Roy Bhaskar

What happens to foreign politics when actors, things or processes are presented as threats? This book explains state’s international behavior based on a reflexive framework of insecurity politics. It argues that governments act on knowledge of international danger available in their societies, and that such knowledge is organized by varying ideas of who threatens whom and how. The book develops this argument and illustrates it by means of various European case studies. Moving across European history and space, these show how securitization projected abroad evolving – and often contested – local ideas of the organization of international insecurity, and how such knowledges of world politics conditioned foreign policymaking on their own terms. With its focus on insecurity politics, the book provides new perspectives for the study of international security. Moving the discipline from systemic theorizing to a theory of international systematization, it shows how world politics is, in practice, often conceived in a different way than that assumed by IR theory. Depicting national insecurity as a matter of political construction, the book also raises the challenging question of whether certain projections of insecurity may be considered more warranted than others.

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Robyn Schneider's The Beginning of Everything is a witty and heart-wrenching teen novel that will appeal to fans of books by John Green and Ned Vizzini, novels such as The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and classics like The Great Gatsby and The Catcher in the Rye.Varsity tennis captain Ezra Faulkner was supposed to be homecoming king, but that was before—before his girlfriend cheated on him, before a car accident shattered his leg, and before he fell in love with unpredictable new girl Cassidy Thorpe.As Kirkus Reviews said in a starred review, Schneider takes familiar stereotypes and infuses them with plenty of depth. Here are teens who could easily trade barbs and double entendres with the characters that fill John Green's novels.Funny, smart, and including everything from flash mobs to blanket forts to a poodle who just might be the reincarnation of Jay Gatsby, The Beginning of Everything is a refreshing contemporary twist on the classic coming-of-age novel—a heart-wrenching story about how difficult it is to play the part that people expect, and how new beginnings can stem from abrupt and tragic endings.
Language : English
"

O presente trabalho busca retomar o debate do polêmico "método da economia
positiva", tal qual proposto por Milton Friedman, através de uma perspectiva
crítica à visão instrumental da ciência econômica. Nesse intuito, argumenta-se
que a construção do método evidencia a tentativa de proteger a teoria
neoclássica das críticas concernentes ao realismo de seus pressupostos, e a
quimérica busca de estabelecer uma clivagem entre a economia positiva e a
normativa. Para isto, busca-se na racionalidade neoclássica a descrição do
comportamento humano apropriado pela metodologia da economia positiva;
este suposto da racionalidade econômica desempenha papel fundamental na
teoria neoclássica, mas também é caracterizado por um vácuo explicativo que
impossibilita a compreensão referente ao que motiva a ação dos agentes
econômicos, tendo em vista a concepção reducionista do comportamento
humano que subjaz a tal visão. Com base em uma cuidadosa exposição da
concepção metodológica de Friedman, será feita a crítica de suas principais
determinações e inconsistências, tendo como referência leituras de extrato
marxista e também algumas proposições do realismo crítico de Bhaskar.

A short script read at the fourth international symposium on critical realism and integral theory in dialog.  To wit, at some point the question whether or not Integral Theory (IT) commits the epistemic fallacy becomes tired on the one hand and on the other assumes too much of a Critical Realist (CR) defining of anything that might be called authentic dialogue. More interesting is how issues constellated around the epistemic fallacy might get clarified, questioned, reframed, and perhaps even redefined through a process of open inquiry. For in the end what matters is the validity and force of insights that animate creative transformative praxis oriented towards the well-being of each and all. In that spirit, I open up what is perhaps a re-evaluating of the sense and scope of the epistemic fallacy, in exploring five themes: (1) the relation between philosophical and scientific ontology, (2) the status of events, (3) actualization of the actual, (4) the nature of nature, and (5) knowing and being per metaReality. These are presented in haste and are less intended to be definitive statements or positions than to stimulate group reflection at the symposium.

