anastasius Grun poet. It is a cradle of the type that is suspended from a stand and with a linen drawer. A romantic legend is connected with the circumstances of its origin.

Dežela ali Radovljiška ravnina je najbolj zahodna naravno-geografska pokrajina Ljubljanske kotline, katere izgled so ustvarili najprej ledeniki in kasneje še erozija reke Save. Prostor Dežele obsega ravnino v radovljiški kotlini na levem bregu reke Save med Žirovnico, Begunjami in Radovljico. Namen naloge je opisati Deželo in njen razvoj skozi zgodovinska obdobja ter vse poznane arheološke topografske elemente, ki jo sestavljajo. Začetni del naloge je namenjen geografskemu in geološkemu orisu Dežele. Podrobneje so opisane in definirane kamnite groblje, ki so pomemben razpoznavni element krajine, vendar pogosto spregledane in do sedaj še ne opisane, popisane in definirane. Osrednji del naloge je katalog vseh do sedaj znanih arheoloških najdišč ter opis potencialnih najdišč na Deželi. Zbranih in popisanih je nekaj zabeleženih uničenj, ki so se dogodili v zadnjih letih znotraj krajine in so posredno ali neposredno posegli v kulturno in arheološko dediščino.Dežela (“the Land”) or the Ra...

IZVLEČEK Vinogradniška zavetišča sodijo v tisto zvrst dediščine, ki jo imenujemo občasno naseljene stavbe ali na kratko zavetišča. Na Vipavskem so to gruntne bajte. Frekvenca vinogradniških zavetišč v Vipavski dolini je velika. Po posamičnih območjih je njihova gostota največja v okolici vasi Slap in v dolini Pasjega repa; ta zavetišča so tudi najstarejša. Vinogradniška zavetišča glede na starost in obliko uvrščam v dva tipa s podtipi. ABSTRACT Vineyard shelters belong to the kind of heritage called temporarily settled buildings or, in short, shelters. In the Vipava Valley they are called cottages {literally: land cottages). The density of vineyard shelters is very high in the Vipava Valley. Considering individual areas their density is the highest around the village of Slap and in the Pasji rep Valley; these shelters are also the oldest ones. Vineyard shelters are classified into two types with subtypes depending on their age and shape. Predgovor V tekstu Vinogradniška zavetišča na...

abstract={The advantages of 3D technologies (3D digitisation, visualisation, 3D printing...) are recognised by various professions in the field of cultural heritage (CH). Today these technologies have been technologically improved to the point that allows them to be merged for different purposes. The paper presents projects related to the successful combining of these technologies with regard to CH. In three case studies we discuss processes using 3D technologies for documenting and presenting artefacts, 3D collection by the Digital Library ...

Eleven inscriptions, discovered on as yet unpublished fragments of monuments from the territor y of Roman Emona, are discussed in this contribution. The monuments, kept in the City Museum of Ljubljana, were most probably discovered in the secondary position and date from the 1st to the 3rd century AD.

Glass vessels from the northern emonian necropolis, discovered in years 2007–2013.

The following thesis speaks about glass vessels in graves, discovered at the location of northern Emonian necropolis in 2007–2013, excavated at locations Kongresni trg, Kozolec II and Slovenska cesta 55c. The graves are dated, a proposal of interpretation of patterns of putting grave goods into graves is also given. It also describes the similarities and differences with graveyards from neighbouring regions and comparison of settlement with finds from the graves. All glass vessels are presented in catalogue and tables.

KEY WORDS: antiquity, glass, vessels, Emona, northern emonian necropolis, grave goods.
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Stekleno posodje v grobovih severnega emonskega grobišča, odkritih v letih 2007–2013.

Diplomska naloga obravnava stekleno posodje iz grobov, najdenih na območju severnega emonskega grobišča v letih 2007–2013, z lokacij Kongresni trg, Kozolec II in Slovenska cesta 55c. Podana je analiza tega posodja in grobov, predlagana pa je tudi interpretacija vzorcev prilaganja steklenih pridatkov v grobove. Opisane so podobnosti in razlike z grobišči iz sosednjih regij ter primerjava naselbinskih z najdbami iz grobov. Vso stekleno posodje je predstavljeno v katalogu in slikovnih tabelah.

KLJUČNE BESEDE: antika, steklo, posodje, Emona, severno emonsko grobišče, grobni pridatki.

