Slum Tourism

"
Deadline for abstract submissions now extended to: 1st of March 2014

Call for Papers
14-16 May 2014, University of Potsdam, Germany

In December 2010 slum tourism researchers gathered in Bristol, UK, for the first international “Destination Slum” conference addressing specifically the aesthetic, economic, historical, political and social dimensions of slum tourism. Slum tourism, defined broadly as touristic visits to urban areas of relative poverty, remains a controversial pastime. Despite the controversies this leisure practice is on the rise globally, in developing as well as developed countries. New destinations are added to an already comprehensive list of locations while some older destinations shows signs of maturity and saturation with high levels of diversification, policy interventions, including the integration of slum tourism into urban regeneration and urban tourism strategies. Slum Tourism seems to have entered a new phase.

Just like the development of the phenomenon of slum tourism, academic research has picked up in speed as well, accounting for the phenomenon in a range of case studies from diverse disciplines. The foci of research have also shifted beyond the pertinent questions of ethics, impact and motivation, to address the multiple connections of slum tourism to other forms of tourism, like volunteering, sustainable tourism, community based and pro-poor-tourism or dark tourism and others. Moreover researchers have turned to discuss the possible contributions research on slum tourism can make to questions arising in the study of global phenomena and questions like mobilities, social movements and protest, urban regeneration, security, mega events or poverty alleviation.DSCN0772

Slum tourism research has reached a new phase  and the second conference of the network will enable an engaged exchange of the insights gained over the last few years. We aim to better understand the recent rapid expansion and diversification of slum tourism as well as to develop new perspectives on the phenomenon.

We’d like to invite empirical and theoretical papers that discuss slum tourism and related phenomena in various destinations, comparative research focusing on different case studies as well as conceptual cognate questions such as, but not limited to

    theoretical reflections on slum tourism
    tourism and poverty alleviation
    informal economies – informal tourism
    authenticity and valorisation regimes in slum tourism
    slum tourism in urban policy
    urban regeneration, gentrification and tourism
    slum tourism and mega-events
    (changing) moral and ethical views on slum tourism
    security, slum and tourism
    entrepreneurship in slum tourism
    social functions/roles of slum tourism
    justice tourism and solidarity travel
    volunteer tourism and poverty
    economies of charity and slum tourism
    the migration/tourism nexus and the slum
    identity, culture and slum tourism
    literary slumming in writing, film and games
    histories of slum tourism and slumming

Please submit your abstract of up to 300 words with affiliation and contact details using the submit abstract page. All abstracts will be peer-reviewed by members of the conference committee and we will notify within four weeks of your submission. Accepted papers are to be considered for publication in a special issue of an academic journal (negotiations are underway).

Deadline for abstract submissions: 1st of February 2014

We are also happy to accept panel proposal via conference@slumtourism.net"

Favorite Worldwide, tourism is the third largest economic activity in direct earnings after petroleum and automobile industries, and by far the largest one if indirect earnings are also taken into consideration. Taking into account the profound economic impact the tourism and hospitality industries can have on regions and cities around the world, further research in this area is critical. Global Dynamics in Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality takes a holistic approach to tourism and hospitality operations, education, and research. Highlighting the latest research in the field, real-world examples of how these industries are shaping economic development as well as future outlooks and opportunities for growth, this publication is an essential reference source for researchers, professionals, and graduate-level students. This chapter looks into the concept of culture and its impacts on travellers' online information search behaviour. The study is focused on two culturally diametric countries: United Kingdom and China (Hofstede, 2001) and they... The visit of the favela or slum into a tourist destination is seen as a part of the so-called reality tours phenomenon and of the global circulation of the favela as a trademark. Tourist behaviour involves a search for leisure...