This thesis examines the ways in which political journalists in the USA and UK talk about issues of truth and power as it relates to journalism’s role as the Fourth Estate. The theoretical basis comes from a critique of the two major structures underpinning the Fourth Estate, that of epistemology (the study of truth) and ideology (broadly, the study of power and ideas). This involves unpacking and critically examining the ability of news media to convey ‘true’ information and the ideological formations in which the news media production practice is situated. The epistemological theories of Realism, Pragmatism, Antirealism and Hyperrealism will first be elucidated in an in-depth theoretical discussion, focusing on the contributions of Baudrillard. Four major theories of ideology, that of personal ideological bias, chaos, control, and ideology as fetishistic disavowal will be examined, this time focusing on the work of Žižek.
This theoretical discussion is complimented by an analysis of interview questions relating to epistemological concerns and to ideology. The empirical data consists of twenty interviews conducted with political correspondents in the USA and UK. A version of critical discourse analysis is used to examine the ways in which journalists talk about the issues raised by the questions, what is termed their ‘discursive strategies.’ The categories for analysis are grounded in the discursive strategies used by the journalists themselves, examined to elaborate not simply the explicit content, but the deeper implicit meanings inherent in the way they answer.
This provided both an original theoretical discussion and an original set of empirically-derived data. It also allows us to further understand the role of journalism as the Fourth Estate, the types of ‘truth’ it brings to us, the types of ideologies that underpin the news production process via news media professionals, and how the system is maintained despite its inherent contradictions.

The book makes a critical comparison of fundamental trends in modern epistemology with the epistemological concerns of critical theory of the Frankfurt School. It comprises five chapters, which refer to phenomenology, structuralism and poststructuralism, modernism and postmodernism, systems’ theory and critical realism.
It follows the course of development of modern epistemology, considering basic conceptions such as dialectics, theory and practice in science, and the potential for a political epistemology based on the arguments of critical theory. It can certainly be used as a textbook because each chapter tallies with a major trend in modern epistemology, and provides a concrete analysis of the comparison it draws with the work of leading figures of the Frankfurt School such as Horkheimer, Adorno and Habermas.
The present volume addresses the reader of political theory, epistemology, social theory and it also raises key questions on methodology in science and research. Therefore, it can prove beneficial for students, researchers and academics that deal with issues of theory, practice, and method in science. The contents of the volume were meticulously constructed in order to be of practical use both for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and each chapter includes basic graphs  that condense the basic argument for each thematic circle on modern epistemology and methodology.
The book contains unpublished critique and information provided to the writer in recent interviews she conducted with Jürgen Habermas (providing analysis on systems theory), William Outhwaite and Stefan Müller-Doohm (both the latter clarified issues and contributed valuable information on critical realism and the Frankfurt School, respectively).

This article conducts a critical appraisal of ultra-realist criminology, an ambitious theoretical perspective seeking to offer a new epistemological grounding for criminological research. Heavily indebted to Jacques Lacan, Slavoj Žižek, and Adrian Johnston's psychoanalytic theory, ultra-realism, its proponents argue, also builds upon the ontological and epistemological principles of critical realism. This article contests this central claim, asking: what is realist about ultra-realist criminology? Through excavating the real(ism) of ultra-realist criminology, I argue that the project is characterised by key shortcomings pertaining to the espousal of Lacanian/Žižekian theory in its 'transcendental materialist' framework. Drawing on the principles of critical realism, I critique ultra-realism on three key grounds: (a) its construction of a reductive totalizing discourse where all crime can be traced back to a political economic center; (b) its failure to offer a truly stratified account of the criminogenic conditions that produce crime; and (c) its inability to escape the epistemic subjectivism of its key theoretical influences.

This article develops a distinctive critical realist analysis of structure and agency. It first describes Roy Bhaskar's account of critical realism; then discusses critical realism in general; next introduces Anthony Giddens's structuration theory and two particular applications of critical realism to structure and agency – those of Bhaskar and Margaret Archer; and, finally, presents a third such application based on the strategic-relational approach. The latter goes beyond conventional analyses of the duality, dualism, or dialectic of structure and agency by studying the recursive conditioning, mutual coupling, and complex co-evolution of structure and agency and, above all, by stressing the differential, spatio-temporal relationality of structure and agency. Its advantages over other approaches should emerge as we proceed. Critical Realism and Transcendental Naturalism Although 'critical realism' is a relatively recent term and the package of ideas linked with the Bhaskar 'school' is certainly distinctive and has its own logic, 2 many basic concepts and explanatory principles involved in critical realism have a longer history. A non-partisan, non-teleological genealogy has yet to be written. But Marx would figure as a major precursor both philosophically and in substantive theoretical terms; and others have independently 'discovered' several key themes articulated by Bhaskar and his associates. Moreover, while the initial revival of philosophical interest in the possibilities of critical realism in the social sciences in the last 30 years is strongly (and legitimately) associated with Bhaskar, his own work moved into a complex philosophical and methodological analysis of the dialectic as the pulse of 1 Andrew Sayer gave me valuable comments on this article; the usual disclaimers apply.

