SFC

Whereas the retention rules of achiral compounds are well defined in high-performance liquid chromatography, on the basis of the nature of the stationary phase, some difficulties appear in super/subcritical fluid chromatography on packed columns. This is mainly due to the supposed effect of volatility on retention behaviours in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and to the nature of carbon dioxide, which

A blend of palm stearin and soybean oil (70/30, wt%) was modified by chemical interesterification (CIE) and enzymatic interesterification (EIE), the latter batch-wise (B-EIE) and in continuous (C-EIE). Better oil quality, mainly in terms of acidity, free tocopherol and partial acylglycerol content, was obtained after EIE. The clear melting point after any interesterification process was similar and about 9 °C lower as result of the modification in the TAG profile, which approaches the calculated random distribution. Interesterification changed the SFC profile significantly. For the fully refined interesterified blends, the SFC profile was similar and clearly different from the starting blend. Interesterification decreased the content of solids at temperatures >15 °C and increased the content of solids at temperatures <15 °C. This increase was less remarkable after C-EIE, suggesting that full randomization was not achieved in the used conditions, probably caused by a too short residence time of the oil in the enzymatic bed. During B-EIE, variations in SFC with time, principally at low temperatures, were still observed although the TAG composition was stable. At low temperatures, the reaction rate calculated from SFC was very low, confirming an important effect of the acyl migration on this parameter.

We analysed whether hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific antibody producing B lymphocytes can be induced in vitro with HCV-derived lipopeptides containing different T helper cell epitopes. HCV-specific antibody producing B cells were detected by ELISPOT at the single cell level. HCV-derived lipopeptides, but not their corresponding unlipidated peptides, induced B lymphocytes, which produced antibodies mainly reacting with the HCV-derived lipopeptides. The number of antigen-specific B cells was dependent on the number of added autologous T helper lymphocytes during the incubation period. Thus, HCV lipopeptides are more immunogenic than unmodified peptides and can induce HCV-reactive B lymphocytes in antigen-naïve lymphocytes.

Low-density carbon dioxide Column efficiency Vacuum technology Decoupling between inlet eluent temperature and oven temperature Insulating material a b s t r a c t The performance of a 3.0 mm × 150 mm column packed with 1.8 m fully porous HSS-SB-C 18 particles was investigated in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with low-density, highly expansible carbon dioxide. These conditions are selected for the analysis of semi-volatile compounds. Elevated temperatures (>100 • C) were then combined with low column back pressures (<100 bar). In this work, the inlet temperature of pure carbon dioxide was set at 107 • C, the active back pressure regulator (ABPR) pressure was fixed at 100 bar, and the flow rate was set at 2.1 mL/min at 12 • C (liquefied carbon dioxide) and at an inlet column pressure close to 300 bar. Nine n-alkylbenzenes (from benzene to octadecylbenzene) were injected under linear (no sample overload) conditions. The severe steepness of the temperature gradients across the column diameter were predicted from a simplified heat transfer model. Such conditions dramatically lower the column performance by affecting the symmetry of the peak shape. In order to cope with this problem, three different approaches were experimentally tested. They include (1) the decou-pling and the proper selection of the inlet eluent temperature with respect to the oven temperature, (2) the partial thermal insulation of the column using polyethylene aerogel, and (3) the application of a high vacuum (10 −5 Torr provided by a turbo-molecular pump) in a housing chamber surrounding the whole column body. The results reveal that (1) the column efficiency can be maximized by properly selecting the difference between the eluent and the oven temperatures, (2) the mere wrapping of the column with an excellent insulating material is insufficient to fully eliminate heat exchanges by conduction and the undesirable radial density gradients across the column i.d., and (3) the complete thermal insulation of the SFC column under high vacuum allows to maximize the column efficiency by maintaining the integrity of the peak shape.

Vaccines capable of inducing mucosal immunity in early postnatal life until adulthood, protecting early sexual initiation, should be considered as strategies to vaccination against HIV. The HIV-1 GAG protein as a chimera with the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP/gag), encoded by a DNA vaccine, is targeted to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment that contains class II MHC molecules and has been shown to be immunogenic in adult mice. Assuming that one such strategy could help to overcome the immunological immaturity in the early postnatal period, we have evaluated the systemic and mucosal immunogenicity of LAMP/gag immunization in neonatal mice. Intranasal immunization with LAMP/gag vaccine induced higher levels of sIgA and IgG anti-GAG antibodies in intestinal washes than did the gag vaccine. The combination of ID injections and the IN protocol with the chimeric vaccine promoted the increase of Ab levels in sera. Both vaccines induced splenic IFN-γ− secreting cells against GAG peptide pools, as well as in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function, and increased the percentage of CD8+ T cells to the immunodominant class I peptide in gut and spleen. However, only the chimeric vaccine was able to enhance Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion in response to class II GAG peptide and to enhance IL-4-secreting cells against GAG peptides and p24 protein stimuli. Long-lasting humoral and cellular responses were detected until adult age, following neonatal immunization with the chimeric vaccine. The LAMP/gag vaccination was able to induce potent GAG-specific T and B cell immune responses in early life which are essential to elicit sustained and long-lasting mucosal and systemic humoral response.