Community Based Tourism ist eine Alternative zum Massentourismus. Bei dieser Tourismusform wird der Fokus auf die Beteiligung der lokalen Bevölkerung gelegt. Die Einheimischen sollen Arbeitsplätze besetzen, das Tourismuskonzept aktiv mitgestalten und die Tourismusentwicklung mitbestimmen. Bei der Vielzahl an existierenden CBT-Projekten erschließt sich, dass es sowohl erfolgreiche als auch nicht erfolgreiche Projekte gibt. In dieser Arbeit soll daher definiert werden, wie erfolgreicher Community Based Tourism aussieht. Ziel ist es Erfolgsfaktoren zu bestimmen anhand derer man CBT-Projekte bewerten kann.

Der Tourismus in Südafrika stellt ein Paradoxon dar. Einerseits profitiert die
Branche von der wahrgenommenen Unsicherheit in anderen Weltregionen,
andererseits wird Südafrikas Gewalt- und Kriminalitätsimage als das größte
Hemmnis für die Tourismusentwicklung angesehen. Die südafrikanischen Townships
gelten als Hotspots des Verbrechens und als touristische No-Go-Areas.
Gleichzeitig nehmen aber immer mehr Touristen an Townshiptouren teil.

Slum tourism has become extremely popular in the 21 st century. It is mostly prominent in developing countries across the globe, however in Mumbai it is still a relatively new industry. With its escalating use, slum tourism has generated a heated and critical debate especially concerning ethics. However, scholarly research on slum tourism remains limited and fragmented, especially in Mumbai. With this, very often the community which is directly impacted by slum tourism rarely get to voice their opinions in the debate. Therefore, in collaboration with and specifically looking at Reality Tours and Travel and its affiliated NGO Reality Gives, this report will provide a valuable contribution and analysis into the perceptions of the Dharavi community using a qualitative empirical approach.

Slum tourism, which has always been a matter of debate although it has become one of the most rapidly-growing types of tourism after 2000s, has been analyzed in this study. While slum tourism is supported due to its potential to lead the middle and upper class to help poor population in the suburbs through touristic purchasing activities, it is also criticized by others since it is an exploitative, voyeuristic, and imperialist approach to human life. This study has been conducted to reveal the thoughts of people on " slum experience " , who experienced slum tourism activities in Delhi, India, a popular activity especially among Western tourists, and the role of tour guides in formation of those opinions. In line with the purpose of the study, the tourist comments on slum tourism on Trip Advisor have been reviewed and descriptive analysis has been carried out on these comments. Thus, the thoughts of people, who had " a real slum experience " in Delhi, where poverty became a personal/private show, and the role of tour guides in formation of those opinions have been revealed. In consequence of the analysis, it is observed that especially the regional tour guides had a significant role on formation of thoughts and although many tourists have concerns about visiting this region, tour guides are important in making them believe that 'they are doing something good' by visiting this region and participating in slum tourism.

Much attention has been paid to township tourism in South Africa, a practice of tourism that emerged in Apartheid South Africa with different organised tours catering for governmental officials, faith-based groups and anti-apartheid activists. In democratic South Africa, township tourism has developed into a mainstream tourism activity, and operators now offer township tours, township stays and other tourist activities in townships across rural and urban South Africa. Township tourism has also been one central empirical pillar of the relatively new research area of slum tourism, addressing tourism in slums and areas of relative urban poverty across the globe. Based on recent preliminary empirical research in Johannesburg, this paper shows that slum tourism can now also be observed in areas other than townships in South Africa, including perceived ‘no-go areas’ in inner-city Johannesburg. The expansion of slum tourism beyond townships in Johannesburg points to an increasingly complex picture of urban poverty in South Africa. It also allows reflections on the role of slum tourism in poverty alleviation and urban regeneration, responding to and addressing ‘territorial stigma’ and other related symbolic aspects of poverty. Analysing the motivations and perspectives of tour operators of some of these new tours, the paper finds that the new slum tourism in South Africa is pursued in order to serve as an urban development and regeneration tool from below. It responds to an absence of action or perceived failure to respond to poverty by urban policy, and its potential lies in particular in addressing invisibility, overcoming territorial stigma and empowerment of the urban poor.