The objective of the master thesis presented here is to chart a concept of causality adequate for a historical materialism at pace with the times, uncircumventable for grasping complex social phenomena and relationships, their reproduction and transformation following Marx’s materialist notion of social reality. Thereby the main focus does not lie on Marx’s notion of causality, which is not closer explicated by himself as causality. Rather this in general (systematically) relatively little theorized notion within Marxist discourses will be discussed alongside theoretical approaches which seem to be most fruitful for this enquiry: Structural Marxism, Political Marxism and Critical Realism. By means of a brief outline of the Marxian preface of 1859, which is central to many Marxist approaches, it will be attempted to es-tablish the main field under discussion in terms of a history of theory. With respect to an immanently critical and comparative method, the thesis henceforth expounds the aforementioned theories while taking their respective notions of causality as well as, among other things, the interrelated understanding of social structure in relation to agency, the specific effectivities of the involved entities and the notions of lawfulness into account. What is hereby striven for, is to contour though the critical and comparative exposition of the said theories a non-empiricist, non-teleological and non-determinist notion of causality appropriate to the complexity of social reality, without taking a recourse to theoretically restricted positivist or historico-philosophical patterns of explanation and interpretation. In the end the critical impetus of this thesis is to accentuate the importance of causality in a critical theory of society after Marx.

In Europe welfare state provision has been subjected to 'market forces'. Over the last two decades, the framework of economic competitiveness has become the defining aim of education, to be achieved by new managerialist techniques and mechanisms. This book thoughtfully and persuasively argues against this new vision of education. This in-depth major study will be of great interest to researchers in the sociology of education, education policy, social theory, organization and management studies, and also to professionals concerned about the deleterious impact of current education policy on children's learning and welfare.

It has been claimed that the ontological theories of Roy Bhaskar can provide guiding principles for social scientists, which can help steer them through errors and misconceptions. This article argues that neither Bhaskar's 'Critical Realism' nor any overarching philosophical ontology can provide workable guiding principles for social scientific research and that such principles are unnecessary.

The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the relation between housing recovery and user involvement from a capability perspective. The thesis studies housing recovery in areas affected by typhoon Haiyan, which struck the Philippines on 8th November 2013. The focus is on three perspectives: a) approaches to housing reconstruction, b) explanation for unexpected housing outcomes, and c) user involvement. The study uses basic critical realism as metatheory, and case study is the main research strategy. Data collection techniques include observations of social settings, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, a workshop, field notes and document analysis. Fieldwork was carried out in 2014 and 2015 in several cities in Leyte.

Regarding approaches to housing reconstruction, different types of partnerships, components of the reconstruction approach, housing solutions, and types of user involvement, have been discussed. Concerning explanations for unexpected housing outcomes, the study uses a realist laminated ontology to explain how multiple causal mechanisms triggered unexpected outcomes in the housing recovery programme in the province of Leyte. The Resolution Redescription Retrodiction Elimination Identification and Correction (RRREIC) method, a critical realist model of scientific discovery for applied research, was applied to the empirical data and complemented with policy analysis. Six plausible causal mechanisms have been discussed. Regarding user involvement, the study proposes two tools for user involvement from a capability perspective. The Model for user involvement in evolutionary housing recovery has been used to analyze and assess housing reconstruction carried out by two non-governmental organizations a) We Effect, and b) Gawad Kalinga. The study also proposes Freedom to Rebuild, a post-disaster housing evaluation framework, as a tool addressed to disaster survivors for self-assessing their predisaster vulnerabilities, their involvement in housing recovery, and their resilience after occupancy.