Graph structure is a very powerful tool to model system and represent their actual shape. For instance, modelling an infrastructure or social network naturally leads to graph. Yet, graphs can be very different from one another as they do not share the same properties (size, connectivity, communities, etc.) and building a system able to manage graphs should take into account this diversity. A big challenge concerning graph management is to design a system providing a scalable persistent storage and allowing efficient browsing. Mainly to study social graphs, the most recent developments in graph partitioning research often consider scale-free graphs. As we are interested in modelling connected objects and their context, we focus on partitioning geometric graphs. Consequently our strategy differs, we consider geometry as our main partitioning tool. In fact, we rely on Inverse Space-filling Partitioning, a technique which relies on a space filling curve to partition a graph and was previously applied to graphs essentially generated from Meshes. Furthermore, we extend Inverse Space-Filling Partitioning toward a new target we define as Wide Area Graphs. We provide an extended comparison with two state-of-the-art graph partitioning streaming strategies, namely LDG and FENNEL. We also propose customized metrics to better understand and identify the use cases for which the ISP partitioning solution is best suited. Experimentations show that in favourable contexts, edge-cuts can be drastically reduced, going from more 34% using FENNEL to less than 1% using ISP.

This book presents an in-depth analysis of key recommendations of the consecutive state finance commissions (SFCs) across states of India in the local and national perspective. It reviews the working of SFCs and their critical role in strengthening local governments, both Panchayats and municipalities in the various states. The volume attempts to identify some of the emerging issues related to the efficacy of SFC in fiscal decentralization. It appraises nearly eighty SFC reports and actions taken thereon by the respective State Governments with contextual analysis. Please see the link https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811622021#

SFC (Switched Filter Compensation) merupakan bagian dari FACTS devices yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas daya listrik pada sistem transmisi yang dipasang pada sisi pengirim daya. SFC terdiri dari sebuah kompensasi seri dan dua kompensasi shunt. Pada tugas akhir ini dilakukan desain SFC yang dikontrol dengan menggunakan tri loop error driven yang tergabung dengan weighted modified PID. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa pemasangan SFC berbasis dua kompensasi seri dan dua ...

Díaz, José Gregorio;Peraza, César;Arteaga, Francisco;Jiménez, Carlos Implantación del lenguaje GRAFCET en controladores lógicos programables de gama baja utilizando el lenguaje escalera Ingeniería UC, Vol. 14, Núm. 2, agosto-sin mes, 2007, pp. 50-57 Universidad de ...

The  most  recent  developments  in  graph  partitioning  research often considerscale-free  graphs. Instead  we  focus  on  partitioning  geometric  graphsusing  a  lessusual  strategy:  Inverse  Space-filling  Partitioning  (ISP).  ISP  relies  onaspace  filling  curve  to  partition  a  graph  and  was previously applied to graphsessentially generated from Meshes. We extend ISP to apply it to a new context where the targets are nowWide Area Graphs.Weprovideanextended comparisonwith  twostate-of-the-art  graph  partitioning  streaming  strategies,  namelyLDG  and  FENNEL. We  also proposecustomized  metrics  to better  understand  and  identify theuse  cases for  which theISPpartitioning  solutionis  best suited. Experimentations  show  that  in  favourable contexts, edge-cuts  can  be  drastically  reduced,  going  frommore34%  using  FENNEL  to less  than  1% using ISP.

Significant quantities of food are being wasted by people in day to day life which cause real environmental problems. These food wastes can be used as a potential feedstock for ethanol production and this could also be an alternate for disposal of the polluting residues, which is the primary aim of the project. Secondly, diesel fuel and ethanol were blended for this investigation and injection was done through continuous manifold injection. It reduces exhaust emissions and shows better lube oil quality as compared together tested fuels. This is mainly due to the effect of fuel additive in the blended fuel. The specific objective of this investigation is to develop the performance of fuel by using as in-house-formulated fuel additive. Rice ranks first among the most significant food followed by corn, banana and Mango and milk. It is a stable food among south India. The rice is more prone to wastage at place like marriage halls, hostels, restaurants. To determine the performance, combustion and emission analysis are performed on the single cylinder diesel engine, diesel, ethanol 10, ethanol 20 and ethanol 30.