""Although slum tourism has been around for more than 20 years, it is still considered a new trend. In Dharavi, Mumbai, this trend is younger and less developed compared to slum tourism in Brazil or South Africa. Critics regularly question its social responsibility. As it is a new trend, these debates are fought with information from a small collection of sources or from sources based on less homogeneous situations. Ironically, the smallest collection of sources is that which voices the thoughts of the host community within the slum. This means that one of the most important stakeholders has had very little opportunity to join in on this debate.
This thesis aims to give more insight into the perceptions that community members have on the issues that critics propose. The results from this case study, gathered from 74 interviews conducted in the most visited areas, show that the issues which are presented in debates are not perceived similarly by the Dharavi community. The difference in perception reveals that norms and values cannot be generalized according to those of critics outside the host community. The community perceives slum tourists more as respectable guests and they generally do not think extensively about the effects of their presence. However, a responsible, social and humanitarian approach is proven to be greatly appreciated by the community.
Hence, with the results of this research, readers can be helped in taking a more accurate stance in the slum tourism debate and perhaps influence the development of this trend.
""

Slum tourism is a growing phenomenon in several cities in the global South. The objective in this conceptual paper is to analyse the development and critical challenges around slum tourism in the urban global South and to argue a case for 're-creating' slum tourism by building upon the potential for creative tourism. The focus is upon the 'townships' of South Africa. It is argued that South Africa provides an instructive case study in the international phenomenon of slum tourism and of its potential to be reimagined and developed in a responsible manner, including through an important role for creative tourism. Recommendations are offered for a research agenda on creative slum tourism.

The present work aimed to structurally address the motivations of slum tourists. To that end, a theoretical model of slum-tourism motivations has been proposed based on insights from an exploratory qualitative study carried out through semi-structured interviews with tourists in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas,  as well as from previous studies.  The model was further tested through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on data collected through a quantitative questionnaire applied to the same research universe. Results show that slum tourism motivations are formed by two dimensions: Learning Motivations and Experiential Motivations. In this sense, the study broadens the knowledge about slum tourism motivations, being the first to structurally address them.  Future studies should apply this methodology on other slum-tourism contexts in order to check whether there are structural differences in the model.

Township tourism is a controversial, yet increasingly popular, form of international tourism. To date, research on this topic has focused on its ethical dimensions, the representation of the townships, or tourists’ experiences. Few studies concentrate on the supply side of township tourism and the small businesses that are involved. Addressing this lacuna, this research aims to enhance understanding of small businesses involved in township tourism. Its main original contribution to knowledge is the conceptualisation and identification of contextualised business orientations among owners of small township tourism businesses, as well as providing an explanation of the ways in which these orientations influence business practices.

Empirical enquiry took place in Langa and Imizamo Yethu townships near Cape Town. During an initial field visit, 80 small township tourism business owners were interviewed regarding their business goals; their perspectives on how a small business should be run; their actual business practices; and their relationships with other businesses and local residents. During a second field visit the following year, short follow-up interviews were held with 74 participants to clarify uncertainties and discuss new developments. These interviews were supplemented by participant observation. Additionally, policymakers and owners of enterprises outside of the townships in the Cape Town area were interviewed in order to further contextualise the findings.

The research reveals the townships to be a highly uncertain and restraining business context, in which owners must predominantly focus upon financial goals. In this environment seven business orientations are uncovered, all of which prioritise the economic aspects of business: constrained business growth; ideological business growth; growth of business premises; survivalist (lacking other options); portfolio; additional income; and lifestyle subsistence. The identification of these contextualised business orientations help understand the behaviour of small township tourism businesses, particularly with regards to their lack of market access and limited cooperative relationships. Business orientations also provide insights into why current policy support is not as effective as it might be.