The case studies on We Effect and Gawad Kalinga draw attention to how active involvement of prospective users in different stages of housing recovery has contributed to expand their capabilities. Active involvement denotes medium, high or very high levels of user involvement. The findings from the GK-Village in Tanauan show that non-involvement in the first two stages of housing recovery has been compensated to a certain extent because users had high involvement during the post-occupancy stage. However, the enhancement of capacities is limited in comparison with the We Effect project, in which users have attained medium, high and very high levels of involvement. The findings from the We Effect project in Ormoc show that multiplicity of opportunities, purposive choices and a combination of medium, high and very high levels of involvement in the different stages of housing recovery have led to disaster survivors with enhanced capacities at the individual and collective level. These users are confident in their resilience towards future natural hazards in terms of having attained safer housing solutions, experience regarding partnerships with other organizations for accessing funding, and skills for repairing their own houses.

Unfreedoms for resilient resettlement should be transformed through enacting procurement and housing recovery policies that are consistent with counteracting pre-disaster vulnerabilities. Such policies should foster multiple reconstruction approaches, spatio-material conditions that allow for a multiplicity of housing solutions and tenures in-city, and involvement of prospective users in housing recovery. Hence, policies and regulations for resilient housing recovery would create conditions for building both resilient communities and resettlements.

Archaeology and philosophy share a long history of engagement. This engagement was most pronounced in the 1960s and 1970s with the so-called New Archaeology that drew upon philosophy of science to build an epistemological and methodological framework. The ensuing debates concerning how to adequately do this resulted in archaeologists being largely disaffected with philosophy of science. In the 1980s and 1990s, while philosophy of science shifted toward a more practice-based post-positivist philosophy, increasingly merging with the interdisciplinary field of science studies, archaeology began to engage with a wider suite of philosophies, including continental and pragmatist sources. Currently, rather than epistemic issues, archaeology and science studies share a growing interest in ontology and the role of materiality in human life.

This article supports claims that critical realism philosophy of science, as refounded in the hands of Roy Bhaskar, offers valuable knowledge enhancing insight into the advancement of Marx’s research program. However, it maintains that key principles set out by Bhaskar have not been adequately assimilated by those working with critical realism in the field of Marxist studies. When they are properly considered, they point to the necessity of reconstructing Marx’s corpus on a divergent basis from the conventional form it has assumed since the codification of “Marxism” by Karl Kautsky in the late nineteenth century as an overarching theory of history or historical materialism, wherein Marx’s economic studies in Capital are portrayed as but a subtheory. The article summarily breaks down three cardinal scientific principles elaborated by Bhaskar, which carry the most vital implications for Marxism. These are the bringing of ontology “back in” to theory construction, the robust case made for social science as a capital-S science, and the specification of retroduction as strategy for scientific discovery. It then explores the principles with regard to three abiding and interrelated questions of the Marxist research program: first is the very condition of intelligibility of economic theory; second is the question of the raison d’être for the dialectical architecture of Capital; third is the social scientific implications of the cognitive sequence in Marxism. In this endeavor the article introduces work in the Uno-Sekine tradition of Japanese Marxism. It shows how Uno’s reconstruction of Marxism is closely supported by Bhaskar’s fundamental criteria for science in a way that serves to strengthen Marx’s own scientific claims for his work.

Metatheory for the 21st Century is one of the many exciting results of over four years of in-depth engagement between two communities of scholar-practitioners: critical realism and integral theory. Building on its origins at a symposium in Luxembourg in 2010, this book examines the points of connection and divergence between critical realism and integral theory, arguably two of the most comprehensive and sophisticated contemporary metatheories. The Luxembourg symposium and the four more that followed explored the possibilities for their cross-pollination, culminating in five positions on their potential for integration, and began the process of fashioning a whole new evolutionary trajectory for both integral theory and critical realism. The contributors to this book bring together critical realism and integral theory in order to explore the potential of this collaboration for the advancement of both. Highlighting the ways in which these metatheories can transform scholarship and address the most pressing global issues of the 21st century, this book will be of interest to students, scholars and practitioners in the areas of metatheory, philosophy, social theory, critical realism, integral theory and current affairs more generally.