The paper presents a study of air pollution caused by black carbon (BC) and fine particulate matter (PM) carried out in the rural area of the municipality of Loški Potok in the winter season of 2017/2018. Measurements of pollutants were performed at two different locations, one at Retje, a village at the bottom of a karst depression, and the other on the top of the Tabor hill in settlement Hrib. The measurement results exposed the main sources of black carbon air pollution in this area: domestic heating with biomass (almost 80% of all black carbon emissions) and unfavorable meteorological conditions for dilution of pollutants during temperature inversions. Three times higher concentrations were measured at Retje during temperature inversions than in the days of mixed atmosphere. In the winter of 2017/18, the average concentrations in the Retje hollow were even higher than those of Ljubljana, which calls attention to the problem of polluted air in rural areas too.

V tem sestavku predstavljamo znana in potencialna arheološka najdišča v
okolici Rodika (občina Hrpelje-Kozina) ter analizo in elaboracijo javno dostopnih lidarskih posnetkov tega območja. Opisi in ugotovitve glede posameznih lokacij so rezultat skrbnih kartografskih, bibliografskih in neinvazivnih terenskih raziskav. Pri slednjih smo se osredotočili predvsem na lokacije, ki se nahajajo znotraj Mitskega parka Rodik in ki so našle svoje mesto tudi v ljudskem izročilu. Starost obravnavanih najdišč zaobjema resnično obsežno časovno obdobje, tj. od predzgodovine pa vse do srednjega veka. Objekti, ki so stali na obravnavanih lokacijah, se poleg starosti razlikujejo tudi po funkciji, ki so jih imeli v času nastanka: tj. obrambno, ekonomsko, bivalno ali razmejevalno. Včasih je resnično težko potegniti mejo in določiti točno starost ter funkcijo nekega objekta, saj sta je tako njegova oblika kot tudi funkcija skozi čas spreminjali. Videti pa je, da vsaj od železne dobe dalje vsi ti različni kulturni sloji niso bili nujno tudi posledica sprememb v populaciji. Tako arheološke raziskave kot ljudsko izročilo namreč nakazujejo, da se je na tem območju avtohtono prebivalstvo (s strani Rimljanov označeni za Rundictes, kasneje pa tradicionalno poznani kot Ajdi) obdržalo tudi po rimski osvojitvi, da pa so se domačini seveda postopoma romanizirali. Središče Rundiktov je bila nedvomno Ajdovščina (kota 804), od koder so vsaj do pozne antike nadzorovali obsežno območje Brkinov in Matarskega podolja. Že
samo število najdišč dokazuje, da so Rundikti na tem območju pustili globok pečat. Pokrajino so oblikovali in preoblikovali tako z gradnjo utrjenih naselji na izpostavljenih vrhovih in s terasiranjem pobočij kot tudi s kasnejšo gradnjo naselij v nižinah. Po ustnem izročilu so v zgodnjem srednjem veku Ajdi dokončno opustili svoja višinska naselja in v dolini sezidali številne vasi, med njimi tudi Rodik. Zgodovinskih virov, ki bi to potrjevali, ni, saj se v arhivih na žalost ni ohranil noben pisni dokument. Ljudskega izročila ne more (za zdaj) potrditi niti arheologija, saj so arheološke najdbe iz tega »prehodnega« obdobja redke. Kar se materialnih dokazov tiče, je seveda še veliko za postoriti. Veliko je že popisanih in novoodkritih arheoloških najdišč, ki bi lahko marsikaj razjasnila, vendar ostajajo neraziskana. V pričakovanju novih raziskav in odkritij torej vprašanje o izginotju Rundiktov ali njihovem zlitju z zgodnjesrednjeveškimi slovanskimi prišleki puščamo brez odgovora.

Prispevek obravnava usodo rimske poganske religije v zadnjih stoletjih njenega obstoja, predvsem v obdobju med 3. in 5. stoletjem po Kristusu. Najprej na kratko predstavi temeljne značilnosti rimskega poganstva, kot sta rimsko razumevanje pojma "numen" in osredinjenost na kultni formalizem. V nadaljevanju se ukvarja s silnicami, ki so prispevale k postopnemu upadu starih izročil, npr. splošno krizo rimskega cesarstva v drugi polovici 3. stoletja in prevladujoče henoteistične težnje v sočasnem verskem razvoju. Članek se posveča tudi poskusom poganske inteligence, da bi ohranila staro religijo, ki so dosegli vrh v neuspešni obnovi poganstva pod cesarjem Julijanom in doživeli dokončni poraz pod Teodozijem.