The present study proposes a theoretical model of the process of generation of slum tourism motivation through films. To this end, a systematic review on the phenomena of film tourism and slum tourism was undertaken. Considering the contributions of both areas together, it is inferred that controversial films depicting slums increase slum tourism motivation factors, which ultimately increase viewers' likeliness to participate in a slum tour. The study contributes to the comprehension of the relationship between the two phenomena and provides initial insights to destinations dealing with slum tourism. However, in order to offer more concrete guidelines, the model should be refined through an exploratory qualitative research, as well as tested through a quantitative one. Both procedures should be based on data collected in real slum tourism contexts and are suggested for future research on the topic.

Slum tourism as a topic of investigation has seen significant growth since the beginning of this decade with increasing theoretical and empirical depth. With this growth, some inconsistencies in conceptual framing and use of terminology have emerged. The purpose of this paper is to argue for township tourism in Soweto to be regarded as a form of heritage tourism rather than slum tourism – a notion which has entered the township tourism literature in recent years. This argument is presented through two sections of analysis and debate, using Vilakazi precinct in Soweto as a case study. Firstly, the paper analyses the emergence of township tourism as an academic focus in the literature and how it came to be classified as slum tourism, considering definitional conundrums. Various South African authors emphasise the struggle heritage character of township tourism. Secondly, the historical development of townships and tourism in these areas are interrogated. The empirical data offer the perspectives on tourism in their area from: a) residents living in and around Vilakazi street; and b) tourists visiting the Vilakazi precinct. The analysis reveals that neither residents nor visitors consider the Vilakazi precinct or the larger area of Orlando West as a slum; rather they perceive tourism is the area to be connected to its struggle heritage. We accordingly stress that the term ‘slum tourism’ to describe township tourism in Soweto is inaccurate and is inconsistent with the views not only of residents and visitors, but also South African authors.

A B S T R A C T
This paper tries to understand slum housing and various adaptations and innovations done by slum dwellers  and to get an understanding of the finances, materials they use, their construction techniques, lifestyle, layout plan, issues they face, etc.
Using materials found locally within the stipulated budget, making modifications to the existing slum home

The biblical maxim ‘charity begins at home’ was given very different meanings by magic lantern slide performances touring the Australasian colonies during the early 1890s. The London-based Barnardo’s orphanages competed with the Australian missionary John Brown Gribble, in aiming to divert public sympathy towards their very different social causes: Barnardo worked to relieve the metropolitan white waif, while Gribble sought funds to ameliorate the impact of invasion upon Indigenous Australians on the remote Queensland frontier. Central to both Barnardo’s and Gribble’s magic lantern slide campaigns was a visual and emotional ‘before and after’ narrative of uplift and transformation. These performances defined ideas and social categories that circulated across the empire, seeking to arouse concern for different, and competing, objects of compassion. This mirroring point towards a process of defining cultural categories of class, race and gender across empire, shaping both British and colonial identities. Where Barnardo’s campaign was tremendously successful in raising funds and attracting support across Australia and New Zealand, the missionary Gribble was challenged by white colonists who denigrated Aboriginal people and ridiculed humanitarianism. These responses reveal how compassion was deployed in the colonies to affirm racial solidarity with the distant white child, and to exclude Indigenous people. This dynamic shows the diverse and politicised effects of these emotive performances, and how emotional narratives worked to construct imperial hierarchies.