The aim of this paper is to note the convergence between two critical realist philosophies of science, namely, that of Roy Bhaskar and Bernard Lonergan with regard to the intelligibility of experimental activity. Bhaskar very explicitly argues that 'differentiation implies stratification.' The idea is that because the situations produced in laboratories are special instances of closure (like the solar system in the open universe, they do not represent the general case) the significance of experimental activity is that it brings about regularities with a view to understanding scientific laws at a deeper level. That is to say, when experiment is properly understood, the weaknesses of empiricism are exposed. Although he is not so explicit, Lonergan also has recourse to this argument. The parallels between Bhaskar and Lonergan are not too surprising given the Aristotelian lineage of the two thinkers which is manifest in the common concern for a realist ontology. Nevertheless, some differences between the two emerge, for example, in Lonergan's concern with the development of statistical science, and as well, a firm commitment to substance (rather than powers, simply). Some attention to the significance of experimental activity for the debate surrounding realism is explored. It is suggested that Lonergan has something to offer in the subsequent conversation associated with Maxwell, van Fraassen, Hacking and Cartwright.

Although the understanding of social ontology has been the subject of intense debate among constructivists in the discipline of International Relations the prevailing view drawn from these debates tends to equate social ontology with an intersubjective ontology. This stand, which is prominent among the constructivists adopting an interpretive epistemology, obstructs the conceptualization of the objective aspect of social ontology which is independent of intersubjective meanings. This article aims to rethink the social ontology understanding prevalent among the constructivists. This article argues that social ontology cannot be reduced to an intersubjective ontology. The article, based on the insights provided by scientific realism, suggests that the prevalent social ontology understanding in IR is derived from the interpretive epistemological concerns of constructivism and that the conceptualization of the objective aspect of social reality would remain inadequate in case we equate social ontology with intersubjective meanings. Specifically, it is argued that if we try to reduce social structure into the level of practices constituted by intersubjective meanings, we are forced to reduce the significance of social conditions into the significance of norms, rules or discourses. On the other hand, a proper conceptualization of social relations in international relations like hierarchy and dependency, which cannot be reduced to intersubjective meanings, requires considering the objective dimension of social reality.

Various strains of heterodox economics have sought, and largely failed, to dismount orthodoxy from its dominant position. This book critiques the criticizers, explaining why heterodox economics challenges have faltered, and then presents a coherent alternative paradigm of its own. This simultaneously exposes the vacuousness of neoclassical economics, the limitations of heterodox critique and the subverting of
Karl Marx’s revolutionary economic thought by his own disciples.

The book draws in particular on two key intellectual traditions in making its arguments: critical realism and Marxism. From the refounding of critical realist philosophy of science in the hands of Roy Bhaskar, emphasis is placed upon the position that the ontological nature of the object of study determines the form of its possible science. However, in their theoretical constructions, neither orthodox economics nor heterodox economics problematizes the unique ontology of capitalism to the detriment of knowledge about the social world. The book maintains that a century of misthinking over Marx’s corpus has resulted in a missed opportunity to construct a paradigmatic alternative to orthodox economics. Drawing upon the tradition of the Japanese Uno approach to Marxism, and supported by Bhaskar’s development of critical realism as underlaborer for science, the book defends Marx’s writing in his monumental Capital as founding an economic science adequate to its ontological object of study. It then elaborates upon how Marxian economic theory exposes the hidden scourges of capitalism
and what is required to unleash the potential of this theory for comprehensive analysis of capitalist vicissitudes, the study of economic life in precapitalist societies and the design of a desperately needed postcapitalist social order.

Broadening its appeal as it sets out to reclaim Marx’s revolutionary legacy, this original volume critically traverses writings in mainstream and heterodox economics, cutting edge philosophy of science and Marxian political economy and introduces readers to a reconstruction of Marx’s Capital engineered in Japan. This provocative book is essential reading for everyone interested in heterodox economics, critical realism, Marxian economics and critiques of capitalism.