Mumbai's Dharavi slum occupies a plot half the size of Central Park. It is home to one million people, with almost half of residents living in spaces under 10 m 2 , making it over six times as dense as daytime Manhattan. Using ethnographic fieldwork and online analysis, this article examines slum tourism and the perceptions and experiences of western visitors. Local tour operators emphasize the productivity of the slum, with its annual turnover of $665 million generated from its hutment industries. Its poor sanitation, lack of clean water, squalid conditions and overcrowding are ignored and replaced by a vision of resourcefulness, hard work and diligence. This presentation of the slum as a hive of industry is so successful that visitors overlook, or even deny, its obvious poverty. Dharavi is instead perceived as a manufacturing hub and retail experience; and in some cases even romanticized as a model of contentment and neighbourliness, with western visitors transformed by 'life-chan-ging', 'eye-opening' and 'mind-blowing' experiences. This article concludes that the potential of slum tours as a form of international development is limited, as they enable wealthy middle-class westerners to feel 'inspired', 'uplifted' and 'enriched', but with little understanding of the need for change.

In recent times slum tourism is one of the fastest-growing
niche tourism segments in the world. Examples are the favelas in Brazil, the township of South Africa, the slum in India that have led to different definitions of “favela tourism”, “township tourism”, “reality tourism”. The development of the favela into a tourist destination is seen as a part of the so-called reality tours phenomenon and of the global circulation of the favela as a trademark. The aim of the paper is to discuss about slum tourism definitions and its success, through different strategies such as interviews with qualified informants, web observations and a application of a case studies in a Italian town.
Keywords: globalization, poverty tourism, reality tours

This thesis takes theories of capital to the unique situation in order to qualitative ly analyze existing secondary literature on Cape Town and its tourism business and posit new theory is necessary to account for the p aradox of capital in Cape Town and to allow for a holistic understanding of how ideas of capital can explain the inequaliti es and power - relations in emerging slum tourism. In this special case study, black lack is central to ide as of capital and consumption. While studies to date have focused on consumption of things, in this case, the slum tourism business is predicated on co nsumption of lack. Categories of capital are examined to show a relationship to this lack and the unique position of Cape Town slum tours to theories of capital , clas s and power . Ultimately, emancipation in the slums is dependent on this shift in our idea s of tourism capital, away from materiality, and toward concepts like lack and absence of material goods.

Since 2012, there has been a significant growth in tourism in inner city Johannesburg. Some of this tourism materialises as walking tours in disadvantaged and relatively poor inner city neighbourhoods, some of which were until recently considered no-go areas. In a paper published in Urban Forum in 2014 (Frenzel 2014), I have analysed this new phenomenon in the context of slum tourism. I define slum tourism as such forms of tourism where poverty and associated signifiers become central themes and (part of the) attraction of the visited destination. Following a broad empirical research project, Hoogendoorn and Giddy (2017) have questioned whether the concept slum tourism should be used when discussing tourism in inner city Johannesburg. This paper forms a response to the paper of Hoogendoorn and Giddy (2017).

Film tourism encompasses visits to places whose attractiveness is related to audio-visual products. Slum tourism consists of tourist visits aiming to experience the place where poor people live. The present work intends to address both phenomena by proposing a theoretical model of film-induced slum tourism motivations. To this end, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with tourists during their visits to Rio de Janeiro’s favelas. Results show that Slum Tourism Motivations are formed by a set of Learning Motivations and Experiential Motivations, and that each of those dimensions is affected by three groups of film pull factors. The study is a first step towards a structural analysis of slum tourism motivations, and the role of films in such motivations. Although the present study provides relevant managerial insights for slum tourism destinations, further quantitative studies are needed in order to calibrate and test the proposed model.

This book addresses the touristic valorisation of areas of urban poverty, tourist’s role in making slums into must-see attractions, places of tourist intervention and attention, places of discovery and meaningful experience. Tourism in slums takes the form of organized tours, hospitality and other services provided to tourists as well as the related imaginaries and representations of slums as they circulate among tourists.

Based on two years of research in Rio de Janeiro, Bangkok, in various cities in South Africa, Kenya and India, the book develops a comprehensive account of tourist valorisation in slum tourism in the global south.  Slum tourism is not a new phenomenon and has been discussed to some extent both in historical and contemporary perspective. The book, building on existing research, points to aspects and effects of slum tourism that have so far been overlooked:

1) It extents existing scholarship on tourism’s role in urban regeneration and gentrification and it sheds light on these processes in cities in the developing world and in slums. 
2) It looks at tourism’s role in local politics, in lifting the stigma of slums, in helping to overcome slum’s isolation and in improving security.  It shows how slum residents sometimes struggle with (and sometimes against) tourists for their right to the city.
3) It shows how tourism has become part of urban policy schemes that attempt to harness its potential role in upgrading and improving slums.
4) It points to the emergence of new forms of international development, where slum tourism is part of new ‘experience-based’ and ‘peer to peer’ approaches to funding and organisation.

Reviews:
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/08/12/book-review-slumming-it-the-tourist-valorisation-of-urban-poverty-by-fabian-frenzel/

http://www.environmentandurbanization.org/slumming-it-tourist-valorization-urban-poverty

During the mid-1990s, a new form of tourism was established in metropolises of several developing countries or emerging nations. This type of tourism consists in visits to the most disadvantaged parts of the respective city. Poverty tours or slum tours are offered on a relatively large scale in the South African cities of Johannesburg and Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO: Ao se estudar os reflexos da implantação das UPP's no conjunto de favelas cariocas do Cantagalo-Pavão Pavãozinho a pesquisa em andamento observou um intenso crescimento das atividades ligadas ao turismo, em especial do número de albergues, entre 2011 e 2015. O presente trabalho busca mapear esses empreendimentos para entender a maneira como essas atividades de hospedagem se relacionam com a comunidade em termos de sua espacialidade, da relação com aspectos da mobilidade nessas áreas, em especial das novas possibilidades de acesso e novas vias internas da comunidade e as possíveis mudanças relacionadas aos novos usos turísticos dessas áreas da cidade. ABSTRACT: When studying the effects of the implementation of the UPP in all of Rio's favelas of Cantagalo-Pavão-Pavãozinho ongoing research observed a sharp increase in activities related to tourism, especially in the number of hostels, between 2011 and 2015. This work seeks to map these enterprises to understand how these hosting activities relate to the community in terms of spatiality, the relationship with aspects of mobility in these areas, especially the new access and new internal roads of the community and possible changes related to new tourist uses of these areas of the city.

The "Ghetto Biennale" was founded in 2009 by British photographer, filmmaker, and curator Leah Gordon in collaboration with members of the Haitian artist group Atis Rezistans. The biennale is rooted in considerations around contemporary art as a place of klas privilege and social exclusion. The organizers took on the complicated task of bringing together artists from different socioeconomic strata in a short-time residency project in an informal neighborhood. Many of the visiting artists produce art that can be described as a socially engaged artistic practice. By analyzing the "Ghetto Biennale" as a curated social situation that produces artistic poverty tourism, I discuss the varied hierarchical inter-klas relationships between the participating visiting and Haitian artists. These relationships are often informed, I argue, by politics of pity and a competitive sentiment of touristic shame that produces in return critical suspicion and a spiral of moral accusation within the visiting artistic milieu: Who collaborates most sincerely and decently with inhabitants of a neighborhood living in abject poverty? The visiting artists try to escape this spiral by self-censoring all potential self-interests in their practice through a renunciation of authority and authorship and by declaratively presenting their projects as altruistic spaces of community empowerment that give a voice to “subaltern” artists. The members of Atis Rezistans in this narrative are seen to be constantly at risk of further marginalization by powerful actors from higher socioeconomic strata. But they also actively deploy their own agency by negotiating these politics of pity for their own benefits.