How do securitisation moves affect a nation’s foreign policy agenda? This article (re-)directs critical security studies’ attention to the discipline’s core concern with interstate relations. Drawing on the notions of subjectification and subject-positioning, it reformulates securitisation theory and argues securitisation to endanger, order and condition international relations. By defining who (or what) threatens whom and how, so the article’s central claim, securitisation moves not only set out problem situations and thus a need for policy responses. They also populate the international with a variety of actors and relations. Securitisation moves seen this way articulate and project abroad local conceptions of antagonistic international order(s), and make, if accepted as truthful, foreign policy-making contingent on the imageries thus created. The article develops this relational/positional rendering of the securitisation process and illustrates it with two empirical case studies, French national security controversies of the post-war era and West German security discussions during the Ostpolitik years. The case studies show how contending articulations of national insecurity helped produce different antagonistic systematisations of the international, and how this latter feature helps explain the foreign policy behaviour of either country.

Critical realism is gradually gaining ground in the social sciences. In this interview the founder of the critical realist philosophy of science, Roy Bhaskar, gives an account of
the overall developments in his thought. Having briefly accounted for his background and reasons for becoming a philosopher and having explained how he took reflections
on certain natural scientific practices as his starting point in the development of his philosophy, Bhaskar moves on to outline the main differences between the natural and the social sciences and to discuss his attempt to transcend the dualisms of the social sciences. The critical realist approach to the agency-structure dualism is contrasted with Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, and Bhaskar explains what he sees as the main difference between critical realism and poststructuralist discourse theory. Towards the end of the interview, Bhaskar deals with the latest developments
in his thought, and he reflects on the state of crisis in today’s world.

This article discusses the theories of social emergence developed by Roy Bhaskar and Mario Bunge. Bhaskar's concept of emergent causal power is shown to be ambiguous, and some of the difficulties of his depth-relational concept of social emergence are examined. It is argued that Bunge's systemic concept of emergent property is not only different, but also clearer and more consistent than Bhaskar's concept of emergent causal power. Despite its clarity and consistency, Bunge's definition of the concept of emergent property is shown to be too broad and analytically imprecise for the purposes of an emergentist social ontology. It is argued that Bunge's systemic account of social emergence can be developed further by using William Wimsatt's gradual approach to emergent phenomena and his four conditions of aggregativity of a systemic property. It is shown that these conditions provide useful conceptual tools for clarifying and investigating different kinds of mechanisms of social emergence and developing stronger varieties of the concept of emergent social property than that indicated in Bunge's definition of this concept.

This article examines the reception of Roy Bhaskar amongst some contemporary Deleuzians. It proceeds by rejecting the all too often predilection of opposing realism to ‘postmodernism’ or ‘post-structuralism’ arguing instead for the need to bring one into dialogue with the other. To this end, the paper explores the resonances and points of departure between the work of Gilles Deleuze and Roy Bhaskar. In particular, it examines the language of causation, object-oriented versus process-oriented ontologies, as well as the charge by Deleuzians that Bhaskar is an essentialist. Through this engagement it attempts to develop and rethink explanation and causation in terms of a more chaotic ontology of machines, centered around the concept of structure, process, and production in an open, heterogeneous, and dynamic world. The end result is a more chaotic concept of realism.

As Bhaskar (1989:1) argues, we need to take philosophy seriously because it underwrites both what constitutes science and knowledge and which political practices are deemed legitimate. At present, the field of educational research internationally is witnessing a pragmatist trend, whereby practical education research is carried out without reference to ontological and epistemological concerns. For David Reynolds, a leading UK school effectiveness academic, '[p]recisely because we did not waste time on philosophical discussion or on values debates, we made rapid progress' (1998:20). Equally, for Teddlie, '[t]he orientation of many in the US is to do rather than to reflect […] In reality many practitioners are currently interested in what could work at their school […rather…] than in ruminations about social inequalities associated with different socioeconomic classes' (Teddlie and Reynolds 2000:27). The purpose of this chapter is not only to reclaim critical realist social philosophy for educational research, but also to reclaim reality from the positivist and statistical methodology that underpins School Effectiveness Research (SER) and to make clear the difference that realism makes by virtue of its critical explanatory power in unmasking the ideological nature of SER and its adoption by New Labour.