Debates a respeito das motivações e impactos dos processos de turistificação de favelas vêm sendo realizados nos últimos anos, em diversos campos de estudos e em diversos países. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na favela Santa Marta, cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com a intenção de se investigar os efeitos do turismo de base comunitária nas atividades turísticas
que ocorrem naquele local. Metodologia/Design: Para isso, foram realizados dois estudos: o primeiro, quantitativo, investigou as percepções de turistas e de moradores sobre aspectos positivos e negativos do turismo; o segundo, qualitativo, dedicou-se a compreender a cadeia de turismo de base comunitária local. Resultados e originalidade do documento: Os resultados indicam que alternativas de turismo baseadas no empoderamento e no protagonismo dos moradores podem tornar a prática turística em favelas socialmente mais comprometida. A contribuição central da pesquisa é a reflexão sobre a experiência do Turismo de Base Comunitária em ambientes
urbanos como as favelas, indicando que a participação ativa dos moradores pode modificar o perfil do turismo, potencializando as trocas culturais em detrimento da simples observação da pobreza. O amadurecimento desse tipo de rede de turismo comunitário está relacionado à desconstrução de estereótipos relacionados às favelas e à obtenção de impactos socioeconômicos e culturais mais positivos e significativos em comparação às formas mais tradicionais de turismo.

Palavras-chave: Turismo em favelas. Turismo de base comunitária. Favela Santa Marta. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Slum tourism in the Global South is a relatively new phenomenon. The tourist gaze at the poverty of the Others is long established, though. This paper is concerned with the genesis of urban poverty tourism. By placing the phenomenon of slumming in the wider realm of the social upheavals in Victorian London and early twentieth century USA, the historical review first explains its dependency on the social context determining its emergence
and evolution. Secondly, slum tourism is shown to be adequately understood only if seen as part of modern city tourism. Thirdly, it is demonstrate that the culturalization of poverty attains special significance in slum tourism. Fourthly, the history of slum tourism is shown to have implications for understanding present-day slum tourism in the Global South, using South Africa as an example. The article is designed to be a first step towards understanding
the conditions, forms and consequences of globalization of slum tourism and the process of constructing the global slum as a universal type of tourist destination

Tourist agency is an area of renewed interest in tourism studies. Reflecting on existing scholarship the paper identifies, develops and critically examines three main approaches to tourism agency, namely the Service-dominant logic, the performative turn, and tourist valorisation. Tourist valorisation is proposed as a useful approach to theorise the role of tourists in the making of destinations and more broadly to conceptualise the intentions, modalities and outcomes of tourist agency. The paper contributes to the structuring of current scholarship on tourist agency. Empirically it addresses a knowledge gap concerning the role of tourists in the development of Dharavi, Mumbai into a tourist destination.

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Entstehung, Entwicklung und Aus prägungen des Townshiptourismus in Windhoek, der sich im dortigen Stadtteil Ka tutura als diversifiziertes Angebot touristischer Besichtigungstouren entwickelt hat. Vor dem Hintergrund einer allenthalben beobachtbaren Moralisierung des "Globalen Slummings" widmet sich der Beitrag dem wechselseitigen Verhältnis von Township-Image und touristischer Repräsentation.

Die materielle und Symbolische Aufwertung der Favela Vidigal in Rio de Janeiro steht exemplarisch für sozialräumliche Dynamiken in vormals marginalisierten
und stigmatisierten Favelas in der Südzone der Olympia-Stadt. Sie verweist auf zweierlei: Erstens lässt sich der Wandel als Globalisierung eines Phänomens
deuten, das als Gentrifizierung bisher vornehmlich aus den alten Industrienationen bekannt ist. Zweitens zeigt sich die besondere Bedeutung, die verschiedene
Formen globaler Mobilität für den Aufwertungsprozess in städtischen Armutsgebieten haben können.
So erscheint der Gentrifizierungsprozess vor Ort eng mit der weltweiten Mobilität urbaner Politiken (mobile urban policy), mit der Ausbreitung des internationalen
Tourismus sowie mit einer neuen Nord-Süd-Migration verknüpft. Es ist daher vielversprechend, diesen Zusammenhang sowie die Wechselwirkungen von lokalen
Bedingungen und globalen Mobilitäten genauer zu betrachten.

In recent times slum tourism is one of the fastest-growing niche tourism segments in the world. . Examples are the favelas in Brazil, the township of South Africa, the slum in India who have led to different definitions of “favela tourism”, “township tourism”, “reality tourism”. The development of the favela into a tourist destination is seen as part of the so-called reality tours phenomenon and of the global circulation of the favela as a trademark. It h as only been a growing trend in the past two decades, but with publicity from a variety of films and movies, slum tourism is becoming a popular topic for debate. Its controversial nature strikes up the ethical dilemma: does slum tourism have educational value or voyeuristic intents? Because slum tourism is such a new phenomenon, there is relatively little research or tourist generated statistics and records on the subject. The aim of paper is discussed about slum tourism definitions and its success. The methodology included differe...

Dieser interdisziplinäre Beitrag befindet sich an der Schnittstelle von kulturgeographischer Tourismusforschung und einer semiotisch orientierten Medienkulturwissenschaft; er zielt darauf ab, die Mediensemiotik als methodologische Perspektive zur Analyse von „Raumbildern“ vorzustellen. Die Mediensemiotik geht per se von medial vermittelten  Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen aus, die sich zeichenhaft äußern. Raum wird in dieser Hinsicht zu einer symbolischen Welt, die analysier-  und interpretierbar ist. Am Beispiel touristischer Instagram-Kommunikation wird eine Heuristik analytischer Komponenten entwickelt. Das Anwendungsbeispiel bildet hier das Phänomen des Slumtourismus im Globalen Süden und die touristische Slumkonstruktion. Wie werden “Räume der Armut” in touristischen Instagram-Posts durch Text-Bild-Relationen kommunikativ hergestellt?

Nonostante l’accusa di banalità che spesso viene mossa nei
confronti di viaggi e vacanze come consumi di massa, lo studio del
turismo - per la sua combinazione di sociale, economico, politico e
culturale - resta una delle porte d’ingresso privilegiate per
comprendere la società contemporanea e le molteplici questioni
che la caratterizzano. Nonostante l’accusa di banalità che spesso viene mossa nei
confronti di viaggi e vacanze come consumi di massa, lo studio del
turismo - per la sua combinazione di sociale, economico, politico e
culturale - resta una delle porte d’ingresso privilegiate per
comprendere la società contemporanea e le molteplici questioni
che la caratterizzano. Nonostante l’accusa di banalità che spesso viene mossa nei
confronti di viaggi e vacanze come consumi di massa, lo studio del
turismo - per la sua combinazione di sociale, economico, politico e
culturale - resta una delle porte d’ingresso privilegiate per
comprendere la società contemporanea e le molteplici questioni
che la caratterizzano. Se è vero che il turismo si rivela strategico per quei Paesi
che mantengono un primato indiscusso per numero di arrivi di
turisti internazionali, che ruolo svolge per i cosiddetti Paesi in
via di sviluppo? Qual è l’impatto di questo settore nei territori dove
la maggior parte della popolazione vive in condizione di estrema
povertà? In quanto industria di rilievo a livello globale, può il
turismo contribuire alla crescita e al benessere dei Paesi più
poveri? Qual è la portata politica di questo fenomeno?
Si consideri che nei campi saharawi vivono, da
quasi 40 anni, 200.000 profughi che sono condannati al totale
isolamento politico e mediatico. Pertanto, per diffondere la causa
a livello internazionale, il governo saharawi in esilio ha sempre favorito l’afflusso di stranieri nei campi profughi attraverso viaggi di conoscenza, campi di volontariato, visite di solidarietà, persino grandi eventi.
La ricerca-azione su cui si basa il saggio è stata realizzata nel
periodo ottobre 2011 - aprile 2012, e ha previsto una formazione
rivolta a 10 rifugiati saharawi sul management turistico e sulla
progettazione partecipata, la creazione di un itinerario turistico
nei campi, e il processo di redazione di un codice etico