Big Picture Perspectives on Planetary Flourishing:
METATHEORY FOR THE ANTHROPOCENE Vol 1

This book, split across two volumes, is a follow-up and companion to Metatheory for the Twenty-First Century (Routledge, 2016). All three of these volumes are the dialogical outcomes of a multi-year symposia series wherein critical realists and integral theorists deeply engaged each other and their distinct but complementary approaches to integrative metatheory. Whereas the latter is primarily theoretical in its focus, Metatheory for the Anthropocene aims to more concretely and practically address the complex planetary crises of a new era that many scholars now refer to as ‘the Anthropocene.’ In this first of the two new volumes, participants of the symposia series articulate a variety of ‘big picture perspectives’ and transformative interventions in the domains of society and economics, social psychology, and education. Together, these chapters demonstrate how integrative metatheory and its application can make powerful contributions to planetary flourishing in the Anthropocene. With one of the defining characteristics of the Anthropocene being the sheer complexity and multivalent nature of our interconnected global challenges, these volumes crucially present new forms of scholarship that can adequately weave together insights from multiple disciplines into new forms of metapraxis. As such, this book will be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners in the areas of philosophy, social theory, critical realism, integral studies, metamodernism, and current affairs generally.

Preface
David Graeber & Steph Grohmann

Foreword
Michael Zimmerman

Acknowledgments/Dedication

Introduction: From Metatheory to Metapraxis for Planetary Flourishing
Nicholas Hedlund & Sean Esbjörn-Hargens

PART 1: Society & Economics

1) The Quintuple Crisis: How the Metatheory of Dialectical Critical Realism and Integral Theory can Contribute to Understanding our World, Society, and Self
Hans G. Despain

2) Healthy versus Pathological Political-Economic Discourse and Policy: An Integral Political-Economic Treatment
Kevin J. Bowman

3) Sustaining Spirit across Complexities of International Development
Neil Hockey

PART 2: Social Psychology

4) Laske’s Dialectical Thought Form Framework
(DTF) as a Tool for Creating Integral Collaborations: Applying Bhaskar’s Four Moments of Dialectic to Reshaping Cognitive Development as a Social Practice
Otto Laske

5) On Realizing the Possibilities of Emancipatory Meta-theory: Beyond the Cognitive Maturity Fallacy, Toward an Education Revolution
Zachary Stein

PART 3: Education

6) Metatheory: Persistent Challenges and New Possibilities in Mathematics Education
Iskra Nunez

7) Integrative Higher Education Theory: Cohering and Enhancing the Approaches Founded by Morin, Bhaskar, and Wilber
Gary P. Hampson & Matthew Rich-Tolmsa

8) Getting Theory into Public Culture: Collaborations and Interventions Where Meta-Theorists Meet
Zachary Stein and Hans Despain

Afterword: The Spirit of Evolution and Envelopment
Frédéric Vandenberghe

I will critique Roy Bhaskar’s concept of the “epistemic fallacy” from the standpoint of Bernard Lonergan’s critical realism. In the first part I will walk through the first chapter of the first stage of Bhaskar’s philosophical project looking at how, by reflecting on the efficient causality of scientists, we are led to realism. Along the way I will tease out the inchoate presence of something akin to final causality in this account. In the second part I will indicate three reasons why Bhaskar’s focus tends to lack generality: knowing specifically regards the other; the causality specified is efficient; the epistemology critiqued is truncated. This will provide a springboard for a glance at Lonergan’s epistemology which, it is suggested, is free from Humean truncation. I will present what we might call the “epistemological theorem” in which being is presented in terms of knowing, a thesis that might be somewhat shocking to Bhaskarian ears. In view of the summary treatment in this note I will end by offering to locate further elaboration and support of these ideas in papers that may be easily accessed.

In this paper I wish to offer some critical reflections on Roy Bhaskar’s notion of experiment. My hope is to give a friendly critique, for I am substantially in agreement with what I take to be the central argument of the Realist Theory of Science. As I read him, Bhaskar attempts a systematic refutation of the Humean account of causal laws as involving a constant conjunction of empirically invariant events. By reflecting on scientific intervention, Bhaskar shows that such activity only makes sense on condition that the Humean account is false. It’s a cogent argument, and it goes to the heart of the matter: the empiricists fail to appreciate the operation that is central to their own case.
To repeat, it’s my belief that this was a neat and brilliant move on Bhaskar’s part. However, I think that in his eagerness to counter Hume, Bhaskar’s focus is inclined to tunnel vision. So eager is he to refute a fallacious account of causality that he fails to envisage alternative perspectives on the nature of experiment. Although this does not totally undermine his critique, I think it narrows his perspective to alternatives that in other respects are more fruitful. I will attempt to show this by offering some highly idealised accounts of experiments that, perhaps, point to avenues marginalised by Bhaskar. My motivation is to open up the fertility of the alternative style of critical realism associated with Bernard Lonergan.

In this paper I argue that Theodor W. Adorno’s philosophy of
freedom needs an ontological picture of the world. Adorno does not
make his view of natural order explicit, but I suggest it could be neither
the chaotic nor the strictly determined ontological images common to
idealism and positivism, and that it would have to make intelligible the
possibility both of human freedom and of critical social science.
I consider two possible candidates, Nancy Cartwright’s ‘patchwork of laws’, and Roy Bhaskar’s critical realism. Arguing that Cartwright’s position conflicts with the spirit of Adorno’s philosophy, I suggest that Bhaskar’s realism is compatible with and to a significant extent implicit in Adorno’s position. Whilst Adorno is clearly not a critical realist, Bhaskar’s position does provide the best worked out overall account of the ontological commitments of Adorno’s critical theory.

Uluslararası Politikanın Yapısal Teorisi adlı bu çalışma, Mayıs 2016’da Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi’nde Uluslararası Politikanın Yapısal Teorisi: Kenneth Waltz ve Alexander Wendt’in Uluslararası Yapı Kavramsallaştırmalarının Eleştirisinden Yeni Bir Senteze Doğru başlığı ile doktora tezi olarak sunulmuştur.
Uluslararası politikayı sosyal olarak inşa edilmiş bir alan olarak görmenin sıradanlaştığı günümüz akademik çalışmalarında, yapısal soruları ve açıklamaları artık kültürel veya dilsel betimlemelere indirgeme eğilimi öne çıkmıştır. Bu genel eğilim karşısında sosyal ontoloji ve uluslararası yapının nedenselliği arasındaki ilişkisine odaklanan elinizdeki bu çalışma, Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisinde yapısal yaklaşımlarda önde gelen iki yaklaşımı (Neorealizm ve İnşacılık) karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle ele almış ve yeni bir senteze yönelmiştir.

Este trabajo aborda las posiciones epistemológicas de Luhmann y Bhaskar, en cuyo marco comparamos sus concepciones de unidad de análisis y conocimiento científico. Nuestra hipótesis es que ambos plantearon la distinción entre realismo y constructivismo en términos paradójicos, superando así el dualismo.

The thesis offers a theoretical account of how and why, in contemporary western societies characterized by formal-legal equality and women’s relative economic independence, women continue to be subordinated to men through sexuality and love. By means of an innovative application of Roy Bhaskar’s critical realism, dialectical critical realism and philosophy of metaReality, it investigates and elaborates Anna G. Jónasdóttir’s claim that men tend to exploit women of their ‘love power’. Also, the thesis advances a critique of the state of affairs of contemporary feminist theory, demonstrating that the meta-theoretical framework of critical realism offers tools that can counter the poststructuralist hegemony in feminist theory.

Part I engages in a comprehensive evaluation of Catharine MacKinnon’s, Judith Butler’s and Jónasdóttir’s theorizations of sexuality and gendered power. Insofar as the works of these theorists represent different philosophical paradigms, this critique opens up a discussion of more general meta-theoretical issues, which are elaborated in Part II, where poststructuralist feminist positions are challenged. Following Jónasdóttir’s broadening of the concept of sexuality so as to essentially include practices of love, in Part III the focus of the thesis is shifted from sexuality to love. Here a dialectical deepening and partial recasting of Jónasdóttir’s work is offered, by means of an application of dialectical critical realism and the philosophy of metaReality.

The thesis outlines a feminist dialectical-realist depth ontology of love, sexuality and power, which constitutes an alternative to dominant discursive approaches to sexuality and attributes to love its proper place in our existence as sexual human creatures. Although the thesis makes a case for the tenacity of female subordination in and through sexuality and love, it ends on a more optimistic note, by offering a model of how women can break the shackles of love.

Keywords: Roy Bhaskar, critical realism, dialectical critical realism, feminist theory, gender, Anna G. Jónasdóttir, love power, new materialism, ontology, philosophy of metaReality, sexuality."